Spatial correlation is a critical impairment for practical Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) wireless communication systems. To overcome from this issue, one of the solutions is receive antenna selection. Receive antenna selection is a low-cost, low-complexity and no requirement of feedback bit alternative option to capture many of the advantages of MIMO systems. In this paper, symbol error rate (SER) versus signal to noise ratio (SNR) performance comparasion of proposed receive antenna selection scheme for full rate non-orthogonal Space Time Block Code (STBC) is obtained using simulations in MIMO systems under spatially correlated channel at transmit and receive antenna compare with several existing receive antenna selection schemes. The performance of proposed receive antenna selection scheme is same as conventional scheme and beat all other existing schemes.
Physical security layer with friendly jammer in half-duplex relaying networks...journalBEEI
In this research, thephysical security layer with a friendly jammerin half-duplex (HD) relaying networksover the Rayleigh fading channel is proposed and investigated. Firstly, we proposed the system model and the time switching,power splitting protocolsfor the system model. Then we conductedthe mathematical analysisfor deriving the exact analysis and asymptotic analysisintegral forms for intercept probability (IP). Finally, the analytical formulationis verified by the Monte Carlo simulation with all main system parameters. From the results, we can show that the simulation and analytical values are the same values.
Fuzzy clustering algorithm can not obtain good clustering effect when the sample characteristic is not
obvious and need to determine the number of clusters firstly. For thi0s reason, this paper proposes an
adaptive fuzzy kernel clustering algorithm. The algorithm firstly use the adaptive function of clustering
number to calculate the optimal clustering number, then the samples of input space is mapped to highdimensional
feature space using gaussian kernel and clustering in the feature space. The Matlab simulation
results confirmed that the algorithm's performance has greatly improvement than classical clustering algorithm and has faster convergence speed and more accurate clustering results
OPTIMIZATION OF MANUFACTURING OF LOGICAL ELEMENTS "AND" MANUFACTURED BY USING...ijcsitcejournal
In this paper we introduce an approach to decrease dimensions of logical elements "AND" based on fieldeffect
heterotransistors. Framework the approach one shall consider a heterostructure with specific structure.
Several specific areas of the het
Hamming net based Low Complexity Successive Cancellation Polar DecoderRSIS International
This paper aims to implement hybrid based Polar
encoder using the knowledge of mutual information and channel
capacity. Further a Hamming weight successive cancellation
decoder is simulated with QPSK modulation technique in
presence of additive white gaussian noise. The experimentation
performed with the effect of channel polarization has shown that
for 256- bit data stream, 30% channels has zero bit and 49%
channels are with a one bit capacity. The decoding complexity is
reduced to almost half as compared to conventional successive
cancellation decoding algorithm. However, the required SNR of
7 dB is achieved at the targeted BER of 10 -4. The penalty paid is
in terms of training time required at the decoding end.
FPGA Implementation of FIR Filter using Various Algorithms: A RetrospectiveIJORCS
This Paper is a review study of FPGA implementation of Finite Impulse response (FIR) with low cost and high performance. The key observation of this paper is an elaborate analysis about hardware implementations of FIR filters using different algorithm i.e., Distributed Arithmetic (DA), DA-Offset Binary Coding (DA-OBC), Common Sub-expression Elimination (CSE) and sum-of-power-of-two (SOPOT) with less resources and without affecting the performance of the original FIR Filter.
Physical security layer with friendly jammer in half-duplex relaying networks...journalBEEI
In this research, thephysical security layer with a friendly jammerin half-duplex (HD) relaying networksover the Rayleigh fading channel is proposed and investigated. Firstly, we proposed the system model and the time switching,power splitting protocolsfor the system model. Then we conductedthe mathematical analysisfor deriving the exact analysis and asymptotic analysisintegral forms for intercept probability (IP). Finally, the analytical formulationis verified by the Monte Carlo simulation with all main system parameters. From the results, we can show that the simulation and analytical values are the same values.
Fuzzy clustering algorithm can not obtain good clustering effect when the sample characteristic is not
obvious and need to determine the number of clusters firstly. For thi0s reason, this paper proposes an
adaptive fuzzy kernel clustering algorithm. The algorithm firstly use the adaptive function of clustering
number to calculate the optimal clustering number, then the samples of input space is mapped to highdimensional
feature space using gaussian kernel and clustering in the feature space. The Matlab simulation
results confirmed that the algorithm's performance has greatly improvement than classical clustering algorithm and has faster convergence speed and more accurate clustering results
OPTIMIZATION OF MANUFACTURING OF LOGICAL ELEMENTS "AND" MANUFACTURED BY USING...ijcsitcejournal
In this paper we introduce an approach to decrease dimensions of logical elements "AND" based on fieldeffect
heterotransistors. Framework the approach one shall consider a heterostructure with specific structure.
Several specific areas of the het
Hamming net based Low Complexity Successive Cancellation Polar DecoderRSIS International
This paper aims to implement hybrid based Polar
encoder using the knowledge of mutual information and channel
capacity. Further a Hamming weight successive cancellation
decoder is simulated with QPSK modulation technique in
presence of additive white gaussian noise. The experimentation
performed with the effect of channel polarization has shown that
for 256- bit data stream, 30% channels has zero bit and 49%
channels are with a one bit capacity. The decoding complexity is
reduced to almost half as compared to conventional successive
cancellation decoding algorithm. However, the required SNR of
7 dB is achieved at the targeted BER of 10 -4. The penalty paid is
in terms of training time required at the decoding end.
