Nayashakti Book Final for Press

gof““ zlQm
lvdnfn b]jsf]6f

ljifo ;'lr
n]vsLo ________________________________________i
dGtJo________________________________________iii
!= ljifo k|j]z ________________________________ 1
@= ljZj /fhgLltdf j}slNks ljrf/ ______________ 4
#= bfz{lgs cfwf/df j}slNks ljrf/______________ 5
$= cfhsf] dfS;{jfb / ;fd|fHojfb________________ 6
%= cfhsf] ju{ ljZn]if0f ________________________ 8
^= g]kfnL ;Gbe{df j}slNks ljrf/ ax;sf] cf/De__ 14
&= g]kfnL ;dfhdf j}slNks ljrf/ ;lxtsf] gof“ zlQmsf]
cf}lrTo __________________________________ 18
gof“ rqm cf/De___________________________ 18
gof“ uGtJo gof“ zlQm ______________________ 19
cfwf/ jbNg gof“ zlQm _____________________ 19
g]kfnL /fli6«otfsf] jf]wuDo JofVof____________ 20
gof“ zlQm gof“ ljrf/M gof“ ;+:sf/,cfrf/ Jojxf/ 22
gof“ cfzfjflbtfsf] gof“ ls/0f gof“ zlQm_______ 23
gof“ zlQm lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/, cGt/lj/f]wsf] klxrfg /
;f]sf] ;dfwfg_____________________________ 24

cGt/lj/f]w xn ug{ cfjZos kg]{ gLltMcfly{s ___ 26
k|ToIf nf]stGq r'lgPsf] g]t[Tj _______________ 28
;j}sf] :jfldTjdf lgdf{0f ePsf] sfo{of]hgf _____ 30
gof“ zlQm :jo+;]jL /fhgLlt _________________ 31
*= ;+If]kdf gof“ zlQm _________________________ 32
(= gof“ zlQmsf] Wo]o _______________________________ 33
!)= ;dsflng ljZjsf j}slNks ljrf/sf jx;x? ___ 35
cg';'lr ! gof““ zlQm lgdf{0f cleofg ______________48
cg';'lr @ gof“ zlQm lgdf{0f cleoGtfx?sf nflu k|f/+les
cfrf/ ;+lxtf ________________________ 57
;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L ;'lr_____________________________ 72

(i)
n]vsLo
oltj]nf gof“ zlQmsf] jx; rrf{df 5 . gof“ zlQm s] xf] <s]
x}g < eGg] jf/]df ;dfGo jf]lnrfnLsf] efiffdf hg;dIf
k|:t't ug'{ / jx;nfO{ ;fy{s, /rgfTds / kl/0ffdd'vL
t'Nofpg' gof“ zlQm lgdf{0f cleofgsf] Ps cleoGtf x'g'sf
gftfn] cfkmgf] st{Jo ;DemL of] xft] k'l:tsf tof/ u/]sf]
x' . jf:tjdf gof“ zlQm gof“ ljrf/ ;+:sf/ / Jojxf/
;lxtsf] gof“ j}slNks ljrf/sf] cleofg xf] . g]kfnL
/fhgLlt ;+ljwfg;efjf6 ;+ljwfg eGg] Pp6f rs| k'/f u/L
gof“ rs| cf/De ug'{ kg]{ cj:yfdf 5 . of] ;Gbe{df cfly{s
s|flGtsf] ljlwjt cf/De ug'{ clgjfo{ h:t} ePsf] 5 .
;dsflng ljZjdf ;dfhjfbsf sdhf]/Lsf] j:t'lgi7
;ldIff ub}{ To;df /x]sf sld sdhf]/Lx?nfO{ k'lt{ ug{ / ;f]
;Gbe{df pbf/jfbsf j}olQms dxTj / ;TjnfO{ ofyf]lrt
Vofn ug]{ ;Gbe{nfO{ cfTd;ft ug]{{ u/L ;dfhjfbL wf/fs}
gof“ / j}slNks ljrf/n] cfsf/ u|x0f ul//fv]sf] 5 . g]kfnL
/fhgLlt ljBdfg /fhg}lts kf6L{ ;+/rgf / ;+u7g, ltgsf]
g]t[Tj rog k|0ffnL / kf6L{ ;+rfng ljlw Pj+ Jojxf/jf6
dflg;x? jfSs lbSs k/]sf 5g eg] ;dfhn] gof“ cfzf /
ljZjf; ;lxtsf] ljsNk vf]lh/fv]sf] 5 . oxL cefjnfO{
k'lt{ ug{' gof“ zlQmsf] p2]Zo xf] .
gof“ zlQm gof“ cfzf / ljZjf;sf] kof{o xf] . gof“ zlQm
cfly{s ;Dj[l4sf] gof“ vfsf xf] . log} kljq p2]Zosf ;fy

(ii)
cleofgsf] cf/De ePsf] xf] / o;sf]] cf}lrTo, cfjZostf
/ dxTj j9bf] 5 . ;fy} cGt/fli6|o :t/df klg o;sf] jx;
/ cEof; ;kmntfk'j{s e}/x]sf] 5 . oL / o:t} ljifox?
;d]tsf] ;+lIfKt hfgsf/L lbg] k|oTg of] xft] k'l:tsfsf] xf] .
gof“ zlQmsf] jx; g]kfnL ;Gbe{df gof“ xf] ev{/ cf/De
ePsf] of] k|s[ofn] cleofg dfkm{t cfsf/ u|x0f ub}{5 . o;}n]
of] jx; s]jn cleoGtfx?sf] dfq} x}g ;j}sf] xf] . ;j} of]
jx;df ;xefuL jgL cfkmgf] :jfldTj / ckgTj :yflkt
ug{ klg ljz]if cfu|x ub{5' . j;xs} s|ddf /rgfTds ;'emfj
/ ;Nnfxsf] ;b}j :jfut ug]{ jfrf klg ub{5' .
xft] k'l:tsf tof/ ug{ pTk|]l/t ug]{ / kf08'lnlk x]/L dGtJo
n]lvlbg'ePsf]df k'j{ k|wfgdGqL tyf gof“ zlQm lgdf{0f
cleofgsf k|d'v cleoGtf 8f afa'/fd e66/fO{k|lt cfef/
JoQm ub{5' .
!# kf}if @)&@
lvdnfn b]jsf]6f
clwjQmf/k'j{ ;ef;b
tyf
gof“ zlQm lgdf{0f cleoGtf

(iii)
dGtAo
gof“ zlQm lgdf{0f cleofgaf/] ;j{q rf;f] al9/x]sf] a]nf
:yflkt jf}l4s JolQmTj lvdnfn b]jsf]6f lnlvt / ;+slnt
of] kl/rofTds k'l:tsf pkof]uL ;fduLsf ?kdf hg;dIf
cfPsf] 5 . 5f]6f] cjlwdf g} hglhe|f]df ul8;s]sf] …gof“
zlQmÚ s] xf] / s] x}g eGg] a'emg ;/n efiffdf n]lvPsf] of]
k'l:tsf cToGt pkof]uL / ;fGble{s /x]sf] 5 .
b]zdf ;o eGbf a9L ;fgf÷7"nf /fhgLlts bnx? ljBdfg
/x]sf] cj:yfdf csf]{ Pp6f …zlQmÚsf] s] cf}lrTo /
cfjZostf x'g;S5 eGg] k|Zg ljNs'n :jfefljs / hfoh
5 . To;}n] ;aeGbf klxn] k|i6 x'g'kg]{ s'/f s] xf] eg]
k|:tfljt gof“ zlQm k'/fg} ljrf/, sfo{lbzf, ;+u7g / z}nLsf]
lg/Gt/tfdf csf]{ Pp6f kf6L{ geP/ gof“ ljrf/, gof“
/fhgLlts sfo{lbzf, gof“ ;+u7gfTds k4lt / gof“
z}nL÷cfr/0f ;lxtsf] j}slNks /fhgLlts zlQm xf] .
n]vsn] clxn] ljZjdf e}/x]sf ljleGg j}slNks /fhgLlts
wf/sf] vf]hLsf] /fd|f] ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;lxt To;sf] k'i6L ug]{
k|oTg ug'{ePsf] 5 .
g]kfnL Oltxf; lj=;+= !((& ;fnsf] k|hfkl/ifb sf08b]lv
@)&@ cflZjg # ut] ;+ljwfg;efaf6 ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs
u0ftGqsf] ;+ljwfg hf/L ePsf] lbg;Ddsf] &% jif{;Dd
/fhgLlts nf]stGqsf] k|flKtsf] ;+3if{df s]lGb|t /xof] .

(iv)
To;}n] clxn];Ddsf k|hfkl/ifbb]lv g]kfnL sf+u|];, Pdfn],
Pdfcf]jfbL / cGo If]qLo bnx? ;Ddsf /fhgLlts
zlQmx?sf] rl/q / :j?k d"ntM k'/fgf] /fHo ;+/rgf Wj+z
ug]{ k|s[ltsf g} /x] . t/ ca b]zsf] k|d'v P]ltxfl;s sfo{ef/
tLa| cfly{s–;fdflhs ?kfGt/0f ;lxt ;d[4 gof“ g]kfnsf]
lgdf{0f ug'{ xf] . :jefjtM k'/fgf]sf] Wj+z ug]{ / gof“sf] lgdf{0f
ug]{ r/0fdf /fhgLlts zlQmx?sf] ;f]+r, gLlt sfo{qmd,
;+u7gfTds k4lt / sfo{z}nLdf u'0ffTds cGt/ x'G5 /
x'g'kb{5 . h;/L Pp6f p2]Zo lglDt agfOPsf] cf}hf/n] csf]{
p2]Zo k"/f ug{ ;Sb}g To;/L g} Pp6f P]ltxfl;s r/0fdf
leGg p2]Zo lglDt ag]sf] /fhgLlts zlQmn] csf]{ P]ltxfl;s
r/0fsf] leGg p2]Zo k"/f ug{ ;Sb}g . k|:tfljt gof“ zlQmsf]
d"n cf}lrTo / cfjZostf oxL xf] .
ljrf/ / bz{g ;dfh / dfgjLo r]tgfsf] ljsf; ;“u;“u}
lg/Gt/ ljsl;t / kl/dflh{t e}/xG5g . wd{zf:q /
cGwljZjf; dfq} ;w}+ Psgfz /xG5g . JolQmsf] lghTjnfO{
k|wfgtf lbg] ahf/ lgb]{lzt pbf/jfb -k"“hLjfb_ /
;fd"lxstfnfO{ k|wfgtf lbg] /fHo lgb]{lzt ;dfhjfb b'j}
PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] z'?;Dd cfOk'Ubf uDeL/ ;+s6df kb}{
uPsf 5g . g]kfnsf] 7f]; ;Gbe{sf] s'/f ubf{ oxf“ ev{/}
;fdGtL lg/+s'ztGqsf] cGTo eP/ pbf/jfbL nf]stGq /
k"“hLjfbL cy{tGqsf] cEof; z'? ePsf] 5 / ;dfhjfbL
cfbz{ d"ntM efjgfTds nufjdf ;Lldt /x]sf] 5 . To;}n]

(v)
/fli6«o cf}Bf]lus k"“hLsf] ljsf;÷lj:tf/ ub}{ ;d'Ggt
;dfhjfbsf] cfwf/ lgdf{0f ug]{ g]kfnL /fhgLltsf] k|d'v
tTsfnLg sfo{ef/ /x]sf] 5 . o;}sf lglDt pko'Qm ljrf/sf]
ljsf; / k|of]u ug'{ cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . o;sf nflu
bf];|f] ljZjo'4kl5sf] /fli6«o d'lQm cfGbf]ngsf] qmddf lgld{t
…sf+u|];Ú, ;f7Lsf] bzsdf rLlgof“ ;f“:s[lts qmflGtsf] qmddf
ag]sf] …df–n]Ú / c;Lsf] bzskZrft hlGdPsf] …dfcf]jfbLÚsf]
a|fG8 gfp“ cem} s]xL nf]slk|o /x] klg ltgsf] P]ltxfl;s
;fGble{stf ;dfKt ePsf] :jLsfg}{ kg]{ x'G5 . leqL u'bLtTj
/ ljlzi7 P]ltxfl;s ;Gbe{ lj;]{/ k'/fgf a|fG8 gfp“ dfq
ehfpg' r/d df}sfk/:ttf x'G5 . o;} aLraf6 gof“ zlQmn]
gof“ ljrf/sf] ;+Zn]if0f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
ljzfn rLg / ef/tsf] aLrdf r]lkPsf] ljlzi7 e"–
/fhgLlts l:ylt, b]zleq ljBdfg juL{o–hftLo–If]qLo–
n}+lus–;f“:s[lts ljljwtf cflbnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ gof“ zlQm
lgdf{0f cleofgn] k|f/lDes sfo{ef/sf] ?kdf %…;Ú -/fli6«o
:jfwLgtf, ;dfj]zL–;dfg'kflts–;xeflutfd"ns nf]stGq,
;dtfd"ns ;d[l4, ;bfrf/–;'zf;g / ;d[4 ;dfhjfb_ nfO{
u|x0f u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} gof“ zlQmsf] ;du| lgdf{0f k|lqmof klg
;xeflutfd"ns 9+un] x'g]5 . 7"nf] ax; / ;+3if{sf] aLraf6
g} gof“ zlQmsf] hGd x'g] lglZrt 5 . o;}sf nflu
cflwsfl/s ?kn] gof“ /fhgLlts zlQmsf] lgdf{0f / 3f]if0ff

(vi)
x'g'k"j{ Jofks /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o cleofg ;~rfng ug]{
lg0f{o ePsf] 5 .
Tof] dxfg ax; / nfdf] cleofgdf ;xof]uL xft] k'l:tsfsf]
?kdf of] k|sfzg ;a}nfO{ pkof]uL x'g] d}n] ljZjf; lnPsf]
5' .
@)&@ kf}if !)
8f= afa'/fd e§/fO{
k"j{ k|wfgdGqL
tyf gof“ zlQm lgdf{0f cleoGtf

gof“ zlQm – 1 – lvdnfn b]jsf]6f
1. ljifo k|j]zM
gof““ zlQm /fhg}lts kbfjnL xf] . /fhgLlt ;dfh jbNg]
;fwg xf] . ;dfh lg/Gt/ ultdf 5 . hj ;dfh jblnb}
hfG5, jblnb} uPsf] ;fk]Iftfdf ;dfh ;Dj4 ;j} cjojx?
Jfblng h?/L 5 . ;dfh jbNg] ;fwg jg]sf] /fhgLlt emg
l56f] jblng h?/L 5 . ;dfh jblng], ;dfh jbNg] ;fwg
/fhgLlt gjblng] xf] eg] Tof] ;dfh jbnfjsf] ;fwg
elgPsf] /fhgLltsf] cf}lrTo cfkm} ;dfKt eP/ hfg] 5 .
;dfh jblng] /fhgLlt gjblng] xf] eg] Tof] /fhgLlt
wd{zf:q jGnf, s'g} wfld{s u'7L jGnf jf Joj;foLs jf
Jofkfl/s k|lti7fg t jGnf ;dfh jbNg] ;fwg jGg sl7g
5 . To;}n] ;dfhsf] jbnfj ;+u} /fhgLltdf jbnfj h?/L
5 . o;sf/0f ;fdGo / lgoldttfsf] jbnfj t 5b}5 To;df
klg vf; vf; j]nfdf ;dfhdf cfPsf] cfwf/e't kl/jt{gsf
jvt /fhgLltdf klg cfwf/e't jbnfjsf] vfrf] 5 .
;dfhdf cfPsf] cfwf/e't jbnfjsf jvt klg /fhgLltn]
lg/Gt/tfdf /dfpg] sfd u/of] eg] Tof] /fhgLltnfO{
;dfhn] lrGb}g jf ;dfhn] Tof] /fhgLltnfO{ 5fl8lbG5 clg
/fhgLlt ljs[lt / lj;+ultsf] ;fwgdfq jGb5 ;dfh jbNg]
;fwg sfod /xg ;Sb}g . ;dfh ljsf;n] km8sf] df/]sfj]nf
/fhgLltn] km8sf] dfg{ ;s]g eg] Tof] /fhgLltn] cfkmgf]
cGt cfkm} 3f]if0ff ug'{ jfx]s csf]{ s'g} ljsNk jfsL /xg]
5}g . of] dfGotfnfO{ :jLsf/ ug]{ xf] eg] ;dfhsf] lg/Gt/
ljsf;sf jvtdf /fhgLltsf] gof“ kg / ;dfhn] km8sf]

df/]sf j]nf /fhgLltn] km8sf] dfg]{ u/L gof“ zlQmdf
?kfGt/0f cfhsf] oyfy{ xf] . of] oyfy{nfO{ :jLsf/ ug]{x?
cl:tTjdf /xg] / :jLsf/ ug{ g;Sg]x? ljnfP/ hfg]
lglZrt k|fo 5 .
gof“ zlQm eGgf;fy k'/fgf] zlQmsf] k|;+u cfO{xfN5 . k'/fgf]
ge} gof“ x'b}g . cyf{t k'/fgf]sf] pkl:yltdf dfq} gof“sf]
cl:tTj / cf}lrTo b'j} k'li6 x'g] xf] . hj k'/fgf]af6 ;Gt'li6
x'b}g k'/fgf]n] ;kmntf xft nfUg] Nofst /fVb}g tj gof“sf]
vf]hL x'G5 . k'/fgf]nfO{ gof“ jGg ;do / kl/j]z b'j}n] cJxfg
ub{5 t/ k'/fgf] gof“ jGg] of] cfJxfgnfO{ ;xhtfsf;fy
:jLsf/ ug{ tof/ x'b}g . tj k'/fgf]nfO{ 5f8]/ gof“ jGg
rfxg]x? :jt cfkmgf] ofqf to ug{ jfWo x'G5g ;f] jfWotf
ljNs'n :jefljs klg x'g] ub{5 . of] ts{df ;xdlt x'g] xf]
eg] ljBfdfg zlQmsf] c;kmntf csd{0otf / cof]Uotf g}
k'/fgf] zlQmsf] lj:yfkg / gof“ zlQmsf] :yfkgfsf] cf}lrTo
cfwf/ / sf/0f jGg] ub{5 .
gof“ zlQm ljBfdfg k'/fgf zlQmsf] ljsNk xf] . of] Ps
k|sf/sf] j}slNks wf/ xf] . hj k'/fgf] ;+:yfkgfn] sfd ub}{g
tj gof“ ljsNksf] vf]hL ckl/xfo{ h:t} jGb5 . of]
ckl/xfo{tf k|To]s k|z+udf cfp5 . /fhgLlt o; ljifosf]
ckjfb x'g ;Sb}g . /fhgLltdf klg gof“ ljsNksf] vf]hL
x'G5 gof“ j}slNks zlQmsf] :yfkgf x'G5 .

