Need for research design
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Research design is needed to facilitate efficient and reliable research. It acts as a foundation and plan for data collection and analysis, similar to an architect's blueprint for constructing a house. A good research design reduces inaccuracy, maximizes efficiency and reliability, eliminates bias, minimizes wasted time and resources, and guides the overall research process in the right direction.
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This document discusses rules regarding auction sales and delivery of goods under the Sale of Goods Act in India. It defines an auction sale as a public sale where goods are sold to the highest bidder. Key rules for auction sales include that each lot is a separate contract, the sale is complete when the auctioneer announces it, and the seller generally cannot bid unless a right to bid is reserved. For delivery, it can be actual, symbolic or constructive, and delivery and payment are usually concurrent conditions. The document also outlines rules for partial delivery, the buyer applying for delivery, place and time of delivery, expenses, wrong quantities, installments and more.
INCOME FROM SALARY
1. The document discusses the taxation of income from salary under the Indian Income Tax Act of 1961.
2. It defines salary broadly to include wages, pension, gratuity, allowances, perquisites, and other payments in lieu of or in addition to salary received from an employer.
3. The key aspects covered are the characteristics of salary income, its computation by adding various salary components and deducting allowances, and the basis of its chargeability for taxation.
UNPAID SELLER
The document discusses the rights of an unpaid seller under business law. It defines an unpaid seller as one who has not received full payment for goods sold. An unpaid seller has rights against the goods as well as against the buyer. Against the goods, the unpaid seller has rights of lien, stoppage in transit, and resale if ownership transferred, or the right to withhold delivery if it did not. Against the buyer, the unpaid seller can sue for the price, damages for non-acceptance, interest, or damages for repudiation of the contract before the due date.
REMEDIES FOR BREACH
This document discusses remedies for breach of contract, including rescission, damages, quantum meruit, specific performance, and injunction. It defines each remedy and provides examples. Rescission allows a party to treat a contract as void after a breach. Damages provide monetary compensation for losses from a breach. Quantum meruit applies when partial performance justifies compensation. Specific performance requires literal fulfillment of contract obligations. Injunctions enforce negative contract terms.
EXEMPTED INCOME
This document summarizes exempted incomes under Section 10 of the Indian Income Tax Act. It lists 87 exempted incomes across various sub-sections of Section 10. Some key exempted incomes include agricultural income, interest income from certain bonds/deposits, leave travel concession, provident fund payments, gratuity, family pension received by central/state govt. employees, scholarship amounts, and dividends received from Indian companies. The document was prepared by Dr. Sangeetha R of Hindusthan College of Arts and Science to outline various types of incomes that are exempted from taxable income calculations under the Income Tax Law in India.
RESIDENTIAL STATUS OF AOP, FIRM
This document discusses the residential status of Association of Persons (AOP) and firms for income tax purposes.
For an AOP, its residential status is determined based on where its principal officer resides and controls operations from. If the principal officer resides in India, the AOP is resident in India, but if the principal officer resides outside India, the AOP is non-resident.
For a firm, its residential status depends on where it is controlled from, not the residential status of individual partners. If controlled from India, the firm is resident in India. The document provides examples of how the residential status would be determined for different scenarios involving partner residency and location of control.
The document also outlines
Performance of contract under sale of goods act
The document discusses the performance of contracts for the sale of goods under the Sale of Goods Act, including the rules around delivery of goods by the seller, acceptance of delivery by the buyer, and the rights and duties of both the seller and buyer. It covers topics such as actual, symbolic, and constructive delivery; when delivery and payment are concurrent conditions; the buyer's right to reject non-conforming goods; and the buyer's duties to accept delivery and pay for goods.
Transfer of title
1. Transfer of title discusses various scenarios regarding the transfer of ownership of goods during a sale.
2. If a person sells goods that they do not own and do not have authorization to sell, the buyer does not acquire better title than the seller unless the owner's conduct implies authorization.
3. If one joint owner has sole possession of goods with permission of other owners and sells to a buyer in good faith without notice, ownership transfers to the buyer.
4. If a seller obtains possession under a voidable contract that is not later rescinded, a good faith buyer without notice acquires good title despite the seller's defect of title.
Transfer of property
This document discusses the transfer of property in a sale of goods under business law. It outlines three key stages in a sale: 1) the transfer of property in the goods, 2) the transfer of possession of the goods (delivery), and 3) the passing of risk. It distinguishes between the transfer of property (ownership) and possession, and explains how the precise time of transfer of property determines who bears the risk of loss or damage and who has the right to take legal action. The document then outlines the primary rules for determining when property passes in a sale of specific goods, unascertained goods, and goods sent for approval. It also discusses exceptions when a non-owner can validly sell goods.