FPGA Implementation of FIR Filter using Various Algorithms: A RetrospectiveIJORCS
This Paper is a review study of FPGA implementation of Finite Impulse response (FIR) with low cost and high performance. The key observation of this paper is an elaborate analysis about hardware implementations of FIR filters using different algorithm i.e., Distributed Arithmetic (DA), DA-Offset Binary Coding (DA-OBC), Common Sub-expression Elimination (CSE) and sum-of-power-of-two (SOPOT) with less resources and without affecting the performance of the original FIR Filter.
Implementation and Comparison of Efficient 16-Bit SQRT CSLA Using Parity Pres...IJERA Editor
In Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) outlines, Carry Select Adder (CSLA) is one of the quickest adder utilized as a part of numerous data processing processors to perform quick number crunching capacities. In this paper we proposed the design of SQRT CSLA using parity preserving reversible gate (P2RG). Reversible logic is emerging field in today VLSI design. In conventional circuits, the logic gates such as AND gate, OR gate is irreversible in nature and computing with irreversible logic results in energy dissipation. This problem can be circumvented by using reversible logic. In ideal condition, the reversible logic gate produces zero power dissipation. The proposed design is efficient in terms of delay as compare to irreversible SQRT CSLA. The simulation is done using Xilinx.
VHDL Design and FPGA Implementation of a High Data Rate Turbo Decoder based o...IJECEIAES
This paper presents the electronic synthesis, VHDL design and implementation on FPGA of turbo decoders for Difference Set Codes (DSC) decoded by the majority logic (ML). The VHDL design is based on the decoding Equations that we have simplified, in order to reduce the complexity and is implemented on parallel process to increase the data rate. A co-simulation using the Dsp-Builder tool on a platform designed on Matlab/Simulink, allows the measurement of the performance in terms of BER (Bit Error Rate) as well as the decoder validation. These decoders can be a good choice for future digital transmission chains. For example, for the Turbo decoder based on the product code DSC (21.11)² with a quantization of 5 bits and for one complete iteration, the results show the possibility of integration of our entire turbo decoder on a single chip, with lower latency at 0.23 microseconds and data rate greater than 500 Mb/s.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
In this paper, we describe an FPGA H.264/AVC encoder architecture performing at real-time. To reduce the critical path length and to increase throughput, the encoder uses a parallel and pipeline architecture and all modules have been optimized with respect the area cost. Our design is described in VHDL and synthesized to Altera Stratix III FPGA. The throughput of the FPGA architecture reaches a processing rate higher than 177 million of pixels per second at 130 MHz, permitting its use in H.264/AVC standard directed to HDTV.
Modeling of manufacturing of a field effect transistor to determine condition...ijcsa
In this paper we introduce an approach to model technological process of manufacture of a field-effect
heterotransistor. The modeling gives us possibility to optimize the technological process to decrease length
of channel by using mechanical stress. As accompanying results of the decreasing one can find decreasing
of thickness of the heterotransistors and increasing of their density, which were comprised in integrated
circuits.
Performance Analysis of Differential Beamforming in Decentralized NetworksIJECEIAES
This paper proposes and analyzes a novel differential distributed beamforming strategy for decentralized two-way relay networks. In our strategy, the phases of the received signals at all relays are synchronized without requiring channel feedback or training symbols. Bit error rate (BER) expressions of the proposed strategy are provided for coherent and differential M-PSK modulation. Upper bounds, lower bounds, and simple approximations of the BER are also derived. Based on the theoretical and simulated BER performance, the proposed strategy offers a high system performance and low decoding complexity and delay without requiring channel state information at any transmitting or receiving antenna. Furthermore, the simple approximation of the BER upper bound shows that the proposed strategy enjoys the full diversity gain which is equal to the number of transmitting antennas.
Design, Realization and Measurements of Compact Dual-band CPW-fed Patch Anten...IJECEIAES
In this paper, a Coplanar Wave Guide (CPW)-Fed microstrip octagonal patch antenna for RFID Applications is proposed. The studied structure is suitable for 2.45/5.80 GHz applications. The octagonal shape is obtained by making triangular cuts in the four angles of the rectangular microstrip patch antenna; in addition the using of CPW-Fed allows obtaining UWB characteristics in the higher band. The miniaturization in the antenna size for lower band is achieved by introducing an inverted E slot in the radiating element. The proposed antenna is designed on a single and a small substrate board of dimensions 29.5×29.5×1.6 mm3. Moreover the miniaturized antenna has a good impedance matching and an enhanced gain. The simulation analysis was performed using the CADFEKO software, a Method of Moment (MoM) based solver, and a prototype of this antenna was fabricated, good agreement with the simulation providing validation of the design procedure. The measurements are done with ANRITSU MS2026C Vectorial Network Analyzer.