lj1fgdf ;w} ljsNkx? X'G5g t/ wd{zf:qdf x'b}gg .
lj1fgdf Ps kl5 csf]{ cg';Gwfg / csf]{ ljsNksf] vf]h
/ ljsf;sf] cfjZostf jf]w ;b}j /xG5 . ljsf;sf]
clgjo{tf lj1fgsf] ;'Gb/tf klg xf] . wd{zf:qdf ljsNksf]
k|Zg /xb}g . lj1fg dWosf] klg ;dfh lj1fg ;dfh
ljsf;sf] kIf;+u j9L ;fGble{s x'G5 . /fhgLlt ;dfh
lj1fg xf] . ;dfh lj1fgsf] k|ofuzfnf ;fdfh xf] . ;dfh
ultdf 5 . ltj|tfdf o;sf] ljsf; e}/fv]sf] 5 . ltj|tfdf
;dfhsf] ljsf; e}/xbf ;dfhsf cjojx? Klg kljlt{t
ePsf x'G5g . hj ;dfhsf cjojx? Kl/jlt{t e}/xG5g
tj ;dfh lj1fgsf] ljsf; ckl/xfo{ 7flgG5 . ;dfh lj1fg
/ ;f] kl/If0f ug]{ k|of]uzfnf jLrsf] tfnd]n plrt dfqdf
eP kl5 dfq} To;n] 7Ls kl/0ffd Nofpg] ub{5 . To;}n]
jblnPsf] ;dfh / jblnPsf] ;dfhsf] rl/qsf cfwf/df
;fdflhs lj1fgsf] kl/If0f ug{ h?/L 5 . of] kl/If0fdf v/f]
pqg] lj1fgn] dfq} ;dfhnfO{ cu|ufld lbzfdf cl3 j9fpg
dbt ug]{5 .
j}slNks ljrf/sf] ds;b eg]sf] ljrf/ ;+:sf/ / ;+:s[ltdf
ljsNk lbg' xf] . ;dfhdf ljBfdfg ;d:ofx?sf] ;dfwfg
ug{ k|rlnt /fhg}lts zlQmx? c;kmn e}/x]sf] ;Gbe{df
;kmntfsf] z'q ;lxt k|:t't x'g] zlQm g} gof“ / j}slNks
zlQm xf] . j}slNks ljrf/n] ljutsf / ljBfdfgsf
c;kmntfx?af6 kf7 l;Sb} ltgnfO{ gbf]xf]/ofpg] ;+sNk ub}{
;dfhsf cGt/lj/f]wx?sf] xn ug]{ sfo{ef/ k'/f ug{ kb{5 .

olt dxTjsf] P]ltxfl;s sfo{ef/ ;DkGg ug{ j}slNks
ljrf/sf ?kdf gof“ zlQm / gof“ zlQmnfO{ ;kmn / ;fy{s
t'Nofpgsfnflu tbg's'nsf] sfo{of]hgf ;dfhn] ck]Iff
u/]sf] 5 .
2. ljZj /fhgLltdf j}slNks ljrf/M
s'g}j]nf ljZj b'O{ w|'ljo lyof] oltj]nf ljZj Ps w'|ljo eof]
eGg] egfO{x? klg 5g t/ jf:tjdf ljZj Ps w|'ljo geP/
jx'w|'ljo ePsf] 5 . olt x'bf x'b} klg cd]l/sf clxn]sf]
;dsflng ljZjsf] dxfzlQm xf] . p;sf] zf;g ;+rfng ug]{
b{zg s]xL cl3;Dd k'lhjfb eP klg clxn] cfP/
ls|lZroflgl6 jg]sf] 5 . ljZj:t/df To;nfO{ k|ltjfb ug]{
O{:nflds :6]6 hlGdPsf] 5 . k'lhjfbsf] ljsNkdf cfPsf]
dfS;{jfb cfkmgf] dfu{bz{s l;4fGt dfGb} cfPsf d'n'sx?
dWosf] rLg oltj]nf p;sf] zf;g ug]{ cfwf/ cGt/fli6«o
Jofkf/nfO{ jgfPsf] 5 . dfS;{jfbnfO{ c:jLsf/ ub}{ New
International Economic Order gof“ cGt/fli6«o cy{Joj:yf
eGb} k'lhjfb / ;fd|fHojfbsf] r/d ?k pbf/jfb /
gjpbf/jfb ;Dd k'u]sf] d'n's cd]l/sf s]xL ;do cl3sf]
cfly{s dGbLsf jvt p;n] cjnDjg u/]sf] cfly{s gLlt
x]bf{ p x/]s s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f jhf/n] u5{ eGg] l:yltdf p
/x]g . j? v'nf jhf/df l6Sg g;s]sf gLlh ljlQo
sDkgLx?nfO{ rLgaf6 l/0f ;xfotf jf cg'bfg ;Dd dfu]/
p4f/ ug]{ xb;Dd p k'Uof] . / ;+s6 k/]sf j]nf jhf/nfO{
klg /fHosf] +;+/If0f h?/L 5 eGg] cj:yfsf] Jojxf/af6}

p;n] k'li6 u/of] . eg] dfS;{jfbsf s}og ;fdflhs ;'/Iff
/ nf]ssNof0fsf/L of]hgfx?sf] ;kmn k|of]u u/]/ dfS;{jfb
gegLsg} dfS;{jfbL dfGotfsf sltko dfGotfx?nfO{
cd]l/sfn] cjnDjg u/]sf] l:ylt x]bf{ ljZj :t/df g}
/fhg}lts bfz{lgs ;+s6 k/]sf] 5 . of] ;+s6af6 kf/ kfpg]
Psdfq pkfo eg]sf] j}slNks ljrf/sf] ljsf; g} xf] eGg]
s'/f k'li6 ePsf] 5 . ljZj :t/df /x]sf] cGt/lj/f]wsf]
;dfwfg cj k'/fg} dfGotf / wf/0ffsf cfwf/df ;+ej 5}g .
To;sfnflu gof“ / j}slNks ljrf/ / zlQmsf] vf]hL ug{
h?/L ePsf] 5 .
3. bfz{lgs cfwf/df j}slNks ljrf/M
dfS;{jfbsf] /Iff ljsf; / k|of]u z'q jfso jg]sf] xf] .
o;sf] cy{ k'/fg} hfg] dfg]sf] dfS;{jfb cfhsf] ljsl;t
ljZjdf h:tfsf] t:t} sfdofjL x'b}g eGg] dfGotf :yflkt
g} ePsf] 5 . eg] hfg] dfg]sf] k'lhjfb cjsf] e'd08lns[t
;dfhdf h:tfsf] t:t} sfd nfUb}g eGg] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/
ub}{ jx'/fli6«o sDkgLx?sf] cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; xf]; jf bz{g
gldNg] /fi6«x?;+u klg Jokf/sf :jfy{sf sf/0fn] ;+emf}tfsf
cfwf/df ;xsfo{sf] cjwf/0ff ljsf; ub}{ u/]sf] kl/j]zdf
klg gof“ / j}slNks ljrf/sf] ckl/xfo{tfnfO{ j'emg
;lsG5 . o;} u/L k'lhjfb hj ;fd|fHojfbdf ktg eof]
pbf/jfb / gj pbf/jfbsf] e'd/Ldf km:of] . j}olQms
:jtGqtfsf] jsfnt :jRGbtfdf kl/0ft eof] . 7Ls o;} u/L
;fd'lxstf ;j}sf] lxt / sNof0fsf/L Joj:yf xf] eGg]

;dfhjfb cf}krfl/s ;fd'lxstf / hgtfsf] x}g g]t[Tjsf]
clwgfosTjdf kl/0ft eof] . g]t[Tjsf] clwgfostjdf
kl/0ft ePsf] ;dfhjfbL dfGotf h;n] JolQmsf lghTj
;Tj :jfldTj / cl:ttj Ifdtf / k|ltefnfO{ ljNs'n j]jf:tf
u/of] . j}o}lQms :jR5Gbtfdf kl/0ft ePsf] k'lhjfb
;fd'lxstfnfO{ :jLsf/ ug{ O{Gsf/ u/of] . o; lx;fjn] klg
bfz{lgs lx;fjn] klg gof“ / j}slNks ljrf/sf] ljsf;
clgjfo{ ePsf] 5 .
4. cfhsf] dfS;{jfb / ;fd|fHojfbM
cfhsf] oyfy{ klg dfS;{jfb / ;fd|fHojfb g} xf] . t/
dfS;{jfb k|ltkfbg ePsf jvtsf] ljZj / dfS;{jfb
k|ltkfbg ePsf jvtsf] ;fd|fHojfbsf] cj:yf p:t} 5}g .
lxhf]sf] dfS;{jfb / ;fd|fHojfbsf] ljZjsf] bjbjf /x]sf
jvtsf] ;dfh clxn] 5}g . ljZj ;dfh jblnPsf] 5 .
jblnPsf] ljZj ;dfhsf cfwf/df gjblnPsf dfS;{jfb /
;fd|fHojfb cfh sfdofjL x'b}gg . lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] ljsf;
/ vf;u/L ;'rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; o;sf lg0ff{os tTj x'g .
:jtGq / k/lge{/tfsf] 7fp cGt/lge{/tfn] lnb} uPsf]
cj:yf, k/Dk/fut bz{g / /fhgLltsf] :yfg tTsflng
cfjZostf / Jokf/ gLltn] lnPsf] cj:yf ;d]tn]
;dfhnfO{ x]g]{ b[li6sf]0f g} jbNg jfWo jgfPsf] 5 . lxhf]
s} b[li6sf]0f bz{g / /fhgLlts dfGotfsf cfwf/df x]g]{
sf]lz; ul/of] eg] To;n] c;kmntf xft nfUg] jfx]s s]xL
/x]g eGg] s'/f klg k'li6 ePsf] 5 .

lxhf]sf] dfS;{jfb / lxhf]sf] ;fd|fHojfb b'j} cfhsfnflu
h:tfsf] t:t} ;kmn x'b}gg . cfhsf] dfS;{jfb lxhf]sf] h:tf]
5}g lxhf]sf] h:t} /xof] eg] Tof] ;kmn klg x'b}g / ;xL klg
x'b}g . ToxL s'/f ;fd|fHojfbsf xsdf klg nfu' x'G5 .
;fd|fHojfb klg lxhf] h:t} 5}g / lxhf] h:t} /xof] eg] Tof]
klg ;kmn x'b}g . To;}n] cfhsf] ;Gbe{df dfS;{jfbs]f
ljsf; ug{ h?/L 5 . cfhsf] dfS;{jfb eg]sf] cfhsf]
;dfhsf cGt/lj/f]wx?sf] ;dfwfg ug]{ lj1fg x'g h?/L
5 . o;f] eGb} ubf{ cfhsf] lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] ljsf; /
;'rgf k|ljlwdf cfPsf] ljsf;sf] r/0fnfO{ Wofg lbg h?/L
5 .cfhsf] ljsl;t ;dfhsf] rl/qsf] s'/f ubf{ Psfk;df
k|lt:kwf{ ug]{ s'/f / k|lt:kwf{af6 cfkm'nfO{ >]i7tf xfl;n
ug]{ s'/f / of] dfdnfdf JolQmsf k|ltef Ifdtf / of]Uotfsf]
sb/ ug]{ s'/f dfS;{jfbL dfGotf leq} kb{5g . o;}u/L
lxhf]sf] ;fd|fHojfb e'uf]n ljefhg u/]/ k|ToIf / ef}lts
pkl:yltdf zf;g ug]{ s'/f cfhsf] ;fd|fHojfbn] c:jLsf/
g} u/]sf] 5 / d'2f ljz]ifdf ;xsfo{ / o'4 e'uf]n ljefhgsf]
;66f jx'/fli6«o sDkgLx? Vf8f u/]/ ;fem]bf/Lsf lx;fjn]
;fd|fHo leGg 9+un] sfod /fVg] s'/fsf lx;fjn] ;fd|fHojfb
klg jblnPsf] 5 .
To;}n] jblnPsf] ;dfh / jblnPsf] cjwf/0ff jblnPsf]
;dfh / jblnPsf] ;dfhsf] rl/q ;d]tsf cfwf/df cfhsf]
dfS;{jfbsf] k'gJofVof ug]{ s'/f jf dfS;{jfbsf] u'bL s'/f
4GbfTds tyf P]ltxfl;s ef}ltsjfbL ljZjb[li6sf]0fnfO{ 7Ls

9+un] cfTd;ft ug]{ s'/f / jblnPsf] ;dfh / ;dfhsf]
rl/qsf cfwf/df jblnPsf] ;fd|fHojfbn] v8f u/]sf
r'gf}ltx?nfO{ ;fdfgf ug]{ of]hgf jgfpg] s'/f g} j}slNks
ljrf/sf] sfo{ef/ xf] . of] sfo{ef/ cfhsf] ;dosf] dfu
jGg k'u]sf] 5 .
5. cfhsf] ju{ ljZn]if0fM
/fhgLlt d'nt ju{df cfwfl/t x'G5 . dflg;n] dflg;dfly
zf]if0f ug]{ k|yfsf] cGtsfnflu g} jlu{o /fhgLltsf] cf/De
ePsf] xf] . ju{ /x];Dd ;+3if{ x'g] / ju{ /x] ;Dd zf]if0f klg
sfod /xg] ju{sf] cGt ;fDojfbdf uP kl5 dfq} x'g]
;dfhjfb ;Dd klg ju{x?sf] cl:tTj sfod /xg] of]
hl6ntfsf sf/0fn] ubf{ /fhgLltsf] cfwf/ eg]sf] ju{ g}
xf] . dfs;{jfbsf] k|ltkfbg x'b} ubf{ b]lvg} zf;s /
zfl;tsf] cjwf/0ff t lyof] g} To;nfO{ k|:t't ubf{ (%
k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf zfl;tx? /xg] jfsL % k|ltzt
dflg;x? dfq} zf;s /xg] zfl;tx? ;+ul7t gx'gfsf]
kl/0ffd jx';+Vos zfl;tx? Lyrf] ldrf]df /xg' kg]{ eGg]
tYof+s /fVb} cfO{of] t/ kl5Nnf] ljsf;n] s] k'li6 u/of] eg]
;dfhdf zf;s / zfl;tsf ljrdf klg dWod ju{ /xg] /
;f] dWod ju{ d'nt kl/jt{gsf kIfdf /xbf /xb} klg s|flGt
/ kl/jt{gsf kIfdf e/kbf]{ zlQm x}g eg]/ JofVof ul/lbbf
;f] zlQm of t zf;ssf] O{R5fdf kl/rflnt x'g] jf lglZs[o
/x]/ s'07f kfn]/ jl; /fVg] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf x'g k'Uof] .
lj:tf/} oxL ju{ kl/jt{gsfnflu lg0ff{os x'g yfNof] .

sDo'lgi6 zf;g k|0ffnL ePs} elgPsf d'n'sx?df gof“ ju{
ljZn]if0fsf] tYof+s x]bf of] ju{ jx';+Vofdf g} b]lvg yfNof]
eg] cjsf] ;Gbe{df k'/fgf JofVof oyfjt sfdofjL x'b}gg .
gof“ JofVofsf] vfrf] 5 . gof“ JofVof ul//xbf dWod ;j{xf/f
ju{sf] lxtsfnflu dWod ju{sf] ;d]t ;xeflutfdf
;xsfo{sf ;fy cfGbf]ngx? cl3 j9fpg pko'Qm x'g]
lgisif{x? k|fKt x'g yfn]sf 5g .
dfS;{jfbL / u}/dfS;{jfbL ;/sf/x?sf] cfk;L ;DjGwsf]
s'/f klg of] ;Gbe{df ;fGble{s b]lvG5 . lrgdf cd]l/sL
nufgL cd]l/sfdf lrlgof“ nufgL b'j}sf] nufgL
;'/Iffsfnflu cfk;L ;+emf}tfx?sf] ;Gbe{ ljz]if pNn]vgLo
5 . lrgLofx? ljZjsf] klxnf] cy{tGq x'bf klg p ljsl;t
d'n's xf]O{g . ljZjsf] klxnf] cy{tGq eP/ klg p;sf] lrGtf
cfkmgf hgtfnfO} uf; jf; / skf; g} p;sf] klxnf]
k|fyldstf / /fhgLltsf] klxnf] sfo{;'lr /x]sf] kfO{G5 .
o;}u/L cd]l/sf cfkmgf] Jofkf/sf lxtsf b[li6n] lrg;+u
/fd|f] ;DjGw jgfpg rfxG5 . lrg / ef/t hlt;'s} ljjfbsf
jfjh'b klg 7'nf] kl/0ffdsf] l4kIfLo Jofkf/sf :jfy{sf
sf/0fn] cfk;L ;DjGw dhj't jgfpb} nu]sf] cj:yf 5 .
o;f] ug'{sf k5fl8 ;j}sf] cfkmgf hgtf k|ltsf] pQ/bfloTj
dxz'z u/]sf] g} kfO{G5 .
o;f] xf] eg] cjsf] ;/f]sf/ ljZj Joflk ?kdf cfPsf]
kl/jlt{t kl/j]zdf ju{ ljZn]if0f sf] gof“ cfofdsf] n]vf
hf]v fug{ h?/L 5 Psf lt/ eg] csf]{ lt/ jf:tljst cy{df

cfkmgf] ;dfhsf] ju{x?sf] cj:yf s] xf] tfhf tYof+sdf e/
kg{ h?/L 5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df k'iknfnsf kfnfsf] g]kfnL
;dfhsf] rl/q jblnof] eg]/ cfh &) jif{ kl5 dfq}
elgPsf] ;Gbe{ ;+u} ju{ ljZn]if0fsf] vfsf tof/ ug{ s'g}
klg kf6L{sf] tTk/tf b]lvb}g . tyflk ;frf] s] xf] eg] g]kfnL
;dfhsf] klg ju{ ;/rgf jblnPsf] 5 . ;j{xf/f ju{sf]
lx:;f Hofb} Go'g x'b} uPsf] dWod ju{sf] ;+Vof j9b} uP/
p lg0ff{os x'g] cj:yfdf k'u]sf] tYo o;} klg cg'dfg ug{
;lsG5 . @)#^ ;fn nfO{ 5f8]/ To;kl5 s'g} klg cfGbf]ng
dWod ju{sf] ;xeflutf / kIfw/tfsf cfwf/df lg0ff{os
x'g] l:ylt k}bf ePsf] 5 . of] jblnPsf] ju{x?sf] cj:yfsf]
cfnf]sdf kf6L{sf gLlt sfo{s|dx? jGg h?/L 5 . gof“
ljrf/ ;lxtsf] gof“ zlQmsf] cxd sfo{ef/ klg oxL x'g]
5 . g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ju{ ljZn]if0f ug]{ / To;sf cfwf/df
cyf{t tYosf cfwf/df cjwf/0ff jgfpg] / tYos} cfwf/df
gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ . ;fdfGo cfsng ubf{ klg g]kfnL ;dfh
vf; u/L @)$^ kl5 j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] k|j[lQ xfjL ePsf]
5 . nueu 5 v/j ?kof ljk|]if0faf6 k|fKt x'G5 . of] /sd
g]kfnL s'n jh]6eGbf klg j9L xf] . o;n] g]kfnL ;dfhsf]
rl/q g} jblnlbPsf] 5 . lgjf{xd'vL s[lif jfhf v]tdf kl/ft
ePsf 5g lsg]/ vfg] k|j[lQsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . o'jf
hgzlQm ljb]zdf j[4x? ufps} yft ynf]df / jRrf /
o'jltx? Zfx/df cfk|jf;gsf] k|j[lQ j9]sf] 5 . ufpsf]
Jofks zx/Ls/0f ef}lts ljsf;df geP klg cfr/0f