Sale of goods act
This document provides an overview of the Sale of Goods Act of 1930 in India. It discusses the history and origins of the act, defining key terms like a contract of sale, sale, and agreement to sell. The essential elements of a valid contract of sale are identified as two parties (buyer and seller), goods, price, and the transfer of general property. Representations and stipulations in a sale are also addressed. Finally, the terms "seller" and "unpaid seller" are defined in the context of the act.
Residential status
Mr. Arun is determined to be a 'resident but not ordinarily resident' for the assessment year 2020-2021. He meets the basic condition of being in India for 182 days in the previous year but does not meet the additional conditions of being resident in India for 2 of the past 10 years or being in India for at least 730 days in the past 7 years.
Mr. Williams is determined to be a 'resident but not ordinarily resident' for the assessment year 2020-2021. He meets one of the additional conditions of being resident for 2 of the past 10 years but does not meet the other additional condition of being in India for at least 730 days in the past 7 years.
The
Residential status of HUF
This document discusses the residential status of Hindu Undivided Families (HUFs) under Indian tax law. It defines the three possible residential statuses of an HUF as:
1) Ordinary resident: Control and management of HUF affairs situated wholly or partially in India, and karta fulfills the additional conditions of residence in India.
2) Not ordinarily resident: Control and management situated wholly or partially in India, but karta does not fulfill the additional residence conditions.
3) Non-resident: Control and management of HUF affairs situated wholly outside of India. The residential status of the karta and co-parceners is not considered - only the location of control and management determines
Residential status of an individual
1) The document discusses the residential status of individuals in India for tax purposes, including the definitions and tests for being a resident, ordinarily resident, not ordinarily resident, and non-resident.
2) It provides examples of how to determine an individual's residential status based on the number of days spent in India in the relevant year and over the last few years, as well as examples of applying the tests.
3) Residential status is important for determining the scope of an individual's global income that is taxable in India.
Introduction to income tax
This document provides an introduction to income tax in India. It discusses that income tax was first introduced in India in 1860 and is now governed by the Income Tax Act of 1961. It outlines the key components of India's income tax law, including the Income Tax Act, Rules, Finance Acts, circulars, notifications, and case laws. It also distinguishes between direct and indirect taxes, describing income tax as a direct tax levied on an individual's income.
Important concepts of income tax
This document defines and explains key concepts in income tax. It begins by defining assessment year as the 12-month period from April 1 to March 31 during which a person's income from the previous financial year is assessed for tax purposes. The previous year refers to the financial year immediately preceding the assessment year. An assessee is any person who is liable to pay income tax or other sums under the Income Tax Act, including those undergoing assessment or deemed assessable. A person includes an individual, HUF, company, firm or any other association whether incorporated or not.
Condition and warranties
This document discusses the definitions and differences between conditions and warranties in a sale of goods contract under the Sale of Goods Act 1930. A condition is an essential term that if breached allows the innocent party to terminate the contract. A warranty is a collateral term, where a breach only permits damages but not termination. Breach of a condition can be treated as breach of warranty in some situations like if the buyer waives the right to terminate. The key difference is conditions are essential to the purpose of the contract while warranties are collateral additions.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
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Chapter 6
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Need for research design
- 1. NEED FOR RESEARCH DESIGN Presented by Dr.SANGEETHA R ASSISTANT PROFESSOR PG & RESEARCH DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE WITH INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS HINDUSTHAN COLLEGE OFARTS AND SCIENCE, COIMBATORE
- 2. Research design is needed because it facilitates the smooth sailing of the various research operations, thereby making research as efficient as possible yielding maximal information with minimal expenditure of effort, time and money. Research design has a significant impact on the reliability of the results obtained. It thus acts as a firm foundation for the entire research.
- 3. For example, economical and attractive construction of house we need a blueprint (or what is commonly called the map of the house) well thought out and prepared by an expert architect, similarly we need a research design or a plan in advance of data collection and analysis for our research project. Research design stands for advance planning of the methods to be adopted for collecting the relevant data and the techniques to be used in their analysis.
- 4. The need for research design is as follows: ❖ It reduces inaccuracy; ❖ Helps to get maximum efficiency and reliability; ❖ Eliminates bias and marginal errors; ❖ Minimizes wastage of time; ❖ Helpful for collecting research materials; ❖ Helpful for testing of hypothesis; ❖ Gives an idea regarding the type of resources required in terms of money, manpower, time, and efforts; ❖ Provides an overview to other experts; ❖ Guides the research in the right direction.