Hybrid protocol for wireless EH network over weibull fading channel: performa...IJECEIAES
In this paper, the hybrid TSR-PSR protocol for wireless energy harvesting (EH) relaying network over the Weibull fading channel is investigated. The system network is working in half-duplex (HD) mode. For evaluating the system performance, the closed-form and integral-form expressions of the outage probability (OP) are investigated and derived. After that, numerical results convinced that our derived analytical results are the same with the simulation results by using Monte Carlo simulation. This paper provides a novel recommendation for the wireless EH relaying network.
Implementation and Comparison of Efficient 16-Bit SQRT CSLA Using Parity Pres...IJERA Editor
In Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) outlines, Carry Select Adder (CSLA) is one of the quickest adder utilized as a part of numerous data processing processors to perform quick number crunching capacities. In this paper we proposed the design of SQRT CSLA using parity preserving reversible gate (P2RG). Reversible logic is emerging field in today VLSI design. In conventional circuits, the logic gates such as AND gate, OR gate is irreversible in nature and computing with irreversible logic results in energy dissipation. This problem can be circumvented by using reversible logic. In ideal condition, the reversible logic gate produces zero power dissipation. The proposed design is efficient in terms of delay as compare to irreversible SQRT CSLA. The simulation is done using Xilinx.
VHDL Design and FPGA Implementation of a High Data Rate Turbo Decoder based o...IJECEIAES
This paper presents the electronic synthesis, VHDL design and implementation on FPGA of turbo decoders for Difference Set Codes (DSC) decoded by the majority logic (ML). The VHDL design is based on the decoding Equations that we have simplified, in order to reduce the complexity and is implemented on parallel process to increase the data rate. A co-simulation using the Dsp-Builder tool on a platform designed on Matlab/Simulink, allows the measurement of the performance in terms of BER (Bit Error Rate) as well as the decoder validation. These decoders can be a good choice for future digital transmission chains. For example, for the Turbo decoder based on the product code DSC (21.11)² with a quantization of 5 bits and for one complete iteration, the results show the possibility of integration of our entire turbo decoder on a single chip, with lower latency at 0.23 microseconds and data rate greater than 500 Mb/s.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
In this paper, we describe an FPGA H.264/AVC encoder architecture performing at real-time. To reduce the critical path length and to increase throughput, the encoder uses a parallel and pipeline architecture and all modules have been optimized with respect the area cost. Our design is described in VHDL and synthesized to Altera Stratix III FPGA. The throughput of the FPGA architecture reaches a processing rate higher than 177 million of pixels per second at 130 MHz, permitting its use in H.264/AVC standard directed to HDTV.
Modeling of manufacturing of a field effect transistor to determine condition...ijcsa
In this paper we introduce an approach to model technological process of manufacture of a field-effect
heterotransistor. The modeling gives us possibility to optimize the technological process to decrease length
of channel by using mechanical stress. As accompanying results of the decreasing one can find decreasing
of thickness of the heterotransistors and increasing of their density, which were comprised in integrated
circuits.
Performance Analysis of Differential Beamforming in Decentralized NetworksIJECEIAES
This paper proposes and analyzes a novel differential distributed beamforming strategy for decentralized two-way relay networks. In our strategy, the phases of the received signals at all relays are synchronized without requiring channel feedback or training symbols. Bit error rate (BER) expressions of the proposed strategy are provided for coherent and differential M-PSK modulation. Upper bounds, lower bounds, and simple approximations of the BER are also derived. Based on the theoretical and simulated BER performance, the proposed strategy offers a high system performance and low decoding complexity and delay without requiring channel state information at any transmitting or receiving antenna. Furthermore, the simple approximation of the BER upper bound shows that the proposed strategy enjoys the full diversity gain which is equal to the number of transmitting antennas.
Design, Realization and Measurements of Compact Dual-band CPW-fed Patch Anten...IJECEIAES
In this paper, a Coplanar Wave Guide (CPW)-Fed microstrip octagonal patch antenna for RFID Applications is proposed. The studied structure is suitable for 2.45/5.80 GHz applications. The octagonal shape is obtained by making triangular cuts in the four angles of the rectangular microstrip patch antenna; in addition the using of CPW-Fed allows obtaining UWB characteristics in the higher band. The miniaturization in the antenna size for lower band is achieved by introducing an inverted E slot in the radiating element. The proposed antenna is designed on a single and a small substrate board of dimensions 29.5×29.5×1.6 mm3. Moreover the miniaturized antenna has a good impedance matching and an enhanced gain. The simulation analysis was performed using the CADFEKO software, a Method of Moment (MoM) based solver, and a prototype of this antenna was fabricated, good agreement with the simulation providing validation of the design procedure. The measurements are done with ANRITSU MS2026C Vectorial Network Analyzer.