Jojxf/ / ;+:sf/df eg] ltj|tfdf ljsf; ePsf] 5 . ufpsf]
v]tdf kmnfPsf] wfg ljs|L u/]/ l/0f shf{ ;d]t u/]/ j}b]lzs
/f]huf/Ldf uPsf] ls;fgsf] 5f]/]f , j'xf/L / gflt zx/df
j:5g ljb]zaf6 sdfP/ k7fPsf] /sd l/0f lt/]/ jfsL
pBf]udf z]o/ nufgL u/]/ Pp6} kl/jf/ ;fdGtL s[lif
k|0ffnLdf klg 5 zx/df ;fgf]ltgf] hflu/ jf sfdsf sf/0fn]
k'lhjfbsf] k|efjdf klg 5 / z]o/ nufgLn] p pBf]ukltsf]
x}l;ot klg /fV5 . kl/0ffd hlt ;'s} lsg gxf]; k|j[lQ
o:tf] 5 . o;sf] ;xL ljZn]if0f u/]/ tYosf cfwf/df
/fhgLltsf] sfo{s|d to ug]{ /fHon] klg To;sf] cjnDjg
ug]{ ;+:sf/ j;fNg h?/L 5 . cfhsf ldlt ;Dd of] k|j[lQ
/fhgLlts kf6L{df j:g ;s]sf] 5}g . cj gof“ ljrf/
;lxtsf] gof“ zlQmn] oxLaf6 cfkmgf] sfof{/De ug{ /
c?nfO{ ug{ nufpg h?/L 5 .
g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ju{ ljZn]if0f ug{ ;wfpg] tflnsf Ps
;fdfGo emns
नेपाल समाजको राजनै तक वृ त
राजनै तक
वृ त
२००६ साल पूब २००६
सालदे ख
२०१७
सालस म
२०१७
सालदे ख
२०३६
सालस म
२०३६
सालदे ख
२०४६
सालस म
२०४६
सालदे ख
२०६३
सालस म
२०६३
सालदे ख
२०७१
सालस म
शासक य
णाल जहा नया
अ त रम
यव था
पंचायती
तानाशाह
क थत
सुधा रएको
पंचायत
राजा स हतको
बहुदल य
जात
संघीय
लोकताि क
गणत
दल य
अव था
नेपाल
क यु न ट
नेपाल
क यु न ट
दल य
तब ध
दल य
तब ध
दल य
यव था
दल य
यव था

नेपाल समाजको राजनै तक वृ त
वृ त
२००६ साल पूब २००६
सालदे ख
२०१७
सालस म
२०१७
सालदे ख
२०३६
सालस म
२०३६
सालदे ख
२०४६
सालस म
२०४६
सालदे ख
२०६३
सालस म
२०६३
सालदे ख
२०७१
सालस म
पाट लगाएत
अ य दलह
पाट लगाएत
अ य दलह
आ दोलन
२००७ सालको
ाि त
सं मणकाल
ब
दलह को
आ दोलन
जनमत सं ह
र क थत
पंचायतको
जीत बहुदलको
हार
२०४६को
आ दोलन र
क यु न ट
आ दोलनको
नयाँ उचाई
स हतको
माओबाद १०
बष जनयु
२०६२/०६३ को
१२ बुँदे
सहम त
स हत दो ो
जनआ दोलन
ा त
तफल
जात
थापना
कमजोर दल य
है सयत
मुलुक भ र
बा हर बाट
ब
सश त हुन
नसके को
व भ न
खाले
आ दोलन
मुलुक भ र
बा हर बाट
ब सश त
हुन नसके को
व भ न खाले
आ दोलन
राजा स हतको
अपूण
जात
गणत , धम
नरपे यता,
समाबेशी
लोकत र
सं घयता

नेपाल समाजको सामािजक वृ त
सामािजक
वृत
२००६साल
पूब
२००६
सालदेख
२०१७
२०१७
सालदेख
२०३६
सालदेख
२०४६
सालदेख
२०६३
२०६३
सालदेख
कैफयत
जनसं या
६२,८३,६४९
९४,१२,९९६
१,१५,५५,९८३
१,८४,९१,०९७
२,३१,५१,४२३
२,६४,९४,५०४
अितमबषलाईआधार
बनाईसालाखालागरएकोI
ोत:CBS,2012
सा रता अनुमा नत
२%
अनुमा नत
४%
१९.००% ४९.६०% ७९.४०% ८८.६०%
१५-२४उमेर
समूहोत:Nepal-
MDG,2013
मातृ मृ यु दर ८५० ४१५ १७०
बाल मृ यु दर १०८ ६४ ४६
सरदर आयु ३८ ५५ ६२ ६७.९८
नेपाल समाजको आ थक वृ त
आथकवृत
२००६सालपूब
२००६सालदेख
२०१७सालसम
२०१७सालदेख
२०३६
२०३६सालदेख
२०४६
२०४६सालदेख
२०६३सालसम
२०६३सालदेख
२०७१सालसम
कैफयत
नरपे ग रबी ४२.००% ३१.००% २५.४०% २३.८०% NLSS -I,
II, III
कु पोषणको
तर
४९ २२.५ १५.७ MDG
त यि त
आ दानी
$४७.२७ $१९० $२७० $६९०
->f]tM gof“ zlQm lgdf{0f cleofgsf ;Gbe{df ul7t 6f]nL4f/f ljleGg >f]taf6
;+slnt tYof+sx?sf] cfwf/df tof/ kfl/Psf] ._

pkf/]fQm /fhg}lts ;fdflhs / cfly{s k|j[ltn] g]kfnL
;dfh ltj| ljsf;sf] ultdf 5 eGg] s'/fsf] k'li6 ub{5 .
/fhg}lts bnx? cl:tTjdf cfpbfsf] cj:yf / cfhsf]
cj:yfsf] cfgsf] tfg km/s kg]{ k|j[lQ of] tflnsfn] b]vfp5
t/ /fhg}lts kf6L{x? cfkm'nfO{ ;dfofg's'n kl/jt{g ug{
lxrlsrfPsf] b]lvG5 . of] s'/f :ki6 g} 5 ls h'g /fhg}lts
zlQm ;dofg's'n cfkm'nfO{ cfkmgf] gLlt sfo{s|d /
;f+8u7lgs ;+/rgf ;d]tnfO{ kl/dfh{g ug{ ;Sb}g To;n]
cfkmgf] cl:tTj /Iff ug{ ;Sb}g . ;dos|ddf y'k|} P]ltxfl;s
e'ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf kf6L{x? ;d]t O{ltxf;df l;ldt x'g
k'u]sf y'k|} 36gfx? 5g . To;f] gxf]; eGgsfnflu klg
kf6L{x? ;dofg's'n kl/dfh{g x'b} hfg' cfkmgf] st{Jo g}
7fGg' kb{5 To;}sf] Pp6f sl8sf ?kdf of] gof“ zlQm lgdf{0f
cleofg cf/De ul/Psf] xf] .
6. g]kfnL ;Gbe{df j}slNks ljrf/M jx;sf] cf/DeM
g]kfnL /fhgLltdf oltj]nf j}slNks ljrf/sf ?kdf gof“
zlQmsf] jx; rrf{sf] lzv/df 5 . em08} &) jif{ cl3sf]
hgtf4f/f lgjf{lrt j}wflgs k|ltlwx?af6 ul7t
;+ljwfg;efaf6 ;+ljwfg eGg] /fhgLlts ofqf cGt ePsf]
5 . ;+ljwfg;efaf6 ;+ljwfg eGg] /fhg}lts ofqf ;+ljwfg
hf/L eP kl5 ;dfKt ePsf] xf] . To;sf/0f cj gof“ ofqfsf]
cf/De ug{ h?/L 5 eGg] ;f]rsf] cleJolQmsf] gof“ zlQm .

g]kfnL ;dfh nfdf] ;dob]lv cw{;fdGtL / cw{ cf}klgj]zLs
5 eGg] s'/f vf;u/L jfdkGyL w|'jaf6 eGb} cfPsf] ljifo
xf] . t/ cfh nueu &) jif{ kl5 g]kfnL ;dfhsf] rl/q
klg jblnPsf] 5 . cyf{t g]kfnL ;dfh k'lhjfbdf k|j]z
u/]sf] 5 . of] lgisif{df klg g]kfnsf jfdkGyL kf6L{x?n]
dxflwj]zg u/]/} k'u]sf] cj:yf 5 . jblnPsf] g]kfnL
;dfhsf] gof“ ljZj]if0fsf cfwf/df gof“ j}slNks /fhg}lts
zlQmsf ?kdf klg gof“ zlQmsf] vfrf] 5 .
g]kfnL /fhgLltsf] cf/De /f0ff zf;gsf] cGtsf nflu eof] .
k+rfotsf] cGtsfnflu ;+3if{ ub}{ ubf{ o;n] jo:s x'g]
cj;/ k|fKt u/of] . k|f}9 cj:yfdf k'Ubf /fhtGqsf] cGt
u/of] . oL ltgj6} sfnv08df /fhgLltsf] d'Vo w]o d'VotM
;Qfsf] ljWj+z / ljlgdf{0fsf nflu lyof] . cj gof“ zlQm
cj gj lgdf{0fsf nflu cleofg cf/De ePsf] 5 .
To;sf/0f gj lgdf{0fsfnflu /rgfTds ;f]rsf ;fy
oltj]nf gof“ zlQmsf] vfrf] dxz'z ul/Psf] 5 .
dfcf]jfbL cfGbf]ng d'ne't ?kdf /fhtGq lj?4sf] s]lGb|t
lyof] . u0ftGq ;+3Lotf wd{ lg/k]Iftf / ;dfj]zL nf]stGq
o;sf d'n w]o lyP . oL ;j}sf] w]o g]kfnL ;dfhsf] cfly{s
;dflhs ?kfGt/0f lyof] . hgjfbL s|flGtsfnflu cf/De
ePsf] dfcf]jfbL cfGbf]ng ;f]r] h:t} 9+un] hgjfbL s|flGt
k'/f geP klg ;+emf}tfsf] dfWodaf6} eP klg gof“ ;+ljwfg
;+ljwfgdf u0ftGq ;+3Lotf wd{lg/k]Iftf / ;dfj]zL
nf]stGq ;+:yfut ePkl5 hgjfbL s|flGtsf jfsL sfo{ef/

k'/f x'g] / cjsf] ofqf ;dfhjfbL s|flGtsf] x'g] eGg] jf/]df
klg Ps dt g} lyof] . To;sf/0f hgjfbL s|flGt ug{sfnflu
jgfPsf] kf6L{ g]t[Tj ;+u7g / sfo{s|d ;dfhjfbL s|flGt
ug{sfnflu klg h:tfsf] t:t} sfdofjL x'G5 eGg] s'/f dfGg
;lsGg . To;}n] ;dfhjfbL s|flGtsfnflu gof“ ljrf/
;lxtsf] gof“ g]t[Tj gof“ ;+u7g / gof“ of]hgfsf] vfrf] 5
eGg] s'/fnfO{ dfGg] xf] eg] klg j}slNks ljrf/ ;lxtsf]
gof“ zlQmsf] vfrf] 5 eGg] jf/]df ljjfb x'g] 7fp /x]g .
dfS;{jfbL efiffdf pkl/;+/rgf / cfwf/ dWo dfcf]jfbL
cfGbf]ngsf] kl/0ffd pkl/;+/rgfdf jbnfj NofPs} xf] . /
cfwf/ jbNg h?/L 5 eGg] s'/fdf klg ;xdlt ePs} sf/0f
dxflwj]zgaf6} cjsf] s|flGt ;dfhjfbL s|flGt / cjsf]
sfo{lbzf pTkfbgsflgldt ;+3if{ eGg] lyof] . t/ pTkfbg
lj|u]8 lgdf{0f u/]/ klg ;f]sf] sfof{Gjog x'g g;Sbf o;n]
;d:of k}bf u/]sf] xf] . oxL ;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ klg
j}slNks ljrf/ ;lxtsf] gof“ zlQmsf] lgdf{0f cfjZos
ePsf] xf] .
dfc]jfbL cfGbf]ngs} s'/f ubf{ o'4sflng ;+/rgf
zflGtsflng ;+/rgfdf jbNg kg]{ sfo{ef/ zflGt k|s[ofdf
cfP;+u} lyof] . zflGtsfndf cfP kl5 klg ljb|f]xsf]
cJojxfl/s / c;kmn sfo{lbzf d'n g]t[tjsf] lbdfudf
/x]sf sf/0f o'4sflng ;+/rgf jbNg] s'/fdf Wofg uPg .
kl5Nnf] r/0fdf dfcf]jfbL cfGbf]ngsf] ;ldIff ubf{ vf; u/L
bf>f] lgjf{rgdf xf/ Joxf]bf{ y'k|} sf/0f dWo o'4sflng

;+/rgf zflGtsflng ;+/rgfdf jbNg g;Sg' klg Ps xf]
eg]/ :jLsf/ ul/Ps} lyof] eg] ;+u7gsf] :j?k dfq} jbn]/
x'b}g zflGtsflng cfjZostf jdf]lhdsf ;j} cjojx?sf]
jbnfj h?/L 5 . o;f] xf] eg j}slNks ljrf/ ;lxtsf] gof“
zlQm cfhsf] cfjZostf jGg k'u]sf] 5 .
To;f] t dfcf]jfbL cfGbf]ngsf] s'/f ubf{ cf/Deb]lv g} gof“
gof“ k|of]u ub}{ ;kmntf xfl;n ub}{ cl3 j9]sf] / ;fk]lIft
;kmntfdf k'u]s} sf/0fn] zflGt jftf{sf] dfWod4f/f
;+ljwfg;ef4f/f gof“ ;+ljwfg eGg] gf/ff :yflkt u/fpg
;kmn ePsf] tYo ;frf] xf] . zflGt k|s[ofdf cfP kl5 s}of}
dfdnfdf Wofg k'/ofpg g;Sbf kf6L{sf] fv v:sg], ;j}eGbf
7'nf] kf6L{ x'bf klg ;Qfsf] jfu8f]/ cfkmgf] xftdf gx'g]
h:tf ;d:ofx?af6 u'h|]sf] s'/f klg ;frf] xf] . log}
c;kmntfx?af6 l;Sb} kf6L{ of] lgisif{df k’Uof] ls cj
kf6L{nfO{ lj36gaf6 /f]Sg] xf] eg] gof“ gLlt gof“ g]t[Tj gof“
sfo{z}nL ;lxtsf] gof“ zlQmdf ?kfGt/0f ug'{ Psdfq
ljsNk xf] . o;} jdf]lhdsf] b:tfj]h tof/ klg eof] .
kf6L{df btf{ klg eof] .t/ jif}f{;Dd j}7ssf] cfof]hgf klg
ul/Pg . / kf6L{ k'glgdf{0fsf] O{R5f d'n g]t[Tjn] b]vfPg .
o;af6 klg of t kf6L{ lj36g;+u} ;lt hfg k/of] x}g eg]
j}slNks g]t[Tj jf c? s;}n] klg k'glgdf{0fsf] of]hgf
Nofpg kg]{ lyof] . oxL cfjZostf k’/f ug{ j}slNks ljrf/
;lxtsf] gof“ zlQmsf] vfrf] dxz'z ePsf] xf] . oltj]nf
o;}sf] cf}lrTo k'li6 ePsf] 5 .

7. g]kfnL ;dfhdf j}slNks ljrf/ ;lxtsf] gof“ zlQmsf]
cf}lrToM
o gof“ rqm cf/DeM
g]kfnL /fhgLltsf] Pp6f rs| ;+ljwfg;efaf6
;+ljwfg hf/L eP kl5 k'/f eof] . cj gof“ ofqf /
uGtJosfnflu k|f/De ug}{k5{ . k'/fg}df 6fl;O{/xg]
s'/fn] s;}sf] klg lxt ub}{g . k'/fg}df 6fl;O{/xg]
eg]sf] of t cfkm}nfO{ 7Ug' xf] of t km]l/ k5fl8 g}
kms{g] xf] . ;fj{hlgs oftfoft r9]/ j;kfs{
k'lu;]skl5 klg ToxL jl;/xg' eg]sf] of t ufl8
;+u} Uof/]hdf hfg] xf] of t ufl8 km]l/ ks]{/ k'/fg}
7fpdf k'Ug] xf] . gof“ zlQm eg]sf] cufl8 j8g] xf] .
gof“ zlQmn] eg] em} cufl8 gj9g] xf] eg] kl5 kms{g}
xf] jf Uof/]hdf g} yGsg] xf] . oltj]nfsf k'/fgf
zlQmx? ;+ljwfg hf/L eP kl5 uGtJodf k'lu;s]
kl5 k'g gof“ ofqf k|f/De ug{ kg]{df To;f] ug{ g;ls
oyfl:yltdf /xg] jf kl5 kms{g] hf] xs{t b]vfPsf
5g Tof] oyfl:yltsf] jf k|ltudgsf] ofqf xf] eg]
gof“ zlQm eg]sf] k|ult / cu|udgsf] ofqf xf] .
oltj]nf ljgf s'g} lxRrs k|ult / cu|udgsf]
ofqfsfnflu gof“ zlQmsf] cf/De ug'{sf] s'g} ljsNk
5}g .

o gof“ uGtJo gof“ zlQmM
k'/fgf kf6L{x? h] p2]Zosfnflu u7g ePsf lyP
d'ntM ;+ljwfg;efaf6 ;+ljwfg eGg] s'/f g] lyof]
;f] k|fKt eof] . h;n] u0ftGq ;+3Lotf wd{lg/k]Iftf
/ ;dfj]zL ;dfg'kflts nf]stGq ;}4flGts ?kdf
eP klg k|fKt e};Sof] . cj tL p2]Zo k|fKt eP eg]/
oyfl:yltdf /dfpg] jf cu|udgsf] ofqf cyf{t
cfly{s ;Dj[l4sf] ofqfdf nfUg] eGg] 5fGg] j]nf
cfPsf] 5 . cj l9nf gu/L gof“ p2]Zo cfly{s
;Dj[l4sfnflu gof“ ofqf to ug]{ / tbg's'nsf] kf6L{
;+u7g / ;+u7gsf] z}nL lgdf{0f ug]{ oltj]nfsf]
vfrf] xf] . k'/fgf kf6L{ ;+u7g ;+/rgf / g]t[Tjn]
u/]sf] sfdnfO{ :ofn'6 ub}{ cfufld sfdsfnflu gof“
ofqfsf] yfngLsfnflu ;+u} hfg cfu|x ub}{ cl3 j9g'
cfhsf] cfjzostf jg]sf] xf] .
o cfwf/ jbNg gof“ zlQmM
cfh;Ddsf] cfGbf]ngn] /fHosf pkl/;+/rgfdf k|fKt
ug'{kg]{ ljifox? k|fKt ePsf 5g . /fhg}lts
pknjwLx? xfl;n ePsf 5g . cj k|fKt /fhg}lts
pknJwLnfO{ jrfpgsfnflu cfly{s pknJwL xfl;n
ug{' clgjfo{ h:t} jg]sf] 5 . To;}n] cjsf] s|flGt
cfly{s ljsf; / ;'zf;g x'g} kb{5 . o;f] ug{
;lsPg eg] g t /fhg}lts pknJwL hflug] g t

/fhg}lts pknJwL xfl;n ug{ cfGbg]ngdf nfUg]
hgtfsf] klQmn] cfkmgf] hLjgdf kl/jt{g gcfP;Dd
To;sf] :jfldTj u|x0f ug]{ of] vt/faf6 d'Qm
x'gsfnflu klg cfly{s pknJwLsf] ofqf to ug}{
k5 {. o;sf] cu'jfO{ klg gof“ zlQmn] g} ug{ ;+ej
5 . k'/fgf zlQmaf6 ;+ej 5}g .
o g]kfnL /fli6«otfsf] jf]wuDo JofVofM
g]kfnL /fli6«otfsf] klg k'g kl/efiff h?/L ePsf]
5 . lxhf] k+rfotsfnfdf nf]stGqsf s'/f ubf{
ef/tn] b]z vfG5 , nf]stGqsf s'/} ug{ x'b}g
elgGyof] . k+rfot 9n] kl5 klg u0ftGqsf] s'/f ubf{
x}g ef/tn] b]z vfG5 To;}n] u0ftGqsf s'/f ug{
x'b}g elgof“] . cflv/ k+rfot ufof] b]z slx uPg
/fhtGq klg uof] . b]z slx uPg . 7Ls To;} u/L
cfh klg ;+3Lotfsf] s'/f ubf{ xf]; jf cfGtl/s
/fli6«otf / hgtfsf] clwsf/sf s'/f ubf{ b]z
ef/tn] vfG5 eGg] k'/fg} ts{ ;Qfwf/Lx?n]
bf]xf]/ofpg] u/]sf5g . vfnL km/s olQ xf] s]xL
jfx]s c? kfq jblnPsf 5g . k|j[lQ jblnPsf] 5}g .
lj/f]w ug{ x'b}g eg]/ km]l/ klg ;Qfwf/L kf6L{ /
ltgsf g]tfx? kmnfls/x]sf5g . t:s/L sfnf]jhf/L
k'/} ;Qf ;+/lIft 5 . t}klg dflg; jf]Ng] cf6 ub}{gg .
jf]n] ef/t k/:tsf] cf/f]k nfUnf eg]/ xf]; jf
/fli6«otf vt/fdf 5 eg]/ 9fs 5f]k ug]{ jfxfgfdf

Jo:t 5g dflg;x? . k'/fg} cfbtsf] k'g/fj[lQ dfq}
ePsf] 5 . gof“ 9+un] ;f]Rg] tl/sfdf jbnfj cfPs}
5}g . To;sf/0f klg gof“ zlQmsf] vfrf] ckl/xfo{
jGg k'u]sf] 5 .
cfGtl/s /fli6«otf / jfxo /fli6«otfsf] oyf]lrt
;Gt'ng ljgf g]kfnsf] /fli6«otfsf] ;+/If0f / ;+jw{g
ug[ ;+ej 5}g eGg] s'/fdf ;xdt x'g] / tbg's'nsf]
sfo{s|d to ug{ g;Sbf ;Dd g]kfnL /flit|otsfsf]
;+/If0f ;+ej 5}g . of] lgisif{df gof“ zlQm k'u]/
cfkmgf] ofqf cf/De u/]sf] xf] . t}klg k'/fgf
zlQmx?sf] k'/fg} dfgl;stfdf 5g . gof“ s'/f
ug]{x?nfO{ /fli6«otfsf] k'/fg} kl/efiffdf hf]8b} of] jf
Tof] cf/f]k nufpg] uNtL ul//x]sf] ;Gbe{ 5 . o;sf]
;RrfO{ klg jflx/ cfpg h?/L 5 . To;}n] g]kfnsf]
jgf]6 d'n e"t ?kdf v; cfo{, cflbjf;L hghflt
/ dw]zL yf? ;d'bfosf] ltgy/L ;d'xsf] ;+of]u g}
g]kfnL /fli6otf xf] . ltg ;d'xsf] cfk;L ;befj /
;dGjo ljgf cfGtl/s /fli6«otf dhj't jgfpg
;lsb}g . cfGtl/s /fli6«otf jhj't ge} jfxo
/fli6«otf jlnof] jgfpg ;lsb}g . To;} u/L lrg /
ef/t b'O{ plbodfg cy{tq ePsf gftfn] Pssf
lj?4 csf]{ pEofP/ jf k|of]u u/]/ /fi6«jfbL jGg]
k'/fgf] dfGotf cj sfd nfUb}g . To;}n] b'j} b]zsf]
;Dj[l4nO{ ;b'kof]u ub}{ g]kfnsf] ;Dj[l4df pkof]u

ug{ ;Sg] ljb]z gLltsf] k|ltkfbg ug{ kg]{ ePsf] 5 .
o;f] u/] kl5 dfq} jfXo /fli6«otfsf] klg k|jw{g /
;+/If0f x'g]5 . of] cfGtl/s /fli6«otf / jfxo
/fli6«otfsf] oyf]lrt ;Gt'ng ljgf k'/fg} / d08n]
k|s[ltsf] /fli6«otfsf] rrf{ u/]/ b'lgof“nfO{ j]s'km
jgfpg] / cfkmgf] ;Qf :jfy{ l;4 ug]{ jfx]s csf]{
s'g} w]o k'/f x'g] 5}g . g]kfn / g]kfnL hgtfsf] lxt
/ ;Dj[l4 x'g] /fi6«jfb rflxof] . b]z / hgtf s+ufn
x'g] /fi6«jfb x}g . o;sfnflu klg b]z / hgtf ;+j[4
jgfpg] k|ultlzn /fi6«jfbL cfnf]sdf gof“ zlQmsf]
vfrf] 5 .
o gof“ zlQm gof“ ljrf/M ;+:sf/, cfrf/ / Jojxf/
ljrf/ Jojxf/af6 cleJoQm x'G5 elgG5 . To;}u/L
ljrf/df hlt;'s} cfbz{sf s'/f u/] klg dflg;n]
cg'e't ug]{ / klxnf] b[li6 d} b]Vg] eg]sf] Jojxf/ g}
xf] . km]l/ cfhsf] g]kfnL ;dfhsf] oyfy{ klg oxL
xf] ls p s] eG5, s] ljrf/ /fV5 eGg] s'/f w]/} kl5
dfq} j'emnfg . t/ s] Jojxf/ u5{ eGg] s'/f k|yd
b[li6 df g} yfxf kfO{xfN5g . dflg;x? l6Kk0fL ug{
yfN5g . csf]{lt/ dflg; s'/fdf kTofpg 5fl8;s] .
Jojxf/ x]g{ nfnflot 5g . To;}n] gof“ zlQmn] eGg]
sd eGbf sd / ug]{ j9L eGbf j9L sf] dfGotfnfO{
cjnDjg ug{ h?/L 5 . To;}n] gof“ zlQm, gof“
ljrf/, gof“ ;+:sf/, gof“ k|j[lQ / cfrf/ Jojxf/sf]

s;L x'g kb{5 . ljBfdfg ;+/rgfaf6 cflht k/]sf]
/ lg/fz ePsf] k':tfnfO{ cfzf hufpg] cleofg klg
xf] of] gof“ zlQm . To;}n] gof“ zlQm Ps ;d'Ggt
j}slNks ljrf/sf] wf/ jGg kb{5 . ljBfdfg
;/rgfsf / k'/fgf ;+/rgfsf uNtL sdhf]/L
gbf]xf]/ofpg] k|ltj4tfsf] d't{ ?k klg xf] gof“ zlQm
To;}n] gof“ zlQm cfzfsf] ls/0f / ljBfdfg
;dfhdf /x]sf ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg jGg k5{ .
o gof“ cfzfjflbtfsf] gof“ ls/0f gof“ zlQmM
oltj]nf g]kfnL ;dfh r/d lg/fzfdf 5 . nfdf]
;dosf] cGt/nfdf k|fKt u/]sf] nf]stflGqs u0ftGq
;+:yfut u/]sf] lbg kl5 ;j} lrh k|fKt x'G5
elgof] . gof“ ;+ljwfg k|fKt eP kl5 hfb'do 9++un]
;j} ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg x'G5 eGg] ;f]lrPsf] elgPsf]
j'lemPsf] jf j'emfO{Psf] ;j} lyof] . t/ oyfy{ To;f]
/x]g . o;f] x'gf;fy lg/fzf 5fpg] g]kfnL k|j[lQ
jg]sf] 5 . h'g hfuL cfP sfg} lr/]sf eGg] pvfgn]
bx|f];+u 3/ u/]sf] 5 . o; vfnsf] lg/fzfnfO{
cfzfdf jbNg c? s;}n] ;Sb}g To;sfnflu klg
gof“ zlQm jfx]s csf]{ ljsNk 5}g . gof“ zlQmnfO{
klg ;xh 5}g r'gf}ltx? y'k|} 5g . gof“ zlQmsf
ljljw kf6f kIfdf rrf{ kl/rrf{ e}/xbf slDtdf
To;n] cfzfjflbtfnfO{ k|jw{g u/f]; eGg] ;'e]R5f
;j{q 5 . lg/fzfdf cfzf hufpg] j}slNks zlQmsf]

e'lssf v]Ng ;sf]; . g]kfnL ;dfhnfO{ pHhn
eljZodf 8f]/ofpg] sl8 jGg ;sf]; . o;}sf]
;]/f]km]/f]df /x]/ rNg] jx; / ToxL jx;sf] lgisif{sf
?kdf jGg] zlQm gof“ zlQm x'g] 5 / gof“ ljsNk
x'g]5 . hf] ;j} ;d:ofx?sf] j}slNks ;dfwfgsf] z'q
jGg] 5 . o;} tYonfO{ ;fsf/ kfg]{ k|0f ub}{ / oxL
tYonfO{ dgg ub}{ gof“ zlQmsf] jx;df ;xefuL
jgf}, :jflwg ;Dj[4 / ;dfj]zL ;dfh lgdf{0f ug]{
lbzfdf cufl8 j9f} oxL gof“ zlQmsf] sfdgf klg
5 .
o gof“ zlQm lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/, cGt/lj/f]wsf] klxrfg
/ ;f]sf] ;dfwfgM
gof“ zlQm gof“ tyf j}slNks ljrf/ wf/f xf] . of]
/fhgLlt g} xf] . t/ cfhsf] ;dfhdf b]lvPsf] h:tf]
Jofkf/ jf k]zf x}g . gof“ zlQmn] /fhgLltnfO{
sDtLdf sdfO{ vfg] ef8f] jgfpb}g . gof“ zlQmn]
/fhgLltnfO{ ;dfhsf cGt/lj/f]w xn ug]{ dfWod
7fGb5 . olb o;f] xf] eg] gof“ zlQmsf] /fhgLlt s'g}
jfb jf ljrf/sfnflu x}g ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsfnflu
xf] . of] /fhgLlt b]z / hgtfsfnflu xf] / b]z /
hgtfsf] ;Dj[l4sfnflu xf] . ;dfhsf] ;d:ofsf]
;dfwfg ug]{ w]on] jGg] /fhg}lts zlQmsf] cfwf/
;dfhsf] cGt/lj/f]wdf cfwfl/t x'G5 . o;sf/0f
gof“ zlQm lgdf{0f cleofgdf s'g jfb jf l;4fGtdf

cfwfl/t x'G5 o;sf] em08f jf ljwfg s] x'G5 < eGg]
s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f klxnf ug]{ k'/fgf kf6L{x?sf] lgdf[0f
ug]{ pN6f] k|s[ofnfO{ o;n] ;'N6fpg] k|of; u/]sf] 5 .
klxnf l;4fGt / bz{gsf] jfS;f tof/ ug]{ /
;dfhsf] ;d:of ToxL jlgjgfp jfs;df xfNg
vf]Hg] k|j[lQ oltj]nfsf] d'Vo ;d:of xf] . gof“
zlQmn] g]kfnL ;dfhsf] cGt/lj/f]w s] xf] < eGg]
jf/]df klxnf klxrfg ug]{ / To;sf cfwf/df ;f]
;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;Ifd kf6L{ lgdf[0f ug]{ w]o
/fv]sf] 5 .
df]6fdf]6L g]kfnL ;dfhsf ;d:ofx? lgDgfg';f/
5gM -!_ cl3 j9]sf] /fhg}lts r]gtf / k5f}6] cfly{s
;DjGw, -@_ v; cfo{, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL
yf? ltg leGg Sni6/ ;lxtsf] g]kfnL ;dfh xf]
oL ltg} kIfsf] ckgTj / :jfldTj ;lxtsf] oyf]lrt
;Gt'ng ;lxtsf] gof“ g]kfn lgdf{0f ug]{ r'gf}lt -#_
b'O{ ljzfn cy{tGqsf] jLrdf /x]sf] d'n'sn] cfk;L
cGt/lge{/tf sfod ub}{ ljsf; ug]{ r'gf}lt .
cGt/lj/f]w xn ug]{ ljlw g} /fhgLlt xf] elgof“] .
s|flGt eg]sf] klg cd't{ s'g} s'/f x}g . of] klg
cGt/lj/f]w xn ug]{ ljlw xf] . To;f] xf] eg] klxnf
cGt/lj/f]wsf] klxrfg u/]/ ;f] sf] ;dfwfg ug]{
;fwgsf ?kdf kf6L{ vf]Hg kg]{df xfdL sxf pN6f]
ljlw nfu' e}/fv]sf] 5 . k|Tos kf6L{x? o'uf} b]lv

sfo{/t 5g ltgn] k|fo ;w}h;f] j}7sdf jf
dxflwj]zgdf k|wfg cGt/lj/f]wsf jf/]df rrf{ ug]{
jx; ug]{ ljjfb ug]{ / s'/f gldn] km'6g] jf Psf
csf{nfO{ cf/f]k k|Tof/f]k ;Ddug]{ u/]sf] kfO{G5 . of]
c;kmntaf6 kf7 l;s]/ gof“ j}slNks zlQmsf
?kdf gof“ zlQmsf] lgdf{0f jf:tljstfdf cfwfl/t
eP/ ug{ k|oTg ub}{5 .
o cGt/ lj/f]w xn ug{ cfjZos kg]{ gLltM cfly{s
;Dj[l4
x'bf vfg] / x'g] vfg] jLrsf] cGt/lj/f]w g} g]kfnL
;dfhsf] cfhsf] oyfy{ xf] / oxL g} d'Vo ;d:of
xf] . o;}sf sf/0fn] ;dfhdf 4Gb x'G5 . o;}sf nflu
;+3if{ x'G5 . o;}sfnflu s|flGt x'G5 / cfGbf]ngx?
X'G5g . cGt/lj/f]wsf] ;dfwfgsf] ds;b ;dGofo
xf] . s;}n] s;}sf lj?4 cGofok'0f{ 9+un] zf]if0f
gu/f]; eGg] klg xf] . oxL zf]if0f /lxt ;dfhsf]
:yfkgfsfnflu ;fdGtjfbsf] cGt ub}{ k'lhjfbdf
k|j]z, k'hLsf] ljsf; u/]/ ;dfhjfb / cGtdf
ju{ljlxg ;dfh sf] 3f]if0ff;“u} ;fDojfbsf]
kl/sNkgf ul/Psf]5 . cfh xfdL ev{/} ;fdGtjfbsf]
cGt u/]/ k'lhjfbL r/0fdf 5f} eg] of] r/0fsf]
sfo{ef/ k'lhsf] ljsf; g} xf] . ljgf k'lhsf] ljsf;
;dfhjfbdf k|j]z ug}{ ;lsGg . ;dfhjfb cefj,
ul/lj, j]/f]huf/L, cGofo, zf]if0f / cljsf; jf8g]

Joj:yf klg x}g . To;}n] ;dfh ljsf;sf] r/0fsf
lx;fjn] klg clxn] xfdL k'lhjfbL r/0fdf 5f} /
k'lhsf] ljsf; cfhsf] klxnf] sfo{ef/ xf] .
o;} u/L cfh;Ddsf s|flGt / kl/jt{gn] ;dfhsf]
pkl/;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g NofPsf] 5 . /fhtGqsf]
7fpdf u0ftGq, PsfTds /fHosf 7fpdf ;+3Lotf
lxGb' clw/fHosf 7fpdf wd{lg/k]Iftf / Ps hlt
Ps efiff Ps ;+:s[ltsf 7fpdf ;dfj]zL nf]stGq
k|fKt ePsf] 5 . pkl/;+/rgfdf NofPsf] kl/jt{gnfO{
lr/:yfoL jgfpg cfwf/ kl/jt{g ug{ h?/L 5 .
cfwf/ eg]sf] pTkfbg ;DjGw / pTkfbg zlQmsf]
ljsf; xf] . cfly{s ljsf; ljgf pTkfbg zlQmsf]
ljsf; / ptkfbg ;DjGwsf] ljsf; b'j} ;ej 5}g .
o;sf ;fy} nfdf] ;+3if{af6 k|fK6 /fhg}lts pknJwL
klg cfly{sf j[l4 ljgf hf]ufpg ;lsb}g . To;sf/0f
cjsf] g]kfnL ;dfhsf] cGt/lj/f]w xn ug]{ j}slNks
ljrf/ ;lxtsf] gof“ zlQmsf] gLlt cfly{s ;Dj[l4
x'g]5 . ;'zf;g ;lxtsf] cfly{s ;Dj[l4 ;lxtsf]
gLlt cjsf] ;dfhsf] ck]Iff xf] . o;n] dfq} g]kfnL
;dfhsf] cGt/lj/f]wsf] xn ug]{5 . dfcf]jfbL
cGbf]ngsf] ;j}eGbf d'Vo Ph]08f klg hgtfsf]
hLjgdf kl/jt{g eGg] g} lyof] / Pdfcf]jfbLsf]
x]6f}8f dxflwj]zgn] /fhg}lts pknJwL xfl;n u/]
klg hgtfsf hLjgfdf s]xL kl/jt{g Nofpg

g;s]sf] :jLsf/ ub}{ cj cfly{s pTkfbg eGg] s'/f
pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] . o;f] ub}{ ub}{ /fhg}lts txdf
cyf{t pkl/;+/rgfdf u0ftGq ;+3Lotf wd{lg/k]Iftf
;dj]zLtf h:tf pknJwL xfl;n u/] klg ltgn]
hgtfsf] hLjgdf s]xL kl/jt{g ug{ g;s]sf] eGg]
s'/f :jLsf/ ul/Psf] lyof] . ToxL :jLsf/f]lQmnfO{
kl/k'lt{ ug]{ ;Gbe{df pTkfbg s]lGb|t gLlt cfhsf]
cfjZostf xf] eGg] s'/fsf] cf}lrTo k'li6 ePsf] 5 .
o k|ToIf nf]stGq r'lgPsf] g]t[TjM
lgjf{rg nf]stGqsf] Ps pko'Qmn cfwf/ xf] . To;f]
t sltko dflg;x? r'gfj g} nf]stGq sf] ;Dk'0f{
c+z klg 7fGb5g . r'lgPsf] g]t[TjnfO{ ;j} ug]{ 5'6
cGt/lglxt ePsf] 7fGb5g . cem sltko t
:j3f]lift g]tf / ;j}sf] k|flwsf/ 7fGg] k|j[lQ klg
ljsf; ePsf] 5 . o:tf] ;Gbe{df g]t[Tjsf] ;d:of
g]kfnL /fhgLltsf] lgs} hl6n ;d:ofsf ?kdf /x]sf]
5 eGg ;lsG5 . o;sf] dd{ lg0f{o sfof{Gjog,
lg0f{odf ;j}sf] ;xeflutf / ckgTjsf] Uof/]06L ,
gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] ljZjfl;nf] cfwf/ k|:t't ug]{
k|;+u hjh{:t hf[l8g k'Ub5 . cfhsf] ;Gbe{df
cfly{s pTkfbg cjsf] gLlt xf] eg] ;f]sf] sfof{Gjog
ug]{ l6d s:tf] x'G5 jf g]t[Tj s:tf] x'G5 / s;/L
5flgG5 eGg] s'/f d'Vo s'/f xf] . cfh;Ddsf kf6L{x?
d'n g]t[Tj clwsf/ h:t} u/L :j3f]lift x'g] jfsL