Hybrid protocol for wireless EH network over weibull fading channel: performa...IJECEIAES
In this paper, the hybrid TSR-PSR protocol for wireless energy harvesting (EH) relaying network over the Weibull fading channel is investigated. The system network is working in half-duplex (HD) mode. For evaluating the system performance, the closed-form and integral-form expressions of the outage probability (OP) are investigated and derived. After that, numerical results convinced that our derived analytical results are the same with the simulation results by using Monte Carlo simulation. This paper provides a novel recommendation for the wireless EH relaying network.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Optimum range of angle tracking radars: a theoretical computingIJECEIAES
In this paper, we determine an optimal range for angle tracking radars (ATRs) based on evaluating the standard deviation of all kinds of errors in a tracking system. In the past, this optimal range has often been computed by the simulation of the total error components; however, we are going to introduce a closed form for this computation which allows us to obtain the optimal range directly. Thus, for this purpose, we firstly solve an optimization problem to achieve the closed form of the optimal range (Ropt.) and then, we compute it by doing a simple simulation. The results show that both theoretical and simulation-based computations are similar to each other.
The stochastic system is very importment in many aspacts. Wiener processes is a sort of importment
stochastic processes. Wiener square processes is a class of useful stochastic processes in practies,its study is very
value.In this paper,we study Wiener square processes using haar wavelet and wavelet transform.we study its some
properties and wavelet expansion. Index Wiener Integral processes is a class of useful stochastic processes in
practies,its study is very value.In this paper,we study it using haar wavelet and wavelet transform on [0,t].we study
its some properties and wavelet expansion
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
Developing a smart system for infant incubators using the internet of things ...IJECEIAES
This research is developing an incubator system that integrates the internet of things and artificial intelligence to improve care for premature babies. The system workflow starts with sensors that collect data from the incubator. Then, the data is sent in real-time to the internet of things (IoT) broker eclipse mosquito using the message queue telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol version 5.0. After that, the data is stored in a database for analysis using the long short-term memory network (LSTM) method and displayed in a web application using an application programming interface (API) service. Furthermore, the experimental results produce as many as 2,880 rows of data stored in the database. The correlation coefficient between the target attribute and other attributes ranges from 0.23 to 0.48. Next, several experiments were conducted to evaluate the model-predicted value on the test data. The best results are obtained using a two-layer LSTM configuration model, each with 60 neurons and a lookback setting 6. This model produces an R 2 value of 0.934, with a root mean square error (RMSE) value of 0.015 and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.008. In addition, the R 2 value was also evaluated for each attribute used as input, with a result of values between 0.590 and 0.845.
A review on internet of things-based stingless bee's honey production with im...IJECEIAES
Honey is produced exclusively by honeybees and stingless bees which both are well adapted to tropical and subtropical regions such as Malaysia. Stingless bees are known for producing small amounts of honey and are known for having a unique flavor profile. Problem identified that many stingless bees collapsed due to weather, temperature and environment. It is critical to understand the relationship between the production of stingless bee honey and environmental conditions to improve honey production. Thus, this paper presents a review on stingless bee's honey production and prediction modeling. About 54 previous research has been analyzed and compared in identifying the research gaps. A framework on modeling the prediction of stingless bee honey is derived. The result presents the comparison and analysis on the internet of things (IoT) monitoring systems, honey production estimation, convolution neural networks (CNNs), and automatic identification methods on bee species. It is identified based on image detection method the top best three efficiency presents CNN is at 98.67%, densely connected convolutional networks with YOLO v3 is 97.7%, and DenseNet201 convolutional networks 99.81%. This study is significant to assist the researcher in developing a model for predicting stingless honey produced by bee's output, which is important for a stable economy and food security.
A trust based secure access control using authentication mechanism for intero...IJECEIAES
The internet of things (IoT) is a revolutionary innovation in many aspects of our society including interactions, financial activity, and global security such as the military and battlefield internet. Due to the limited energy and processing capacity of network devices, security, energy consumption, compatibility, and device heterogeneity are the long-term IoT problems. As a result, energy and security are critical for data transmission across edge and IoT networks. Existing IoT interoperability techniques need more computation time, have unreliable authentication mechanisms that break easily, lose data easily, and have low confidentiality. In this paper, a key agreement protocol-based authentication mechanism for IoT devices is offered as a solution to this issue. This system makes use of information exchange, which must be secured to prevent access by unauthorized users. Using a compact contiki/cooja simulator, the performance and design of the suggested framework are validated. The simulation findings are evaluated based on detection of malicious nodes after 60 minutes of simulation. The suggested trust method, which is based on privacy access control, reduced packet loss ratio to 0.32%, consumed 0.39% power, and had the greatest average residual energy of 0.99 mJoules at 10 nodes.
Fuzzy linear programming with the intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbersIJECEIAES
In real world applications, data are subject to ambiguity due to several factors; fuzzy sets and fuzzy numbers propose a great tool to model such ambiguity. In case of hesitation, the complement of a membership value in fuzzy numbers can be different from the non-membership value, in which case we can model using intuitionistic fuzzy numbers as they provide flexibility by defining both a membership and a non-membership functions. In this article, we consider the intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem with intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbers, which is a generalization of the previous polygonal fuzzy numbers found in the literature. We present a modification of the simplex method that can be used to solve any general intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem after approximating the problem by an intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy number with n edges. This method is given in a simple tableau formulation, and then applied on numerical examples for clarity.
The performance of artificial intelligence in prostate magnetic resonance im...IJECEIAES
Prostate cancer is the predominant form of cancer observed in men worldwide. The application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a guidance tool for conducting biopsies has been established as a reliable and well-established approach in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. The diagnostic performance of MRI-guided prostate cancer diagnosis exhibits significant heterogeneity due to the intricate and multi-step nature of the diagnostic pathway. The development of artificial intelligence (AI) models, specifically through the utilization of machine learning techniques such as deep learning, is assuming an increasingly significant role in the field of radiology. In the realm of prostate MRI, a considerable body of literature has been dedicated to the development of various AI algorithms. These algorithms have been specifically designed for tasks such as prostate segmentation, lesion identification, and classification. The overarching objective of these endeavors is to enhance diagnostic performance and foster greater agreement among different observers within MRI scans for the prostate. This review article aims to provide a concise overview of the application of AI in the field of radiology, with a specific focus on its utilization in prostate MRI.
Seizure stage detection of epileptic seizure using convolutional neural networksIJECEIAES
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), seventy million individuals worldwide suffer from epilepsy, a neurological disorder. While electroencephalography (EEG) is crucial for diagnosing epilepsy and monitoring the brain activity of epilepsy patients, it requires a specialist to examine all EEG recordings to find epileptic behavior. This procedure needs an experienced doctor, and a precise epilepsy diagnosis is crucial for appropriate treatment. To identify epileptic seizures, this study employed a convolutional neural network (CNN) based on raw scalp EEG signals to discriminate between preictal, ictal, postictal, and interictal segments. The possibility of these characteristics is explored by examining how well timedomain signals work in the detection of epileptic signals using intracranial Freiburg Hospital (FH), scalp Children's Hospital Boston-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (CHB-MIT) databases, and Temple University Hospital (TUH) EEG. To test the viability of this approach, two types of experiments were carried out. Firstly, binary class classification (preictal, ictal, postictal each versus interictal) and four-class classification (interictal versus preictal versus ictal versus postictal). The average accuracy for stage detection using CHB-MIT database was 84.4%, while the Freiburg database's time-domain signals had an accuracy of 79.7% and the highest accuracy of 94.02% for classification in the TUH EEG database when comparing interictal stage to preictal stage.
Analysis of driving style using self-organizing maps to analyze driver behaviorIJECEIAES
Modern life is strongly associated with the use of cars, but the increase in acceleration speeds and their maneuverability leads to a dangerous driving style for some drivers. In these conditions, the development of a method that allows you to track the behavior of the driver is relevant. The article provides an overview of existing methods and models for assessing the functioning of motor vehicles and driver behavior. Based on this, a combined algorithm for recognizing driving style is proposed. To do this, a set of input data was formed, including 20 descriptive features: About the environment, the driver's behavior and the characteristics of the functioning of the car, collected using OBD II. The generated data set is sent to the Kohonen network, where clustering is performed according to driving style and degree of danger. Getting the driving characteristics into a particular cluster allows you to switch to the private indicators of an individual driver and considering individual driving characteristics. The application of the method allows you to identify potentially dangerous driving styles that can prevent accidents.
Hyperspectral object classification using hybrid spectral-spatial fusion and ...IJECEIAES
Because of its spectral-spatial and temporal resolution of greater areas, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has found widespread application in the field of object classification. The HSI is typically used to accurately determine an object's physical characteristics as well as to locate related objects with appropriate spectral fingerprints. As a result, the HSI has been extensively applied to object identification in several fields, including surveillance, agricultural monitoring, environmental research, and precision agriculture. However, because of their enormous size, objects require a lot of time to classify; for this reason, both spectral and spatial feature fusion have been completed. The existing classification strategy leads to increased misclassification, and the feature fusion method is unable to preserve semantic object inherent features; This study addresses the research difficulties by introducing a hybrid spectral-spatial fusion (HSSF) technique to minimize feature size while maintaining object intrinsic qualities; Lastly, a soft-margins kernel is proposed for multi-layer deep support vector machine (MLDSVM) to reduce misclassification. The standard Indian pines dataset is used for the experiment, and the outcome demonstrates that the HSSF-MLDSVM model performs substantially better in terms of accuracy and Kappa coefficient.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
2. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Near Optimal Receive Antenna Selection Scheme for MIMO System under Spatially … (Patel Sagar)
3733
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes the system model, encoding and generation
of spatially correlated channels. Section 3 demonstrates Proposed and existing receive antenna selection
procedures. Section 4 and Section 5 deal with low complex detection and result discussion respectively.
2. SYSTEM MODEL
We have equipped MIMO system consisting Lt = 4 transmit and Lr=8 antenna out of which
Lselected=4 receive antennas are selected. The channel fading coefficient between transmit antenna
i (1 ≤ i ≤ Lt) and receive antenna j (1 ≤ j ≤ Lr) are ~ (0,1)CN [9]. We assumed channel state information
perfectly available at receiver (CSIR).
Then received equation can be expressed as:
y = HC+w, (1)
where C is code matrix transmitted from the transmitter. For Lt = 4, it can be expressed as [4]:
C (2)
where and . In (1), w
denotes additive complex gaussian noise with
2
(0, )CN . Further, H denotes channel matrix of order Lr×Lt
as:
H =
1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4
2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4
3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4
,1 ,2 ,3 ,4
. . . .