g]t[Tj d'n g]t[Tjsf] dgf]dfgLdf tf]lsg] / tf]lsPsf]
g]tfn] g]t[Tj hgtf / tNnf] txsf sfo{stf{nfO{ ug{
kg]{ t/ g]t[Tj k|fKtL / ;f] sf] l6sfp eg] dflyNnf]
g]t[Tjdf lge{/ /xg] lj8Djgf /xof] . To;}n] ;j}
kf6L{df g]tfx? y'k|} e{P . t/ hgtfn] jf sfo{stf{n]
r'g]/ x}g g]tfsf] cflzjf{b k|fKt u/]sf sf/0fn] dfq}
eP . olt dfq}n] gk'u]/ g]kfnsf kf6L{x? lgs}
8/nfUbf] gf]s/zfxLtGqaf6 u|:t /x] . gf]s/zfxL
;+u7g gf]s/zfxL sfo{z}nLn] nf]stflGqs ;+:sf/
lbg ;Sb}GYof] ;s]g / ltlgx? c;kmn eP . oxL
tYonfO{ u+le/ kf7sf ?kdf lnb} ljutsf uNtL
gbf]xf]/ofpg] k|ltj4tf JoQm ub}{ gof“ ;+:sf/sf]
cf/De ug{ h?/L 5 . To;}n] gof“ zlQmdf g]tf /
sfo{stf{ x'b}gg ;j} cleoGtf x'G5g eGg]
dfGotfnfO{ sd;]sd of] cleofg cjlwe/nfO{
:jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . oxL ;+:sf/ / ;+:s[ltnfO{
lg/Gt/tfdf n}hfg ;s] o;n] kmnbfoL kl/0ffd
Nofpg] g} 5 . tyflk g]t[Tj dflyaf6 nflbPsf] x}g
hgtfsf] jLraf6 5flgg h?/L 5 . g]t[Tjsf] 5gf]6
nf]stflGqs ljljwaf6 x'g h?/L 5 . k|ToIf
nf]stGqaf6 g]t[Tj 5flgg], 5flgPsf] g]t[Tjn]
hgtfsf] ck]Iff cg';f/ sfd ug{ g;s]df pgnfO{
k|Tofjfxfg dfkm{t lkmtf{ jf]nfpg ;lsg] / b'O{
cjlweGbf g]t[Tjdf /xg gkfpg] h:tf Joj:yfx?

Kfngf ubf{ g]t[Tj ;DjlGw lxhf]sf] uNtL bf]xf]l/g]
vt/f klg 5}g eg] lxhf]sf uNtLsf sf/0fn]
bf]xf]l/Psf c;kmntf klg x'g] 5}gg eGg] ;'lglZrt
ug{ ;lsG5 .
o ;j}sf] :jfldTjdf lgdf{0f ePsf] sfo{of]hgfM
cfh ;Ddsf kf6L{x?sf] c;kmntfsf] csf]{ d'Vo
sf/0f cfkm}n] sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfo{s|d cfkm}n] jgfpg
j'emg / ;f]sf] ;kmntf c;kmntfsf] ;ldIff ug{af6
j+lrt /x] . vf; txdf j;]sf / vf; klbo of]Uotf
ePsf lzif{ g]tfx?sf] l6d jf d'n g]tf cfkm}n]
sfo{s|d tof/ kfg]{ pgn] tof/ kf/]sf] b:tfj]h
s]lGb|o ;ldlt jf s'g} lgsfodf k9L jfrL ;'gfpg]
/ tNnf lgsfodf sfof{Gjog ug{ k7fpg] hfg]dfg]sf]
dfGotfaf6 u|it /x] . h'g gLlt sfo{s|d sfof{Gjog
ug{ k5{ p;n] ;f]sf] dd{ j'emg] cj;/af6 j+lrt
x'g], j'emg] cj;/ k|lzIf0f jf o:t} s'g} jfxfgfdf
k|fKt u/]5 eg] klg ;f]sf] :jfldTj k|fKt ug]{
cj;/af6 j+lrt x'g kg]{ clg cfkmgf] :jfldTj
gePsf] cfkm'n] gj'em]sf] gLlt sfo{s|dsf] JofVoftf
x'b} sfof{Gjog ug{ kg]{ clg kl/0ffd ;sf/fTds
cfpg] k|Zg} /x]g . s'n of]udf gLlt sfof{s|d
c;kmn x'g] . t/ g]t[Tj eg] slxNo} c;kmn gx'g]
o:tf] k|j[lQ g]kfnL /fhgLltsf] d'n k|j[lQ xf] . o;

vfnsf] v/fjLnfO{ x6fpg ;Sg] Nofst gof“ zlQmn]
/fVg kb{5 .
o gof“ zlQm :jo+;]jL /fhgLltM
;'zf;g / ljsf; g]kfnL ;dfhsf] cfhsf]
cfjZostf xf] . oxL g} cfhsf] oyfy{ klg xf] .
;'zf;gsf cefjdf ljsf; k|efljt ePsf] 5 .
ljsf; jh]6 tj dfq} vr{ x'g] u/]sf] 5 hj Toxf
e|i6frf/ ug]{ cj;/ x'G5 . e|i6frf/ g]kfnL ;dfhsf]
kof{o / jxfb'/Lsf] k|lts klg jGg] u/]sf] 5 .
e|i6frf/Ln] sd{rf/L tGq / /fhgLlts g]t[Tj b'j}sf
jLrdf k'nsf] sfd ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . tj gLltut lg0f{o
/fhgLltn] ug]{ / ;f] lg0f{osf] sfof{Gjg
sd{rf/LtGqaf6 x'g] gLltut g]t[Tjsf] hfdf
klx/fPkl5 clVtof/sf] bfo/f leq klg gkg]{ JoVof
u/fpg] ;Ddsf xs{t u/]/ ;'zf;g / ljsf; lj?4
h]xfb 5f]l8of] . j}wflgs cfDbfgL gfdb{sf] sdfO{
cj}w cfDbfgL ;fgsf] ;fx;Lsf] sdfO{ eGg] cfxfg
:yflkt ul/of] . g]kfnL ;dfhdf /fhgLltnfO{
Jokf/sf] ljifo dfq} jg]g . ljgf nufgL ljgf
sf/f]jf/ ;j}eGbf gfkmf x'g] Jofkf/sf] cy{df ljsf;
ul/of] . k]zf s] xf] eGbf /fhgLlt eGg] eof] . hflu/
5}g k]G;g 5}g cfDbfgLsf] >f]t s]xL 5}g sfd klg
s]xL ub}{g t/ ufl8 r9]sf] 5 nfvf}sf] dfl;s vr{
u/]sf] 5 p;sf] vr{ sxfaf6 cfp5 jtfpg

rfxb}g . p kf/bzL{ jGg kb}{g . clg p;n] g]t[Tjug]{
;dfh lsg kf/blzL{ x'g kg]{ clg lsg ;'zf;gsf
s'/fx? p7g] eGg] k|Zg p7g] u/]sf] 5 . j? kf/bzL{
x'g] cyf{t 3f6L x]/L xf8 lgNg sf]lz; ug]{ kmh'n
vr{ ug{ g?rfpg] g]tfx? pgLx?sf cufl8 nfrf/
lgl/x jGg kg]{ o:tf] cj:yfsf] cGt ug{ :jo{;]jL
/fhgLlt / kf/bzL{ / ;bfrf/L cfr/0f cfhsf]
cfjZostf xf] . o;f] ug{ klg gof“ zlQmsf] vfrf]
k/]sf] xf] .
oltsf jx; / ljdz{ kZrft gof“ zlQmsf jf/]df
lh1fzf z'qj4 ?kdf d]6fpg o; k|sf/ pNn]v ug{
;lsG5
8. ;+If]kdf gof“ zlQmM
o gof““ zlQmsf] b"/b[li6 (vision)
s_ :jtGqtf, ;dfgtf, Pstf, ljljwtf /
:jR5tfdf cfwfl/t ;dfj]zL /fHok|0ffnL
ljsl;t ub}{ n}hfg] .
v_ ;+ljwfg k|bQ df}lns xsk|lt ;Qf jf zlQmsf]
s]Gb|df /x]sf bn jf ltgsf] g]t[Tj ju{nfO{
cfkmgf] hjfkmb]xLtfk|lt lhDd]jf/Ljf]w u/fpg
;Sg] ;r]t / ;hu gful/s ;dfhsf] lgdf+0f
ug]{ .

9. gof““ zlQmsf] Wo]o (mission)
;'zf;gsf] k|j4{g u/L nf]stflGqs zf;gk|0ffnL / ;fdflhs
Gofo :yfkgf u/L nf]stGqsf] bfo/fnfO{ km/flsnf] ub}{
n}hfg] .
o gof““ zlQmsf] p2]Zo (goals)
s_ g]kfnnfO{ ;jn, ;Ifd / pGgt /fi6« agfpg]
v_ ;a} hgtfnfO{ nf]stGqsf cfly{s / ;fdflhs
k|ltkmnsf] ;dfg'kflts ljt/0f ug{
u_ ;a} hgtfnfO{ /fHosf] kx'““rdfly ;dfg
clwsf/ pknAw u/fO{ ;dfj]zL / Goflos
;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ .
3_ hgtfsf] cfkmgf] hLjgof“kg :jo+ lgwf{/0f ug{
;xof]uL /fHo lgdf{0f ug]{ .
o gof““ zlQmsf] /0fgLlt (strategy)
s_ nf]stflGqs k2ltnfO{ ;'b[9 u/fpg] .
v_ ;/sf/ / /fhgLltdf ;xeflutf a9fpg] .
u_ ;dfj]zL / ultzLn gful/s ;dfhnfO{ a9fjf
lbg] .
3_ /fHo k|0ffnLsf ljleGg r/0fdf Ifdtf ljsf;
ub}{ n}hfg] .

ª_ ;dfhsf c;xfo, ljkGg / u/La ju{sf]
/fHoaf6 k|bfg ul/g] ;]jf / ;'ljwfdf kx'““r
a9fpg] .
o gof““ zlQmsf] d"No / dfGotf (values & norms)
s_ hjfkmb]lxtf, kf/blz{tf / k|efjsf/Ltfv_
;a}vfn] e]befj / lyrf]ldrf]sf] cGTo ug]{
o gof““ zlQmsf sfo{of]hgfx? (Action Plans)
s_ gof““ zlQmnfO{ # r/0fdf ljefhg ug]{
• tof/Lsf] r/0f
• l8hfOg / d"Nof+sg
• sfof{Gjog
v_ cGo bn;+usf] ;xsfo{
• ;femf ;jfndf ;xdlt ug]{
• cGt/bnLo sfo{6f]nL lgdf{0f ug]{
u_ /fli6««o cleofg
• k|rf/–k|;f/
• /fli6««o ;+jfb
• If]qLo ;+jfb
• cGt/bnLo cGt/lqmof

3_ cu|ufdL sfo{qmd
• gof“ j}slNks ljrf/ ;lxtsf] gof“ kf6L{
lgdf{0f
• kf6L{ PsLs/0f
• gof““ zlQmsf] /fli6«o :jfldTj lgdf{0f
10. ;dsflng ljZjsf j}slNks ljrf/sf jx;x?M
Dfly g} rrf{ ul/;lsPsf] 5 ls ;dsflng ljZjdf ljBfdfg
/fhg}lts bz{g kf6L{ g]t[tj ;+u7g sfo{s|d / sfo{z}nLn]
;dsflng ;dfhsf] ck]IffnfO{ k'/f ug{ ;ls/fv]sf] 5}g .
;dfhsf ;d:ofx? Hfl6n jGb} u}/fv]sf 5g . ;fdflhs
cGt/lj/f]wx? emg eGbf emg ulxl/b}5g . /fhgLlt ;]jfsf]
ljifo /x]g of] t Jofkf/ jGg k'Uof] . hgtfsf] cfsif{0f eGbf
ljsif{0f /fhgLltn] kb}bf u/of] /fhgLltdf cjflG5t
tTjx?sf] xfjL jGg k'Uof] . /fhgLlt eGgf;fy dflg;x?
cf]7 n]Ko|fpg] 7fpdf k'u] O{dfGbfl/tf / /fhgLltsf] s'g}
;fO{gf] 5}g eGg] :t/df ljdz{ x'g yfn] . lgZro klg of]
;'vb kIf xf]O{g . ljsl;t d'n'sdf hgtfsf] /fhgLltdf
nufj 5}g . ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sx?df /fhgLltdf O{dfg 5}g .
o;af6 ;f/f ;dfh u|:t 5 . cGtt /fhgLlt ;j} gLltx?sf]
u'? xf] . /fhgLltsf] z'l4s/0f ljgf c? s'/fsf] z'l4s/0f
;+ej 5}g . To;}n] ;+;f/ e/L g} j}slNks /fhgLltsf]
cleofg rn]sf] 5 .

1. 8]gdfs{M
j}slNks ljrf/sf] /fd|f] / ;kmn pbfx/0fsf
?kdf 8]gdfs{sf] cN6/g]l6e kf6L{nfO{ lng
;lsG5 . 8]gdfs{df UffeElbæk n] !& ;]K6]Dj/
@)!#df nfdf] ;dob]lv ;f+;b / dGqL jgfPsf]
kf6L{ ;f];n lnj/n kf6L{ kl/Tofusf] 3f]if0ff u/]
/ gof“ kf6L{ j}slNks kf6L{sf gfddf :yfkgf
u/] . j}slNks kf6L{ btf{ ug{sfnflu cfjZos
kg]{ dtbftfsf] x:tfIf/ 8]gdfs{sf] of] j}slNks
kf6L{n] @),@^) x:tfIf/ ;+sng ug{ kg]{df ;f]
eGbf j9L ;+sng ug{ ;kmn eof] / @)!% df
ePsf] ;+;bsf] lgjf{rgdf p;n] ( l;6df ljho
xfl;n u/]/ ;+;bsf] 5}7f} kf6L{sf ?kdf :yflkt
ePsf] 5 eg] oltj]nf ;/sf/sf] ljkIfL bnsf
?kdf cfkmgf] pkl:ylt b]vfPsf] 5 .
UffeElbæk kf6L{ g]tfsf ?kdf 5g eg] k'/}
;/sf/L lgsfox?nfO{ jfsL cf7 efudf
ljefhg u/]/ ;j} ;+;b ;b:ox?nfO{ ljifout
k|jQmfsf ?kdf sfo{ljefhg u/]/ kf6L{ ;+rfng
u/]sf 5g .
ljBfdfg /fhgLlts bnx? hgtfaf6 w]/} 6f9f
k'u]sf / cf}krfl/s nf]stGqdf l;ldt ePsf]
lgisif{df k'Ub} ph] pkm]s kf6L{ lgdf{0fsf] k|s[of
nfO{ klg kl/jt{g ug]{ c7f]6sf ;fy nfu] . ;w}

;j} s'/fsf] ljsNk x'G5 / of] /fhg}lts
cjwf/0ff xf] eGg] dfGotfnfO{ :yflkt u/fpg
k|oTg/t 5g . kf6L{ lgdf{0f dflyaf6 x'g]
k|s[ofnfO{ unt eGb} tnaf6 kf6L{ lgdf{0f ug'{
kg]{ / kf6L{sf] gLlt lgdf{0f of]hgf th'{df /
o;sf] sfof{Gjog / d'Nof+sg ;j} txdf ;j}sf]
:jfldTj :yflkt ug]{ w]osf ;fy gof“ cjwf/0ff
;lxt /fhgLltdf s[oflzn 5g .
1. cd]l/sfdf j}slNks /fhgLlts wf/sf ?kdf l6 kf6L{
d'ed]06sf ?kdf cleofg ;+rflnt eof] . dfr{ @&
@* @)!) df sl/j &))) ;f] kf6L{sf ;dy{sx?
l;g]6/ x]l/ /]O{8sf] u[x gu/df hDdf eP / u'|k $@
gfds gu/ j; ofqf cf/De u/]/ /fhwfgL
jfl;+6gdf cGt u/] h;af6 ;/sf/af6
c;Gt'i6x?sf] ;dy{g j6'Ng ;dy{ eP . ToxL
xKtfdf csf]{ slkm kf6L{sf] cfof]hgf eof] h;n]
/fHoJoflk cleofg slkm xfp;x?af6 cf/De u/of]
h;sf] ;fwg km];j'snfO{ jgfO{Psf] lyof] ;f]
cleofgsf] ds;b /fhgLltdf gful/sx?sf]
;xeflutf j9fpg' lyof] . /fhgLltdf gful/s ;Djfb
cleofgsf] b]zJoflk cleofgsf] cf/De lyof] .;f]
cleofgsf] d'Vo gf/f o:tf] jgfO{Psf] lyof]M "our
government is diseased, but you don't abandon it
because it's ill."

2. cd]l/sfdf Socialist Alternative sf gfddf j}slNks
cfGbf]ng hf/L 5 . ;g !(*^ df dhb'/
n8fs'x?4f/f :yfkgf ul/Psf] dhb'/x?sf]
cGt/fli6o ;ldlt cd]l/sfdf k'Uof] / /fhg}lts
ultljlwdf ;+nUg x'g yfNof] . !(()sf] bzs ;Dd
klg 6|8 o'lgog d'ed]06s} ?kdf dfq /x]sf] eP klg
n]j/ kf6L{sf] Ps lx:;fsf] ?kdf sfd ug{ yfNof] .
kl5Nnf] r/0fdf /fi6«klt lgjf{rgsf jvt
8]d]qmofl6s pDd]bjf/sf lj?4 pDd]bjf/L lbg kg]{
dfu of] ;d'xsf] lyof] t/ n]j/ kf6L{ s]Gb|n] of] k|:tfj
cl:jsf/ u/]sf sf/0fn] gof“ n]j/ kf6L{sf ?kdf
:yfkgf eof] / ljZjJoflks/0f ljZj j}s cfO{PdPkm
ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g h:tf ;+u7gx?sf] vf/]hLsf]
dfu ug{ yfNof] eg] ;j} l/0fx? ldGxf ug]{ k|:tfj
cl3 ;f/of] . sfuhft gePsf cfk|jf;Lx?nfO{ j}wtf
lbg / j}s tyf ljlQo ;+:yfx?df hgtfsf] :jfldTj
:yflkt x'g kg]{ dfu klg ug{ yfNof] . @))$ lt/
of] kf6L{n] O{/fs / ckmuflg:tfgsf lj?4 o'4 3f]if0ff
u/]sf jvt ;f] o'4sf lj?4df hgdt tof/ ug]{
sfd u/of] . o'jfx? ;]gfdf elt{ ug]{ s'/fsf] lj?4df
:s'nx?df cleofg ;+rfng u/of] . !((^ b]lv
@))* ;Dd rf/j6f lgjf{rgdf /fNkm g8f/nfO{
;dy{g u/]sf] eP tfklg @)!@ sf] lgjf{rgdf eg]
lu|g kf6L{sf pDd]bjf/nfO{ ;dy{g u/of] . cf]jfdfsf]

s6' cfnf]rs of] kf6L{n] @)!# sf] lgjf{rgdf
l;of6n gu/sf] kl/ifbdf cfkmgf] pDd]bjf/nfO{
lhtfpg ;kmn eP kl5 ;j}sf] Wofg lvRg ;kmn
ePsf] 5 .
3. The Euroskeptics j]nfot o"/f]lkog o'lgogsf] !(&#
b]lvs|f] ;b:o xf] . oBlk j]nfotn] cfkmgf] 5'66} d'b|f
;+rfngdf NofPsf] 5 . tyflk o'/f]lkog o'lgogaf6
j]nfot jflxl/g k5{ eGg] cfjfh hg:t/df j[l4 x'b} uPsf]
5 / The Euroskeptics gfds kf6L{n] o'/f]lkog o'lgodf
j;L/xbf o;sf ;b:o /fi6«x?sf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf sdhf]/
jgfpg] ts{ ub}{ o'/f] 5f8g kg]{ cleofg ;+rfng
ul/cfPsf] 5 . o;n] !(($ df :jtGq o' s] kf6L{ u7g
tkm{ cfO{k'Uof] . cf/Dedf hDdf London School of
Economics df hDdf 5 hgf JolQmsf] cu'jfO{df cleofg
;+rfng ul/of] h'g clxn] j]nfotsf] rf}yf] kf6L{sf ?kdf
:yflkt ePsf] 5 . of] kf6L{n] lj:tf/} ;dy{g k|fKt ub}{
uPsf] 5 .
4. The Modern Whig Party gfds kf6L{ !(cf} ztfJbLdf
sl/j @) jif{hlt cl:tTjdf cfof] . cd]l/sL /fhgLltsf]
s]Gb|df g} /xof] . cj|fxfd ln+sg ;lxt y'k|} /fi6«kltx? Klg
oxL kf6L{af6 lgjf{lrt ePsf lyP . t/ bf;k|yfsf jf/]df
Ps dt gx'bf of] kf6L{ ljeflht eo]f / nfdf] ;do
sdhf]/ pkl:yltdf /xof] tyflk xfn;fn} of] kf6L{n] km]l/
gof“ :j?kdf j}slNks cleofg cf/De u/]sf] 5 . vf;u/L

of] kf6L{n] O{/fs / ckmuflg:tfgdf cd]l/sL ;]gfsf]
tkm{af6 n8]sf o]f4fx?sf] d'Vo cu'jfO{df of] cleofg
;+rfng u/]sf] 5 . cfhsn cd]l/sfdf egfO{ g} 5 nfdf]
lj>fd kl5 hgtfsf] clwsf/ k'g:yflkt u/fpg] /
cfGtl/s ?kdf cd]l/sfsf] cfly{s ;dflhs cj:yfdf
;'wf/ ug]{ cleofg ;lxt pgLx? kms]{ .
5. The Polish Beer Lovers' Party gfds of] kf6L{ kf]Nof08sf]
sDo'lgi6 zf;gsf] cGt kl5sf] !((!sf] lgjf{rgdf
;+;bdf !^ l;6 ;lxt pkl:yt ePsf] lyof] . oblk s]xL
;do kl5 g} kf6L{ ljefhgsf] lzsf/ eof] tyflk
kf]Nof08sf] cflys ljsf;sf] Ph]08f ;lxt j}slNks
cleofg ;lxt @)!) b]lv cufl8 cfPsf] 5 .
6. Alaskan Independence Party (AIP) cd]l/sfdf of] kf6L{
j}slNks cleofgsf] cfGbf]ngdf 5 . @)!) dfr{af6
cleofg ;+rfng ub}{ cl3 j9]sf] of] kf6L{ cd]l/sfsf]
k[ystfjfbL kf6L{sf ?kdf lrlgG5 . !(&) af6} cf/De
ePsf] eP klg @)!) ;Dd cfO{k'Ubf &)))) ef]6/sf]
;dy{g k|fKt u/]sf] kfO{G5 . of] kf6L{sf g]tf Joe Vogler
Joe Vogler d cnf:sfjf;L x' d cd]l/sg x}g eGg]
ub{5g / cnf:sfsf] :jtGqtfsfnflu lg/Gt/ cleofg
;+rfng ug]{ jtfpg] u/]sf5g . The Second Vermont
Republic, founded in 2003 by economics professor
Thomas Naylor, above, is "committed to the

peaceful return of Vermont to its status as an
independent republic."
7. The Freedom Party gfds kf6L{n] g]b/Nof08df O{:nfd
lj/f]wL kf6L{sf ?kdf cfkm'nfO{ lrgfof] . ;fj{hlgs :yndf
j'sf{ nufpg gkfO{g] 3f]if0ff u/of] / of] pbL{ ;/sf/n] nfu'
ug{ kg]{ dfu klg /fVof] . oxL cleofgsf sf/0f lgjf{rgdf
ef/L dt k|fKt klg u/of] . ;dy{g j9fpg ;kmn klg
eof] . O{:nfd eg]sf] ;+;f/s} k5f}6] wd{ xf] eGb} o;nfO{
lx6n/sf] d}g s}Dkm ;+u t'ngf ub}{ O{:nfd lj/f]wL rnlrq
klg jgfP . h;sf sf/0f j]nfotn] o;sf g]tfnfO{
j]nfot k|j]zdf /f]s nufP . of] k|ltjGw klg g]b/Nof08df
O{:nfd lj/f]wL hgdtsfnflu cfsif{0f ug]{ dfWod ;d]t
jGof] . @)!)sf] lgjf{rgdf g]b/Nof08sf] /fhwfgL x]u
gu/df bf>f] 7'nf] kf6L{ jGg] xb;Ddsf] ef]6 k|fKt ug{
;kmn eof] . Party leader Geert Wilders, cfufld
lgjf{rgdf cem} nf]sk[otf xfl;n ug]{ ljZjf; JoQm
ub{5g .
8. Pirate Parties International. :jL8]gdf j}slNks
cleofg ;+rfng ug{ :yflkt ePsf] kf6L{ xf] of] kf6Ln]
k]6]06 /fO{6 tyf slk/fO{6 sfg'gsf] ;'wf/ cleofg
;+rfng ug]{ d'Vo sfo{;'lr jgfPsf] kfO{G5 . @))^ df
:yfkgf ePsf] of] kf6L{ ;b:otfsf lx;fjn] :jL8]gsf] t]>f]
7'nf] kf6L{sf ?kdf :yflkt ePsf] 5 . ;+;f/ e/Lsf ##

b]zdf km}lnPsf] of] kf6L{ ;+;f/ e/Lsf of] ;Dj4 kf6L{x?sf]
5ftf ;+u7gsf ?kdf klg :yflkt ePsf] 5 .
9. U.S. Marijuana Party gfds kf6L{ cd]l/sfsf] sfnf]/f8f]
/fHodf :yfkgf ePsf] kf6L{ xf] . of] kf6L{sf] d'Vo gf/f
c;+j}wflgs ?kdf ufhfdflysf] k|ltjGwsf] cGt u/f} eGg]
/x]sf] 5 . oxL gf/fsf cfwf/df nf]sk[o jGb} uPsf] 5 .
10. Nofl6g cd]l/sfdf j}slNks /fhgLlts cleofgM
Bolivarian Alliance of the Peoples of Our Americas
(ALBA) gfds cleofg of] If]qs} leGg cleofg xf] .
Venezuela, Bolivia, Ecuador and Cuba, nufotsf
cf7 b]zsf s|flGtsf/L ;/sf/x?sf] cu'jfO{df / ;fdflhs
cfGbf]]ngx? ;d]t u/L ljleGg @@ ;+3 ;+:yfx?sf]
;xeflutf lyof] . of] cfGbf]ngsf] e]nf d] @)!# df
j|flhndf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . vf;u/L k'lhjfb pbf/jfb
gjfpbf/jfb / ;fd|fHojfb lj/f]wL df]rf{sf ?kdf of] If]qsf
;/sf/ k|d'v tyf Jofkfl/s g]t[Tj ;d]tsf] ;xeflutf
lyof] . of] ;Dd]ngsf] ds;b cfk;L PSoj4tf cfk;L
;xof]u / Nofl6g cd]l/sL :jtGqtf eGg] 5 . dxflblko
:t/sf] of] ;Dd]ngsf] 3f]if0ff kqdf cfk;L PSoj4tf /
gj pbf/jfb / ;fd|fHojfb lj/f]wL d+rsf ?kdf :yflkt
ug]{ jtfO{Psf] 5 (“build continental integration of
social movements from below and from the left,
promoting ALBA and peoples’ solidarity against
imperialism’s project”.]

Bolivarian Alliance of the Peoples of Our Americas (ALBA)
gfds cleofgsf] ;b:otfsf] l:yltM
Common
name
Official
name
Datejoined
Population
Area(km²)
GDPPPP
(US$bn)
Capital
Antiguaand
Barbuda
Antiguaand
Barbuda
2009-06-24
85,632
442
1.575
St.John's
Bolivia
Plurinational
Stateof
Bolivia
2006-04-29
9,119,152
1,098,581
50.904
LaPaz
Cuba
Republicof
Cuba
2004-12-14
11,451,652
110,861
114.100
Havana
Dominica
Commonwe
althof
Dominica
2008-01-20
72,660
754
0.977
Roseau

Common
name
Official
name
Datejoined
Population
Area(km²)
GDPPPP
(US$bn)
Capital
Ecuador
Republicof
Ecuador
2009-06-24
14,573,101
256,370
134.805
Quito
Grenada
Grenada
2014-12-14
109,590
348.5
1.467
St.George's
Nicaragua
Republicof
Nicaragua
2007-02-23
5,891,199
129,495
18.878
Managua
SaintKitts
andNevis
Federation
ofSaint
Christopher
andNevis
2014-12-14
54,961
261
1.087
Basseterre
SaintLucia
SaintLucia
2013-07-20
180,870
617
2.101
Castries

Common
name
Official
name
Datejoined
Population
Area(km²)
GDPPPP
(US$bn)
Capital
St.Vincent
andthe
Grenadines
Saint
Vincentand
the
Grenadines
2009-06-24
120,000
389
1.259
Kingstown
Venezuela
Bolivarian
Republicof
Venezuela
2004-12-14
28,199,825
916,445
374.111
Caracas
ALBA-TCP
Totals
11Countries
–
69,694,091
2,514,563.5
641.136
Dfly pNn]lvt d'n'sx?sf cltl/Qm ;'l/gfd ljz]if cltly ;b:osf
?kdf / xfO6L ko{{j]Ifs ;b:osf ?kdf pkl:yt lyP eg] b'j}
d'n's ;b:otf lngdf O{R5's /x]sf 5g .
pk/f]Qm j}slNks cleofgsf] tYonfO{ lgof“Nbf nueu ;j}
cleofgx? ljNs'n cnu wf/sf] sfo{;'lr ;dft]/ cl3 j9]sf]
kfO{G5 . d'nwf/ x}g k|ltwf/ ;dft]/ cufl8 j9]sf] kfO{G5 . lhpbf]
df5f kfgLsf lj?4df P06L s/]06 lx85 ,d/]sf] df5f kfgL;+u}
jU5 . j}slNks cleofgsf] d'n dS;b tTsfnsf nflu c:jefljs

h:tf] b]lvg] t/ sfnfGt/df ;f] s'/f ;To 7xl/g] cj:yfdf cfO{k'Ug]
/x]5 . o;sf/0f oL cleofgx?nfO{ ;+;f/sf k|d'v j}slNks
cleofgsf ?kdf lng] ul/Psf] 5 .
;fdfGotof j}slNks /fhg}lts cleofgx?nfO{ lgof“Nbf
o'/f]lkog d'n'sdf gof“ ;dflhs cfGbf]ngx?sf ?kdf /
cd]l/sfdf eg] ljjfbf:kb /fhgLltsf e/df j}slNks
/fhgLltsf] cleofg ;+rfng u/]sf] kfO{G5 . Nofl6g
cd]l/sL d'n'sdf eg] ;femf d'2fx?df eg] ;dfg wf/0ff
/fVg] /fi6«x? ;+3 ;+:yfx? / ;/sf/x? ;d]t Ps;fy sfd
ug]{ k|s[ltsf b]lvPsf 5g .
@! cf} ztfJbLsf] j}slNks cfy{ /fhgLlt jf/]sf] tfhf
cg';Gwfgsf] lgisif{ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] ;d]t kfO{G5 .
New movements seek a cooperative, caring, and
community-nurturing economy that is ecologically
sustainable, equitable, and socially responsible —
one that is based on rethinking and democratizing
the nature of ownership at every level.
The inability of traditional politics and policies to
address fundamental challenges has fueled an
extraordinary amount ofexperimentation in
communities across the United States and around
the world.
We seek to define sufficiently clear options for “the
next system” so that we can radically expand the
boundaries of political debate in the United States

and help give greater clarity of long term direction
to activists, researchers, and practitioners—and to
millions of others.
The proper system design goal is an economy that
maintainsecological balance between aggregate
human consumptionand the regenerative capacity of
the biosphere while maintainingan equitable
distribution of real wealth and supporting deep
democracy.
Putting an end to the prevailing neoliberal
opposition to fullemployment will require an epoch-
defining reallocation ofpolitical power away from
the interests of big business andWall Street.
Community ownership, cooperatives, municipal
enterprise, and a host of kindred institutional forms
all represent ways in which capital can be held in
common by small and large publics.
Over time, a fundamental shift in the ownership of
wealth and incooperative culture is projected as a
significant basis of supportfor policies leading to
greater equality
It is time to get beyond the rigid belief that top-down
corporatecapitalism and anti-democratic state
socialism are the only optionsavailable.
-New Political-Economic Possibilities for the Twenty-
First Century, March 2015
Gar Alperovitz
James Gustave Speth & Joe Guinan

cg';"rL !
gof““ zlQm lgdf{0f cleofg
s] tkfO{ cfkmg} hLjgsfndf g]kfn ljsl;t / ;d[4 ePsf]
b]Vg rfxg'x'G5 < s] o'4 / lx+;f, ljsf;] ;+;f/ / ul/aL,
a9bf] a]/f]huf/L / ultxLg ;/sf/, v:s“bf] kof{j/0f /
afWosf/L ljb]z knfogaf6 d'Qm x'g rfxg'x'G5 < s] b]zdf
ljBdfg lg/Gt/ czflGt / c:yL/tfnfO{ bLuf] zflGt /
:yL/tfdf ?kfGt/0f ug{ rfxg'x'G5 < s] tkfO{ ;dfj]zL
ljsf; / /f]huf/L;lxtsf] cfly{s j[l4 rfxg'x'G5 < s] tkfO{+
/fhgLltnfO{ lghL :jfy{sf] kmf]x/L v]naf6 /fi6«;]jfsf] kljq
sd{df abNg rfxg'x'G5 < s] oL k|Zgx?nfO{ lgsf; lbg]
Jojxfl/s cleofgdf ;xefuL x'g] rfxgf 5 < olb oL
k|Zgsf bL3{sfnLg xn ug]{ cfsf+Iff / rfxgf 5 eg] gof““
zlQm lgdf{0f cleofgsf] rfns zlQm aGgf]; .
To:Tff] gof““ zlQm h;n] cu|ufdL kl/jt{gnfO{ ult lbG5 /
/fli6«o cf}Bf]lus k"“hLjfbsf] ljsf; ub}{ ;dfhjfbL
?kfGt/0fsf] nflu :yfoL hu a;fp“5 . xfdL ;a}n], d"ntM
o'jf ;d'bfon], lg0ff{os e"ldsf v]Nb} :jfwLg, ;dfj]zL /
;d[4 /fi6« agfpg] ;+sNk u/f}+ .
!= gof““ zlQm g} lsg <
hgo'4, hgcfGbf]ng, dw]z cfGbf]ng, y?x6 cfGbf]ng,
hghflt cfGbf]ng nufot ;Q/L jif{sf] nfdf] ;+3if{kl5
xfdLn] nf]stflGqs qmflGt d"ntM k"/f u/]sf 5f}+ . casf]

kfnf] cfly{s qmflGtsf] xf] . t/ xfnsf /fhgLlts bnx? /
pgLx?sf] g]t[Tj jf u7aGwgdf aGg] ;/sf/n] /fhgLltnfO{
hg;]jL agfpg] / tLa| cfly{s qmflGt ug]{ s'g} ;Defjgf
5}g . /fhgLlt hg;]jL gx'g] ljlQs} /fHosf :yfoL ;+/rgf
;dfj]zL, ;xefuLtfd"ns, / hgtfk|lt hjfkmb]xL /xg]
;Defjgf x'Gg . To;sf] cefjdf ;dfj]zL ljsf; ;Dej
x'“b}g . o:tf] :yfoL ;+s6af6 lg:sg g]kfnL /fhgLltdf gof““
zlQmsf] P]ltxfl;s cfjZostf v6lsPsf] 5 . gof““ zlQmn]
dfq /fhgLltnfO{ hg;]jL agfp“b} ;dfj]zL ljsf;sf] af6f]
vf]Ng ;S5 . gof““ zlQmn] dfq g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ljljwtfnfO{
;Daf]wg ub}{ ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqnfO{ ;xL ult lbg
;S5 . gof““ ljrf/, gof““ sfo{lbzf, gof““ ;+u7g, gof““ g]t[Tj
/ gof““ sfo{z}nL ;lxtsf] gof““ zlQmn] dfq gof““ o'usf] gof““
sfo{ef/ k"/f ug{ ;S5 .
@= gof““ zlQmsf] j}rfl/s cfwf/ s] <
ef}lts hutnfO{ k|wfg dfGg] / ;+;f/sf ;a} a:t'nfO{
lg/Gt/ ultzLntf / kl/jt{gzLntfdf a'emg] åGbfTds tyf
P]ltxfl;s ef}ltsjfbL lrGtgk|0ffnL gof““ zlQmsf] d'Vo
j}rfl/s cfwf/ xf] . rng–rNtLsf] dfS;{jfbL k|0ffnLnfO{
kl/is[t ub}{ g]kfnL kl/j]z, ;fdflhs ljljwtf / P]ltxfl;s
cfjZostf cg';f/ k|of]u / ljsf; ug{ h?/L 5 . gof““
zlQmn] To;}sf] cfwf/df j}slNks cfly{s 9f“rfsf ljsNkx?
klxNofpg] 5, h;n] >d / k"“hLsf] ;Ddfg ug]{ ljlw /