. . . .
Lr Lr Lr Lr
h h h h
h h h h
h h h h
h h h h
(3)
where ,j ih denotes low pass equivalent channel coefficient between jth
receive antenna and ith
transmit
antenna. The ,j ih is assumed as a complex gaussian variable with mean zero and variance one. We assume
that all the channel coefficients in H are spatially correlated, which are generated with known correlation
using the following steps [8].
a. Stacking all the entries in one column, we can express:
vec(H) =
1,1
1,2
1,3
1,4
2,1
2,2
2,3
2,4
Lr,1
Lr,2
Lr,3
Lr,4
h
h
h
h
h
h
h
h
...
h
h
h
h
(4)
,i jh
1 2 3 4
* * *
2 1 4 3
* * *
3 4 1 2
* * *
4 3 2 1
s s s as
s s bs s
s cs s s
ds s s s
, / 6 / 6 , / 6 / 6a i b sin icos c sin icos / 6 / 6d sin icos
3. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 8, No. 5, October 2018 : 3732 – 3739
3734
b. The correlation matrices at the transmitter and receiver and respectively, can be expressed as
follows:
* * * *
1,1 1,1 1,1 1,2 1,1 1,3 1,1 1,4
* * * *
1,2 1,1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,3 1,2 1,4
* * * *
1,3 1,1 1,3 1,2 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,4
* * * *
1,4 1,1 1,4 1,2 1,4 1,3 1,4 1,4
E[h h ] E[h h ] E[h h ] E[h h ]
E[h h ] E[h h ] E[h h ] E[h h ]
E[h h ] E[h h ] E[h h ] E[h h ]
E[h h ] E[h h ] E[h h ] E[h h ]
t
(5)
0 t 0 t 0 t
0 t 0 t 0 t
0 t 0 t 0 t
0 t 0 t 0 t
1 J (d ) J (2d ) J (3d )
J (d ) 1 J (d ) J (2d )
J (2d ) J (d ) 1 J (d )
J (3d ) J (2d ) J (d ) 1
t
(6)
* * * * * * * *
1,1 1,1 1,1 2,1 1,1 3,1 1,1 4,1 1,1 5,1 1,1 6,1 1,1 7,1 1,1 8,1
* * * * * * * *
2,1 1,1 2,1 2,1 2,1 3,1 2,1 4,1 2,1 5,1 2,1 6,1 2,1 7,1 2,1 8,1
3,
E[h h ] E[h h ] E[h h ] E[h h ] E[h h ] E[h h ] E[h h ] E[h h ]
E[h h ] E[h h ] E[h h ] E[h h ] E[h h ] E[h h ] E[h h ] E[h h ]
E[h
r
* * * * * * * *
1 1,1 3,1 2,1 3,1 3,1 3,1 4,1 3,1 5,1 3,1 6,1 3,1 7,1 3,1 8,1
* * * * * * * *
4,1 1,1 4,1 2,1 4,1 3,1 4,1 4,1 4,1 5,1 4,1 6,1 4,1 7,1 4,1 8,1
*
5,1 1,1
h ] E[h h ] E[h h ] E[h h ] E[h h ] E[h h ] E[h h ] E[h h ]
E[h h ] E[h h ] E[h h ] E[h h ] E[h h ] E[h h ] E[h h ] E[h h ]
E[h h ] E * * * * * * *
5,1 2,1 5,1 3,1 5,1 4,1 5,1 5,1 5,1 6,1 5,1 7,1 5,1 8,1
* * * * * * * *
6,1 1,1 6,1 2,1 6,1 3,1 6,1 4,1 6,1 5,1 6,1 6,1 6,1 7,1 6,1 8,1
*
7,1 1,1 7,1 2,
[h h ] E[h h ] E[h h ] E[h h ] E[h h ] E[h h ] E[h h ]
E[h h ] E[h h ] E[h h ] E[h h ] E[h h ] E[h h ] E[h h ] E[h h ]
E[h h ] E[h h * * * * * * *
1 7,1 3,1 7,1 4,1 7,1 5,1 7,1 6,1 7,1 7,1 7,1 8,1
* * * * * * * *
8,1 1,1 8,1 2,1 8,1 3,1 8,1 4,1 8,1 5,1 8,1 6,1 8,1 7,1 8,1 8,1
] E[h h ] E[h h ] E[h h ] E[h h ] E[h h ] E[h h ]
E[h h ] E[h h ] E[h h ] E[h h ] E[h h ] E[h h ] E[h h ] E[h h ]
(7)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
1 J (d ) J (2d ) J (3d ) J (4d ) J (5d ) J (6d ) J (7d )
J (d ) 1 J (d ) J (2d ) J (3d ) J (4d ) J (5d ) J (6d )
J (2d ) J (d ) 1 J (d ) J (2d ) J (3d ) J (4d ) J (5d )
J (3d ) J (2d ) J (d ) 1 J (d ) J (2d ) J (3d ) J (4d )
J (4
r r r r r r r
r r r r r r r
r r r r r r r
r r r r r r r
r
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
d ) J (3d ) J (2d ) J (d ) 1 J (d ) J (2d ) J (3d )
J (5d ) J (4d ) J (3d ) J (2d ) J (d ) 1 J (d ) J (2d )
J (6d ) J (5d ) J (4d ) J (3d ) J (2d ) J (d ) 1 J (d )
J (7d ) J (6d ) J (5d ) J (4d ) J (3d ) J (2d ) J (d ) 1
r r r r r r r
r r r r r r r
r r r r r r r
r r r r r r r
(8)
Here, and denote distances between two consecutive antennas at the transmitter and receiver
respectively, while is the zeroth
order Bessel function of first kind. For higher values of or ,
spatial correlation will reduce and vice a versa.
c. Channel correlation matrix R can be expressed as:
R (9)
where denotes kronecker product.
d. Using Eigen Value Decomposition (EVD), we can write:
R = VDV*
(10)
where V is a unitary matrix and D is diagonal matrix for eigenvalues. The ( )*
denotes transpose and
conjugate.
e. Generate vector r of order Lt×Lr, where each entry in r is independent and identically distributed as
complex gaussian with mean zero and variance one.
f. Now vec (H) can be expressed as:
vec (H) = VD1/2
r (11)
t r
td rd
0J x td rd
t r
4. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Near Optimal Receive Antenna Selection Scheme for MIMO System under Spatially … (Patel Sagar)
3735
Now, from vec (H), we can get H as defined in (3) and (4). We assume that channel matrix H is perfectly
known at the receiver and is quasi static at least for a period of one code symbol.
3. RECEIVE ANTENNAS SELECTION (RAS) SCHEMES
3.1. Scheme-1-conventional receive antenna selection scheme
The receive antenna
th
j amplitude is given as jy [5], [9], [11].
Algorithm
for j=1:1: Lr
2
r jy y
end for
ˆ argmax
selected
r
r L
y y
In conventional receive antenna selection scheme, the received power gain of all receiver antenna have been
measured and as per maximum received power gain of receive antenna, the selection of receive antenna is to
be done.This is optimum receive antenna selection scheme which gives better performance compare to all
other receive antenna selection scheme.
3.2. Scheme-2-best 2-random 2 receive antenna selection scheme
Algorithm
for j=1:1: Lr
2
r jy y
end for
2
arg max
selected
t r
r L
y y
2
arg min
ˆ [ (1), (2), ( (1)), ( (2))]
selected
c r
r L
t t c c
y y
y y y rand y rand y
In best 2 –random 2 receive antenna selection scheme [11], there are two receive antenna selected based on
maximum received power gain and rest of two receive antenna select randomly from remaining receive
antenna.
3.3. Scheme-3-consecutive receive antenna selection scheme
Algorithm
for j=1:1: Lr-4
1
2
r jy y
end for
for j= Lselected:1: Lr
2
2
r jy y
end for
if (yr1>= yr2)
y=[ y1, y2, y3, y4]
else
y=[ y5, y6, y7, y8]
end if
5. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 8, No. 5, October 2018 : 3732 – 3739
3736
In consecutive receive antenna selection scheme [11], there are two group to be divided in sequential
number.Then, received power gain of each two group are to be measure in addition of all receive antenna in
their group. Finally, highest addition received power gain group will be selected for receive antenna.
3.4. Scheme-4-even odd receive antenna selection scheme
Algorithm
for j=1:2: Lr
1
2
r jy y
end for
for j=2:2: Lr
2
2
r jy y
end for
if (yr1>= yr2)
y=[ y1, y3, y5, y7]
else
y=[ y2, y4, y6, y8]
end if
In even odd receive antenna selection scheme [11], even receive antenna and odd receive antenna groups
have been created out of which maximum addition of received power gain group is selected as receive
antenna.
3.5. Scheme-5-zero forcing (ZF) based receive antenna selection scheme
Algorithm
y=HC+w
yd=(HH
H)-1
HH
y
for j=1:1: Lr
yr= || yd(:,j)||2
end for
[yt1,in1]=max (yr)
y=[ y(in1(1)) y(in1(2)) y(in1(3)) y(in1(4))]
In zero forcing (ZF) based receive antenna selection scheme [11], the product of pseudo inverse of channel
matrix with matrix of all receive antenna. Then, based on maximum norm of zero forcing equation receive
antenna have been selected.
3.6. Scheme-6-gradual elimination receive antenna selection scheme
Algorithm
Initilisation:
̅
for t=1:1: Lr
1
0
ˆ { ( / ) }t
H H
t N s tt H I E N H H H
end for
[yt1,in1]=min ( ˆt )
H=[ H(in1(5)) H(in1(6)) H(in1(7)) H(in1(8))]
6. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Near Optimal Receive Antenna Selection Scheme for MIMO System under Spatially … (Patel Sagar)
3737
In gradual elimination method [11], the fundamental concept behind this method is to remove consecutive
exclusion of receive antennas based on which one of the row at each stage have been eliminated. This will be
repeated Lr - Lselected times in the channel matrix and at each step channel matrix have been updated.