k4ltsf] ljsf; u5{ . gof““ zlQmn] ;dfj]zL, ;dfg'kflts /
;xeflutfd"ns nf]stGqnfO{ cEof; / k|j4{g ug]{5 .
#= gof““ zlQmsf] /fhgLlts sfo{lbzf s] <
k|f/Dedf ;fdflhs Gofo ;lxtsf] /fli6«o cf}Bf]lus
k"“hLjfbsf] ljsf; ub}{ ;d'Ggt ;dfhjfbsf] lgdf{0f ug'{ gof““
zlQmsf] d'Vo /fhgLlts sfo{lbzf xf] . ;8s, ;bg /
;/sf/sf df]rf{af6 cfjZos ultljlw÷;+3if{ dfkm{t ;f]
nIo k|fKt ug]{ k|oTg x'g]5 . Jofks ;fj{hlgs ax; /
g]kfnsf] 7f]; kl/l:yltsf] 7f]; ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/df
/fhgLlts sfo{lbzfsf] 6'+uf] nufOg]5 .
$= gof““ zlQmsf] hgcfwf/ s] <
j[xb >dhLjL ;d'bfosf] cfwf/e"t ;/f]sf/, pbLodfg
dWod ju{sf] cfsf+Iff / /fli6«o k"“hLklt ju{sf] hfoh lxtsf]
;Daf]wgdf gof““ zlQmsf] hgcfwf/ l6s]]sf] 5 . >d / k"“hLsf]
cfjZos ;+of]hg ub}{ b'a} kIfnfO{ ;Ddfg ug]{ cEof;n] gof““
zlQmsf] hgcfwf/nfO{ gof““ prfO{ k|bfg u5{ . ;fy} hftLo,
If]qLo, n}+lus / hftkfthGo nufotsf cGo lje]b /
pTkL8gdf k/]sf ;d'bfo gof““ zlQmsf dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/
x'g]5g .
%= gof““ zlQmsf] ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgf s:tf] <
k'/fgf zlQmsf] ;+u7g clt–s]lGb|s[t / JolQmjfbL ePsf]n]
/fhgLlts hg;/f]sf/sf cfjZostf / cfsf+Iffb]lv ljd'v

eof] . Pp6} ;+u7gdf ;d]t zLif{ g]t[Tj / tNnf] tKsfsf
sfo{stf{ Pscsf{af6 ljd'v eP . ljutsf uNtL / sdL–
sdhf]/Laf6 l;Sb} gof““ zlQm lgdf{0f cleofgn] z'?b]lv g}
gof““ ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgf agfpg] 5 . ;f] cleofgn] To:tf]
k4ltsf] ljsf; ug]{5 h;n] clt–s]Gb|Ls/0fnfO{ gsf/f];,
;fd'lxs g]t[Tj ljsf; x'g] cfwf/ to u/f]; / g]tf–
sfo{stf{–hgtfaLrsf] b"/LnfO{ pm“r–gLrsf] s;Laf6
gx]/f]; . d"ntM cfGtl/s nf]stGqnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ / km/s
dtnfO{ ;+:yfut ?kdf ;Daf]wg ug]{ ;+u7gfTds ljlwn]
dxTj kfpg]5 . ;+u7gsf ;a} txdf >lds ju{, pTkLl8t
hflt÷If]q, dlxnf, blntsf] ;dfj]zL ;dfg'kflts
k|ltlglwTjdf hf]8 lbOg]5 .
^= gof““ zlQmsf] g]t[Tj k|0ffnL s:tf] <
gof““ zlQmsf] u7g k|lqmof g} k[ys ePsf]n] g]t[Tj ljsf;
ug]{ leGg cfwf/ z'?b]lv g} /xg] 5 . ;a} txsf] g]t[Tj v'nf
lgjf{rgaf6 rog ul/g]5 . zLif{ g]t[Tjn] b'O{ sfo{sfn;Dd
dfq ;+u7gsf] g]t[Tj ug]{5 . ;f] cjlwdf ;fd'bflos
g]t[Tjsf] ljsf; / k|j4{g ul/g] 5 h;n] g]t[Tj
x:tfGt/0fnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ ;xh x'g]5 . lgjf{lrt g]t[Tjn]
unt cfr/0f u/]df p;nfO{ lkmtf{ af]nfpg] k|0ffnL
;'lglZrt ul/g]5 .

&= gof““ zlQmdf o'jfsf] e"ldsf s] x'g] <
gof““ zlQmsf] rfnszlQm g} o'jf ;d"x x'g]5 . o;sf] lgdf{0f
k|lqmofb]lv g} o'jfx? cTolws dfqfdf / gLlt lgdf{0fdf
lg0ff{os e"ldsfdf x'g]5g . s]Gb|b]lv tn;Ddsf ;a}
sld6Lx?df ;dfj]zL ;dfg'kflts cfwf/df o'jfx?sf]
k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 .
*= gof““ zlQmsf] sfo{z}nL s:tf] <
gof““ zlQm lgdf{0f cleofg cfkm}+df gof““ k|of]u xf] . o;n]
z'?b]lv g} ;a} k|lqmofdf Jofks ;xeflutfdf hf]8 lb“b}
cfPsf] 5 . k|f/lDes r/0fb]lv g} cfly{s sf/f]jf/ / lg0f{o
k4ltnfO{ ;d]t kf/bzL{ /flvg]5 . gof““ ljrf/ / gof““
ljsNksf] vf]hL ug]{ qmddf gof““ zlQmn] ljlwsf] zf;g /
hjfkmb]xL sfo{z}nLnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{5 . ;dtfd"ns /
pGgt ;“:s[ltnfO{ k|j4{g ul/g]5 . e|i6frf/hGo
ultljlwnfO{ s8fOk"j{s lgoGq0f ul/g]5 . ;a}sf] ;DklQ
ljj/0f cfjlws / kf/bzL{ agfOg]5 . gof““ zlQmn]
/fhgLltnfO{ Joj;fo xf]Og :j]lR5s ;]jfsf] ?kdf :yflkt
ug]{5 .
(= gof““ zlQm hgtfsf] b}lgsL;“u s;/L hf]l8G5 <
k'/fgf zlQmx? cfd hgtfsf] hLjgsf b}lgsLb]lv w]/} ljd'v
5g . gof““ zlQmn] lg/Gt/ hgtf;“u hf]l8g] / pgLx?sf
/f]huf/L, lzIff, :jf:Yo, uf;, af; / skf;sf] cfwf/e"t
cfjZostfnfO{ xn ug]{ hgd'vL /fhgLlt ug]{5 . hgtf /

/fHosf c+ux?sf] aLrdf gof““ zlQmn] k'nsf] sfd ug]{5 .
:j]lR5s >d kl/rfng u/]/ :yfgLo ljsf;–lgdf{0f /
;fdflhs÷;f“:s[lts ?kfGt/0f cleofg ;~rfng ug]{5 .
!)= gof““ zlQmsf] sfo{stf{ Joj:yfkg s;/L x'G5 <
gof““ zlQm Pp6f kf6L{ dfq geP/ Pp6f ljzfn / bL3{sfnLg
cleofg / cfGbf]ng klg xf], h;sf nflu nfvf}+ :jo+;]jL
g]tf÷sfo{stf{x?sf] clj/n k|jfx cfjZostf kb{5 . k'/fgf]
zlQmdf em}+ gof““ zlQmdf g]tf / sfo{stf{aLr >]0fLut lje]b
x'g]5}g, vfln >dljefhg dfq x'g]5 . ;fy} k'/fgf] zlQmdf
em}+ …hflu/]Ú / …Joj;foLÚ dfgl;stf geP/ :jo+;]jL rl/q
/ efj x'g]5 . To;}n] s]xL k"0f{sfnLg g]tf÷sfo{stf afx]s
clwsf+z g]tf÷sfo{stf{ c+zsfnLg :jo+;]js x'g]5g, hf]
pTkfbg sfo{ jf Joj;fodf hf]l8Psf x'G5g . ctM gof““
zlQmn] g]tf÷sfo{stf{ Joj:yfkgsf] v'nf / kf/bzL{ ljlzi6
gLlt to ug'{kb{5 .
!!= zxLb tyf j]kQfsf kl/jf/ / 3fOt]af/] s] x'G5 <
of] gof““ o'u kl/jt{g ljutsf] hgo'4, hgcfGbf]ng, dw]z
cfGbf]ng, y?x6 cfGbf]ng, hghflt cfGbf]ng nufot
ljleGg cfGbf]ngsf] of]ukmn :j?k ePsfn] tL ;a}
cfGbf]ngsf zxLb tyf j]kQfsf kl/jf/ / 3fOt]x?sf]
Joj:yfkg / ;'/Iffsf] g}lts lhDd]jf/L gof““ zlQmn] lng'k5{
/ To;sf lglDt kf6L{ / d"ntM /fHoaf6 nfu" ug]{ u/L ljz]if
of]hgf÷sfo{qmd agfpg'kb{5 .

!@= gof““ zlQmsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] 9f“rf s:tf] <
gof““ zlQmn] lj1x? / lghL If]q ;d]tsf] ;xeflutfdf
tTsfnLg, cNksfnLg / bL3{sfnLg cfly{s ljsf;sf] of]hgf
lgdf{0f u/L ;fj{hlgs ug]{5 . cy{tGqsf] j}slNks cfwf/x?
lgdf{0f ubf{ /f]huf/L;lxtsf] cfly{s j[l4 / ;dfj]zL
ljsf;nfO{ cy{tGqsf] d]?b08 agfpg]5 . gof““ zlQmsf]
cfly{s 9f“rfn] k'glj{t/0f;lxtsf] cfly{s ;d[l4nfO{ s]Gb|df
/fVg]5 . o'jf j]/f]huf/Lsf] cGTonfO{ pRrtd k|fyldstf
lbOg]5 . gof““ cfly{s 9f“rf kof{j/0fd}qL ;d]t x'g]5 . ljb]zL
k/lge{/tfsf] cGTo ug{ t'ngfTds nfesf If]qx? -hn;|f]t,
ko{6g, s[lif O=_ sf] ljsf; u/L cGt/lge{/ cy{tGq lgdf{0f
ul/g]5 . rLg / ef/t h:tf 7"nf cy{tGq / ahf/sf]
;d'lrt nfe lng] u/L nufgL, Jofkf/ / ljsf; gLlt to
ul/g]5 .
!#= /fli6«otfaf/] gof““ zlQm s] eG5 <
gof““ zlQmn] vf]qmf] gSsnL /fi6«jfb xf]Og k|ultzLn
/fli6«otfsf] kIfkf]if0f u5{ . To;sf lglDt g]kfnnfO{ b'O{ 7"nf
l5d]sL rLg / ef/taLr …b'O{ 9'+ufaLrsf] t?nÚ xf]Og
…ultzLn k'nÚ agfpg] gLlt lng'k5{ . ;fy} b]zleqsf]
cfGtl/s /fli6«o Pstf alnof] kfg]{ / cfly{s ?kn] ;d[4
ag]/ ljb]zL k/lge{/tf / k|e'Tj cGTo ug]{ gLlt cg';/0f
ug'{k5{ . ;a} b]z;“u k~rzLnsf] cfwf/df d}qLk"0f{ ;DaGw

sfod u/]/ /fli6«o :jfwLgtf, ;fj{ef}ldstf / ef}uf]lns
cv08tfsf] /Iff ug'{k5{ .
!$= gof““ zlQm s;/L aG5 <
gof““ zlQm aGg] k|lqmof klg …gof““Ú x'g'kb{5 / x'G5 . gof““
zlQm lxhf]sf k'/fg} zlQmsf] kl/jlt{t ?k jf To;sf] Pp6f
6'qmf geP/ ljleGg k[i7e"ldaf6 cfPsf t/ Pp6} gof““
ljrf/, gof““ sfo{lbzf, gof““ ;+u7g / gof““ z}nLdf cfj4
JolQmx?sf] ;+ul7t ?k xf] . To;}n] o;df k'/fgf zlQmx?af6
cfPsf / s'g} klg zlQm jf ;+u7gdf gnfu]sf JolQmx? /
ljz]iftM o'jfx?sf] ;+nUgtf x'G5 . o;}nfO{ b[li6ut ub}{ /
;xeflutfd"ns 9+un] gof““ zlQm lgdf{0f ug]{ gof““ k|lqmof
ckgfp“b} z'?df s]Gb|b]lv k|b]z, lhNnf / :yfgLo tx;Dd
Jofks cleofg / ax; rnfP/ lglZrt cjlwkl5 gof““
zlQmnfO{ /fhgLlts kf6L{sf] ?kdf ;+:yfut ul/g]5 .
!%= tkfO{+n] s] ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 <
tkfO{+sf] xftdf olta]nf Oltxf;sf] cToGt 7"nf] lhDd]jf/L
5 . PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLdf klg ljsf;sf] lk“wdf /x]sf]
g]kfnnfO{ s]xL bzsleq ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] sd;]sd
ljBdfg cf};t cGt/f{li6«o :t/df k'¥ofP/ ;d'Ggt
;dfhjfbsf] lbzfdf cl3 a9fpg] uf}/jzfnL lhDdf tkfO{+
xfd|f] xftdf 5 . To;}n] cfpgf];, of] gof““ zlQm lgdf{0f
cleofgdf ;lqmo ;xefuL agf}+ † 3/3/df, 6f]n6f]ndf,
ufp“df, zx/df, SofDk;df, kmofS6«Ldf, sfof{nodf, b]zdf

/ ljb]zdf cyf{t xfdL hxf“–hxf“ 5f}+ Toxf“ gof““ zlQmaf/]
ax; 5nkmn u/f}+, k|rf/ u/f}+, ;'emfj lbpm“, ;b:o agf}+,
cleoGtf agf}+ † ;d[4 gof““ g]kfn cfkmg} hLjgsfndf lgdf{0f
u/f}+ †
gf/fx?
!= gof““ zlQm cleofgdf ;xefuL agf}+ †
:jfwLg, ;d[4, ;dfj]zL gof““ g]kfn lgdf{0f u/f}+ ††
@= /fli6«o cf}Bf]lus k"“hLsf]] ljsf; u/f}+ †
;d'Ggt ;dfhjfbsf] cfwf/ tof/ u/f}+ ††
#= b]zelQm ;lxtsf] gof““ zlQm †
cfly{s ;d[l4 dfkm{t hgtfsf] d'lQm ††
$= w]/} u¥of}+ cfGbf]ngd'vL /fhgLlt †
ca u/f}+ ljsf;d'vL /fhgLlt ††
%= gof““ zlQmsf] d"n dGq †
;dfj]zL, ;dfg'kflts, ;xeflutfk"0f{ nf]stGq ††
^= gof““ zlQmsf] d'Vo klxrfg †
kf/bzL{tf–;bfrf/–;'zf;g ††
&= gof““ o'u, gof““ k':tf, gof““ zlQm, †
*= xfdL agfp“5f}+ ;d[4 g]kfn †
(= d gof““ zlQm, agf}+ ;a} gof““ zlQm †
!)= gof““ zlSt, gof““ g]kfn ††

cg';'lr @
gof““ zlQm lgdf{0f cleoGtfx?sf nflu k|f/+les
cfrf/ ;+lxtf
;dfhaf6 ck]lIft / xfdL cfkm}n] cEof; ug{ rfx]sf] c;n
cfr/0f tyf Jojxf/sf] cleJolQm cfrf/ ;+lxtf xf] . of]
sfg"gL aGb]h geO{ /fhgLlts cleofg k|ltsf] xfd|f ljZjf;
/ cf:yfnfO{ Jojxf/df ckgfpg dGh'/ u/]sf] g}lts
dfu{bz{g xf] . g}lts d"No tyf dfGotfx?sf] Jojxfl/s
cg'z/0fn] xfd|f x/]s sd{nfO{ dof{lbt, ;do;fk]If /
gtLhfd'vL agfpFb5 . t;y{, xfdL g]kfnL /fhgLlts
k|0ffnLdf ?kfGt/0fdf rfxg] / cEof; ug{ k|ltj4 gof“F
zlQmsf cleofgsdL{x? tkl;ndf pNn]lvt dfu{bz{g gLlh
tyf /fhgLlts Jojxf/nfO{ cEof;g ug{ k|ltj4 5f}F .
s= xfdL nf]stflGqs l;4fGt / gLltnfO{ gof“F t/Lsfn]
Jojxf/df ptfg{ ;ls|o / k|ltj4 /xg]5f}
!= g]kfndf ePsf P]ltxfl;s /fhgLlts pknlJw
h:t} u0ftGq, ;+3Lotf, wd{ lg/k]Iftf,
;dfg'kftLs, ;dfj]zLtf k|lt uf}/j ub} To;sf]
/Iff ug{ / Jojxfl/s cEof; ug{ ;bf
k|oTgzLn /xg]5f} .
@= g]kfnL /fhgLlt ljut &) aif{b]lv yfFtL /x]sf]
/fhgLlts d'2fnfO{ ;Djf]wg ub}{ gof“F

sfnv08df k|j]z u/]sf]n] kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df
xfd|f /fhgLlts larf/, rl/q, k4lt /
Jojxf/df kl/jt{g ug{ h?/L ePsf]n] cfd
dflg;n] b]Vg] / a'emg]ul/ To;sf] yfngL xfdL
cfkm}af6 ug{ k|ltj4 5f} .
#= g]kfnsf ;j} /fhgLlts pknlJwx?sf nflu
dxfg zlxbx?sf] of]ubfgsf] :d/0f ug]{5f},
;Ddfg ug]{5f}F / xfd|f /fhgLlts / JolQmut
Jojxf/df pxfFx?sf] hLjg pT;u{sf] d"No /
dfGotf af6 k|]l/t eO{/xg]5f} .
$= xfdL dflg; cfkm}df ;fj{ef}d k|f0fL x'g eGg]
s'/fdf ljZjf; /fVb5f}F . t;y{ ;j} dflg;sf
cfjZostf / rfxgf km/s x'G5g / To;sf]
k|flKt tyf cEof;sf] s|ddf km/s b[li6sf]0f /
sfo{ljlw x'g' k|fs[lts s'/f 7fGb5f} . o;
cj:yfdf dflg;x?sf ljrf/df ljljwtf /
Jojxf/df 4G4 x'g' :jefljs x'g eGg] dfGb}
ljjfbx?sf] ;j} kIfnfO{ :jLsfo{ ;dfwfgsf]
vf]hLdf k|oTgzLn x'g]5f} .
%= xfdL ;dfhsf ;j} JolQm, ;d"x / /fhgLlts
;+u7gsf] c:tLTjnfO{ :jLsf/ / ;Ddfg ub{5f} .
km/s dt / ljrf/sf] sb/ ug]{5f}F . xfdL pRr
g}lts cfr/0f / /fhgLlts l;4fGtnfO{

/rgfTds ?kdf Jojxf/df sfof{Gjogsf nflu
;j};+u /fhgLlts k|lt:kwf{ ug{ tof/ / k|ltj4
5f} .
^= xfdL ;fdflhs Gofodf cfwfl/t nf]stGQflGqs
Joj:yfn] 3/ kl/jf/, ;dfh / b]zdf ;d[l4 /
z';f;g NofpF5 eGg] s'/fdf ljZjf; ub{5f} /
xfd|f ;j} /fhLgLlts ultljlwx?nfO{
;r]ttfk"j{s ;j}sf nflu ;fdflhs Gofosf]
k|Tofe"t ug]{tkm{ lgb]{lzt ug]{5f} .
&= g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ljljwtf xfd|f cd"No lglw /
;DkGgtfsf cfwf/ x'g eGg] s'/fnfO{ dgg ub}{
/fhgLlts cleofg,blno ultljlw, /fHo
;+rfng k|0ffnL, ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s
k|ls|ofdf ;j} ju{, lnË, ;Dk|bfo, wd{ ;+:s[lt,
/ ef}uf]lns If]qsf] Goflos / ;dfg'kflt
;dfj]zLtf ;'lglZrt ug{ k|ltj4 5f} .
*= xfdL /fhgLlt / /fhgLlts ;+:yf b]zdf
:jflwgtf, ;d[l4, cfTdlge{/tf / z';f;g
k|flKtsf] ;fwg x'g ;fWo xf]O{gg eGg] s'/fdf
ljZjf; ub{5f}F / xfdLn] ckgfPsf] /fhgLlts
k|0ffnL / ;f+Ë7lgs ultljlwnfO{ gtLhfd'vL
agfpg k|ltj4 5f} . xfd|f /fhgLlts cfbz{ /
ls|oflzntfn] dfly pNn]lvt nIf k|flKtdf

of]ubfg k'u]sf] k|df0f k|fKt ePdf dfq xfd|f]
/fhgLlts cleofg ;fGble{s ePsf] dfGg]5f} .
(= xfdL xfd|f /fhgLlts l;4fGt, d"No dfGotf,
;+u7gsf] gLlt / xfdLn] :jLsf/ u/]sf]
JolQmut cfr/0fsf] dfgssf] sfof{Gjogdf s'g}
df]ndf]nfO{ ug]{5}gf} .
v= xfdL xfd|f JolQmut cfr/0f / cEof; ;dfhdf
cg's/0fLo agfpg] 5f} .
!= xfdL ;/n hLjgz}nL ckgfpg]5f} . lzi6tf /
ljgotf xfd|f] kl/ro agfpg]5f} . cfd
dflg;;+u ljgd| Jojxf/ / ;xof]uL efjgf
/fVg]5f}F .
@= xfdL pRr g}lts cfr/0f / ;fdflhs dof{bf
sfod ug]{5f}F . xfdL ;Eo / ;dfh cg's/0fLo
Jojxf/ ug]{5f} . xfd|f b}lgs sd{nfO{ ;dfhdf
eO{/x]sf gsf/fTds /fhgLlts Jojxf/ cGTo
ug]{ ;+:s[lt a;fNg k|]l/t ug]{ tkm{ pGd'v
ug]{5f} .
#= xfdL kl/jt{g daf6 z'? ug'{kb{5 eGg] s'/fdf
ljZjf; ub{5f} . d gof“F eP c? gof“F x'G5g /
gof“F zlQm aG5 eGg] s'/fdf ljZj:t 5f} . cfkm'
gof“F ePsf] dfkg ug]{ dfgs tof/ u/L cEof;
ug]{5f} / cfkm' kl/jt{g ePsf] cg'e'tL ug]{5f} .