3.7. Scheme-7-proposed receive antenna selection scheme
Algorithm
for j=1:1: Lr
2
jch h
end for
[yt, in]=argmax (ch)
for in=2:1: Lselected
for j=1:1: Lr
2
arg maxin H
in
h
h
ch
H
j
j
end for
end for
In proposed receive antenna selection scheme, the received power gain of all receiver antenna have been
measured and as per received power gain of receive antenna, the selection of first receive antenna is to be
done.Then, rest of the antenna are selected from minimization of channel capacity equation at higher
SNR.This scheme gives approximately equal performance as conventional or optimum receive antenna
selection scheme which gives better performance compare to all other receive antenna selection scheme.
4. LOW COMPLEX DETECTION
We calculate intermediate symbol ,j tI , where j = 1, 2, 3, 4 and t = 1, 2, 3, 4 using received symbols
Y and channel Lselected as shown below [4].
, j,t (k, j) t,k= y -hj tI (C) (12)
Where t,k (C) signifies the code word element at the tth
row and kth
column of C, which comprises the
transmitted symbol s4 or s4
*
.
Then, the intermediate symbol ,j tI value inserted in to conditional Maximum Likelihood (ML) estimates for
s1, s2, s3.The conditional Maximum Likelihood (ML) estimates for s1, s2, s3 can be expressed as:
* *
1 j,1 1,j j,2 2,j j,3 3,j j,4 4,j
ML * *
1
s = ( h +(I ) h -(I ) h -I h )
M
j
I
(13)
* * *
2 j,1 2,j j,2 1,j j,3 4,j j,4 3,j
ML * *
1
s = ( h -(I ) h h -(I ) h )
M
j
I I
(14)
* * *
3 j,1 3,j j,2 4,j j,3 1,j j,4 2,j
ML *
1
s = ( h h ( )h -(I ) h )
M
j
I I I
(15)
Then, receiver minimizes the ML decision metric [8].
7. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 8, No. 5, October 2018 : 3732 – 3739
3738
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5. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
In this section, we have presented symbol error rate (SER) versus average signal to noise ratio
(SNR) performance of the considered system i.e. correlation coefficient at both the side for QPSK
modulations with different receive antenna selection schemes. The avg. SNR is denoted by in dB.
Figure 1 present SER versus SNR for spatially correlated antenna at transmitter and receiver
(dt = 0.1λ, dr = 0.1λ) with various receive antenna selection (4; 8, 4) schemes. It has been observed that the
SER vs avg. SNR performance of proposed receive antenna selection scheme beat consuctive receive antenna
group selection scheme, even odd receive antenna group selection, gradual elimination receive antenna
selection and zero forcing based receive antenna selection scheme in to entire SNR range. The performance
of proposed receive antenna selection scheme have same SER with conventional receive antenna selection
scheme over entire signal to noise ratio. There is a minimum 0.4dB SNR gap present between proposed
scheme and existing schemes through out entire result which shows little complexity increases compare to
existing method result improvement in SER.
Figure 1. SER Vs. Avg. SNR for spatially correlated antenna at transmitter and receiver (dt = 0.1λ, dr = 0.1λ)
with various receive antenna selection schemes (4; 8, 4)
6. CONCLUSION
The effect of spatial correlation is to be compensated with proposed receive antenna selection scheme
which is as good as conventional method SER performance. It can be observed that proposed receive antenna
selection scheme outperforms over all existing schems with little addition of complexity.Receive antenna
selection do not increase hardware complexity with RF chain at receiver side. The benefit of the system is not
to provide feedback bit for the selection of receive antennas.
REFERENCES
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[5] M. K. Ozdemir, et al., “On the Correlation Analysis of Antennas in Adaptive MIMO Systems with 3-D Multipath
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4 2
2
, , ,
1 1 1
N
j t i j i t
t j i
y h c
0/sE N
8. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Near Optimal Receive Antenna Selection Scheme for MIMO System under Spatially … (Patel Sagar)
3739
[7] Lari, M., “Effective capacity of receive antenna selection MIMO-OSTBC systems in co-channel interference”,
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[8] J. W. Wallace and M. A. Jensen, “Modeling the indoor MIMO wireless channel”, IEEE Transactions on Antennas
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Communications, Circuits and Systems (ICCCAS-2004), doi: 10.1109/ICCCAS.2004.1346007, 2004.
BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Sagar B. Patel is Assistant Professor with the Dept. of E&C Engineering at C S Patel Institute of
Technology, Changa, CHARUSAT, India. He did his B.E. in Electronics and Communication
Engineering from North Maharashtra Uni. His research areas are wireless communication engineering,
especially in MIMO - STBC. He is presently serving in the department of EC engineering at Charotar
University of Science and Technology Changa Gujarat India since Oct. 2008 and also doing Ph.D.
form CHARUSAT University, Changa. He is teaching the subjects of under graduate engineering
students of this university.
Dr.Jaymin Bhalani is Professor with the Dept. of E&C Engineering at Babria Institute of
Technology, Vadodara, GTU, India. He received the BE degree in E & C engineering from South
Gujarat University , M.E. degree in Communication System Engineering from Gujarat University and
did Ph.D. from M.S. University, Baroda. He is currently working as Associate Professor in E & C
dept., Babaria Institute of Technology, Vadodara. His area of interest is in Communication Systems,
MIMO Communication system, VLSI, Signal processing etc.