$= xfdL gLlh, /fhgLlts / Joj;flos hLjgdf
s'g} JolQm k|lt hft,hftL, wd{,;+k|bfo, lnË,
j0f{, ju{ jf cGo s'g}klg cfwf/df e]befjhGo
Jojxf/ ug]{5}gf} . s'g}klg k|sf/sf] cGofok"0f{
lx+;fk|lt ljZjf; ub}{gf}{ / To:tf sd{k|lt ;+nUg
/xFb}gf} .
%= xfdL cfd gful/s;+u lg/Gt/ ;Djfb
ul//xg]5f} . gful/s ;Djfbaf6 xfdLnfO{ cfd
dflg;sf] cfjfh / rfxgfnfO{ ;Djf]wg ug{
;xhtf ldNg]5 / To; k|ls|ofdf gful/s
;xefuLtf k|fKt eO{ xfd|f /fhgLlts ultljlw
cfd dflg;sf] hLjgsf] cleGg c+u x'g]5 eGg]
s'/fdf ljZjf; ub{5f} / To;tkm{ ;Fw} ls|oflzn
/xg]5f} .
^= xfdL /fhLltnfO{ k]zf agfpg]5}gf} . xfdL
cfkmgf] b}lgs hLljsf]kfh{gsf] nflu 5'6[} k]zf,
Joj;fo jf cfo cfh{gsf] Joj:yf ug]{5f} . gof“F
zlQm lgdf{0f cleofgdf xfdL xfd|f gLlh rfxgf
/ p2]Zox?nfO{ 6f9f /fVg]5f} / JolQmut :jfy{
aflemg] ultljlw ug]{5}gf} .
&= xfdL JolQmut jf ;fd"lxs ?kdf pTkfbgzLn
x'g]5f} . :yfg, kl/j]z cg';f/ s[lif pTkfbg,
pBd Joj;fo, cWoog cWofkg, cg';Gwfg jf

cGo k]zf Joj;fodf clgjfo{ ?kdf ;+nUg
x'g]5f}
*= xfdL sfg"gsf] zf;g, dfgj clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg
/ b08lxgtfsf] cGTo ug{df k|ltj4 / ;ls|o
/xg]5f} .
(= xfdL :yfgLo kl/j]z cg';f/ hg;/f]sf/sf
;fdflhs ljifo jf cleofgdf ;ls|o ?kdf
;xefuL x'g]5f} . h:t} dlxnf lx+;f / lje]bsf]
cGTo, hftLo 5'jf5'tsf] cGTo, cfly{s zf]if0f
/ cGofosf] cGTo, afnljjfx tyf bfO{hf]
k|yfsf] cGTo, jx'ljjfx k|yfsf] cGTo,
e|i6frf/sf] cGTo, :yfgLo >f]t ;fwgsf]
Goflos pkof]u, ;/sf/L ;]jf k|efjsf] u'0f:t/
/ Gofo, e"sDk k|efljt dflg;x?nfO{ Gofo
cfbL .
!)= xfdL k'/f ug{ g;lsg] jfrf ug]{5}gf} / jfrf
u/]sf] s'/f h'g;'s} xfntdf klg ;DkGg ug]{5f}
!!= lg:jfy{ dfgj ;]jf, OdfGbf/Ltf, ;/n
hLjgof“kg,;fd'lxs sfo{, :jfledfg,
:jfwLgtf, ;d[l4, z';f;g / ;fdflhs Gofo
k|ltsf] k|ltj4tf xfd|f ;femf dfGotf x'g]5g /
gof“F zlQm cleofgsf] d'Vo dfu{ lgb]{zg x'g]5 .

u= xfdL ;xefuLd"ns nf]stflGqs ljlwsf]
cg';/0fdfkm{t ultlzn / ;[hgzLn cleofg /
;+u7gsf] ljsf;df ;Fbf k|lta4 / ;ls|o /xg]5f} .
!= xfdL JolQmsf] ;[hgf / u'0fnfO{ ;Ddfg / k|j4{g
ug]{5f} . gof“F zlQm cleofg, /fhgLlts ;+u7g
/ /fHosf sfdx?df xfd|f] / d]/f] geO{ /fd|f]
dfG5]nfO{ :yfg pknJw u/fpg]5f} .
@= xfdL xfd|f] cleofg / ;+u7gsf] g]t[Tj cfd
;b:o jf cleofgsdL{x?af6 lgjf{rlgo
dfWodaf6 rog ug]{5f} . Ps JolQm Ps
e"ldsfsf] cg';/0f ug]{5f} . Pp6f e"ldsfdf @
sfo{sfneGbf a9L /xg]5}gf} . xfdL xfd|f]
g]t[Tjn] hgrfxgf adf]lhdsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x
ug{ g;s]df ljlw;Ddt ?kdf lkmtf{ af]nfpg]
cEof; ug]{5f}F .
#= xfdL ;bfrf/L /xG5f} . zlQmsf] b'?kof]u /
e|i6frf/hGo ultljlw k|lt xfd|f] cleofg,
;+u7g / /fHo k|0ffnLdf ;"Go ;xgzLntfsf]
gLlt ckgfpg]5f} . hxfFslxF e|i6frf/hGo
ultljlw ePsf] kfO{Pdf To;sf] ;zQm k|ltsf/
ug]{5f} / ;DjlGwt lgsfodf ph'/L ul/
lg/fs/0fsf] nflu vj/bf/L ul//xg]5f} .

$= xfdL xfd|f cleofg tyf ;+u7gsf ultljlwx?
w]/} vlr{nf / t8se8sd"ns agfpg]5}gf} .
xfd|f ultljlwx? ;d'bfo:t/df cfof]hgf ug]{5f}
. Go"gtd eGbf a9L ;'/Iff Joj:yf ug]{5}gf} .
%= xfdL cleofg / ;+u7g leq kf/:kl/s
;fxro{sf] jftfj/0f ;[hgf ug]{5f} . ;j}
cleoGtfx? / gof“F zQmLsf] g]t[Tj xfd|f
;xrf/L ;b:o /xg]5g . xfdL k|Tos
;b:ox?sf] /fd|f s'/fsf] vf]hL / To;sf] k|j4{g
ug{ rfxG5f} .
^= xfdL ;dfhdf ljjfbf:kb / kmf}hbf/L
cleof]udf s;'/bf/ 7xl/Psf JolQmnfO{
;fj{hlgs ?kdf uNtL k|tL ;lRroPsf]
cfTdfnf]rgf ljgf cleofg tyf ;+u7gsf]
;b:o / g]t[Tjsf] e"ldsfdf n}hfg]5}gf} .
&= xfdL hjh{:tL rGbf ;+sng ug]{5}gf} . a?
;j}nfO{ of] cleofgdf g}lts, ef}lts / cfly{s
;xof]u ug{ cfJxfg ub{5f} . cfd dflg;sf]
;befj:j?k k|fKt >f]t;fwgn] xfdL xfd|f
cleofg tyf ;+u7g ;+rfng ug]{5f} .
*= xfd|f cfly{s ultljlwx? -cfDbfgL / vr{sf
>f]t_ cleofg tyf ;+u7gsf ;b:ox? / cfd
dflg;x?jLr kf/bzL{ agfpg]5f} . xfd|f cfly{s

>f]t kl/rfngsf] dfGotf k|fKt Jofj;flos
n]vfk/LIfaf6 n]vfk/LIf0f u/fO{ ;fj{hgLs/0f
ug]{5f} .
(= xfdL cleofgsdL{ jf g]t[Tjsf] jf/]df cfd
dflg;;+u s'g} u'gf;f jf ph'/L eP ;f] ug{
kfpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg]5f} . To;/L k|fKt u'gf;f
/ ph'/LnfO{ ;sf/fTds ?kdf lng]5f} / To;sf]
5fgjLg ul/ pko'Qm sf/jfxL ul/ ;DjlGwt
kIfnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg]5f} . o;af6 xfd|f]
;fj{hlgs pQ/bfloTj ;'b[9 x'g]5 . cfd
dflg;jLr xfd|f] cleofg / ;+u7gsf] 5jL pRr
x'g]5 eGg] s'/fdf ljZjf; ub{5f} .
!)= xfdL xfd|f] cleofg / ;+u7gsf] nIf adf]lhd
cfjZos kbf{ s'g}klg yk jf km/s e"ldsf
lgjf{x ug{ tof/ /xg]5f} .
!!= xfdL cleofg / ;+u7gdf JolQmsf] 1fg / ;Lk
cg';f/sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{5f} . xfd|f] ;dfhdf
kl/jt{gsf w]/} ljifox? ePsf]n] h;sf] gLlt
p;sf] g]t[Tj rfxG5f} / To;sf] Joj:yf ug]{5f} .
!@= xfdL ;Fw} phf{zLn /xg]5f} / cfcfkmgf]
sfo{If]qdf pbfx/0fLo sfd u/]/ c?x?nfO{
k|]/0ffsf] >f]t aGg]5f} . xfdL Ps ;d"x Ps
nIfsf ;fy cleofgdf nfUg]5f} . xfdL ;j}

ldn]/ ;d"x sfo{dfkm{t k|efjsf/L /xg]5f} eGg]
s'/fdf ljZjf; /fVb5f} / ;f]xL cg';f/ Jojxf/
ug]{5f} .
!#= xfdL xfd|f] cleofg tyf ;+u7g leq / jflx/
/fd|f] sfdsf] sb/ ug]{5f} / ;kmtfsf] >]o
af8g]5f} . xfdL ;Fw} l;Sg / kl/jt{g x'g
OR5's /xg]5f} . t;y{ xfdL ;w} cfd dflg; /
xfd|f] cleofg tyf ;+u7g / ;'e]R5'sx?af6
/rgfTds ;'emfj ;Nnfx / k[i7kf]if0fsf] ck]Iff
ub{5f} .
!$= xfdL k/fhodf ljgd| x'g] / ljhodf eb| x'g]5f}
. b'vdf cflQg] / ;'vdf dflQg] 5}gf} . xfdL b'j}
kl/l:yltnfO{ hgtfsf] dxTjk"0f{ cfb]zsf] ?kdf
:jLsf/ u/L eljiosf] nflu pko'Qm sbsf]
klxrfg ug]{5f} . xfdL xfd|f ;kmntf / pknJwL
cfd dflg; jLr v';LofnL / pT;jsf ;fy
dgfpg]5f} .
!%= xfdL c? JolQm jf /fhgLlts JolQm / bn k|lt
gsf/fTds l6Kk0fL ug]{ jf cfs|ds x'g]5}gf}F .
a? cfkm' jf cfkmgf] cleofg tyf ;+u7g s]
/fd|f] sfd ub{5f} ;f] sf] JofVof / cEof;
ug]{5f} . gLltut leGgtfsf] ljifodf lzi6

t/Lsfn] k|ltjfb ug]{5f|} / sfo{ut ;jfndf
gtLhfsf] k|df0fn] k'i6ofO{ ug]{5f} .
!^= xfdL cleofg / ;+u7g leq cfk;df ;/;Nnfx
ug]{, ;++jfb ug]{ / ljljw ljrf/ jLr ;xdlt
pGd'v x'g]5f} . xfd|f ;DjGw g]tf / sfo{stf{
h:tf] geO{ cleofgsdL{ / ;xsdL{ h:tf]
x'g]5 . xfdL xfd|f] cleofgsf ultljlw tyf
;+u7g ;+rfngdf ;dfnf]rgfTds x'g]5f}} .
dgdf nfu]sf s'/f lgw{Ss;+u cleJolQm ug]{5f},
lzi6 t/Lsfn] k|Zg ;f]Wg]5f} / hjfkmb]lx
t/Lsfn] pQ/ lbg]5f}{
!&= xfdL xfd|f cleofg / ;+u7gsf] x/]s O{sfO{nfO{
cfTdlge{/ agfpg]5f} . xfd|f cleofg /
;+u7gsf O{sfO{x? cfd dflg;sf nflu x'g
t;y{ tL cleofg / ;+u7g klg cfd dflg;n]
g} ;+rfng ub{5g eGg] dfGotf /fvL s]Gb| jf
dflyNnf] lgsfoaf6 cfly{s >f]tsf] ck]Iff
ug]{5}gf}F .
!*= xfdL ;dfhdf ;sf/fTds lrGtgsf] ljsf;
ug]{, kl/jt{sf] ;kgf b]Vg] / b]vfpg], cfzf
hufpg] / ;u} ldn]/ To;sf] k|fKtL ug]{tkm{
ls|oflzn /xg]5f} . xfd|f ljrf/ gLltd'vL /
Jojxf/ hgtfd'vL x'g]5g .

3= xfd|f /fhgLlts cleofgx? hjfkmb]lx t/Lsfn]
;+rfng ug]{5f}F / cfd dflg;n] kl/jt{gsf] cg'e't
ug]{vfnsf agfpg k|oTgzLn /xg]5f} .
!= xfdL ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTjdf ljZjf; ub{5f},
cfd dflg; k|lt bfloTjsf] jf]w ub{5f} / To;sf]
kl/k"lt{sf] nflu ;Fw} ;ls|o /xg]5f}F .
@= xfdL kl/jt{gsf] ;kgf b]Vg]5f} . To;sf] nflu
Jojxl/s gLlt, lgod, /0fgLlt / of]hgfsf]
vfsf agfpg]5f} . cfkmgf] sfo{If]q cGtu{t
cfufdL %, !) jf !% aif{df k|fKt ug{ rfx]sf]
gtLhfsf] of]hgf agfpg]5f} / To;sf] k|flKtsf]
nflu ls|oflzn /xg]5f} . xfdL ;j} ;d[4, zfGt
/ ;'Gb/ ufpF j:tL / zx/ lgdf{0f cleofgdf
;ls|o /xg]5f} . pbfx/0fsf] nflu cfufdL %
aif{df xfd|f] ufpF zx/ j:tLx?df hftLo
5'jf5't / n}lËs e]befj /xg]5}g, ;j}
jfnjflnsf ljBfno hfG5g / :gfts kf;
ug]{5g, s[lif pTkfbg a95 / o'jf knfog
/f]lsg]5 cfbL .
#= xfdL gof“F zlQm cleofgsf] nIf p2]Zo jf/]df
k|i6 eO{ c?nfO{ klg ;ki6 t/Lsfn] a'emfpg
;ls|o /xg]5f} . gof“F zlQm s] xf], of] lsg

rflxof] / s;/L ;Dej x'G5 eGg] jf/]df
k|efjsf/L t/Lsfn] k|:t't ug{]5f} .
$= xfdL kl/jt{gsf] kIfdf cfTdljZjf;sf ;fy
cl8u eP/ k|:t't x'g]5f}F . xfdL s;}sf]
8/qf;af6 k|efljt x'g]5}gf} . hf]vLd lng jf
c;kmn x'gaf6 lxRsLrfpg]5}gf} . ;kmntf /
c;kmntfaf6 kf7 l;Sg] / To;nfO{ Jojxf/df
cEof; ug{ k|ltj4 / ;ls|o /xg]5f} .
%= xfdL ;dfhdf ljleGg ju{ 5g / /lx/xG5g
eGg] dfGotf /fVb5f} . jt{dfg ;dodf juL{o
b'/L w]/} ePsf]n] ;fdflhs plTk8g, cfly{s
zf]if0f tyf /fhgLlts jlxis/0f ;[hgf eO{
ul/jLsf] dfqf w]/} /x]sf] s'/fdf ;xdt x'Fb}
ljleGg ju{sf] vf; cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ ug]{
vfnsf gLltut tyf sfo{s|lds ultljlwaf6
ul/jLsf] cGTo ug{ / /fli6«|o pTkfbg / ;d[l4
clej[l4 ug{]5f}F .
^= xfdL ;fdfhsf] ;du| lxtsf] kIfw/ x'g]5f} /
To;sf] nflu bl/nf] c8fg /fVg]5f} . xfd|f
ultljlwx?nfO{ cfd gful/s / ;dfhsf]
;]jfsf] nflu nlIft ug]{5f} . cfd dflg;sf]
hLjgdf b]lvg] / cg'e't ul/g] vfnsf] kl/j{tg
Nofpg k|ltj4 / ls|oflzn /xg]5f}F .

&= xfdL ljZj kl/j]zdf cfPsf] /fhgLlts /
ljsf; k|ls|ofsf] kl/jt{gsf] hfgsf/L lng] /
To;sf c;n cEof;af6 l;Sb} cfkmgf]
sfo{If]qdf cEof; ug]{5f} .
*= xfdL cleofgsdL{ tyf ;+u7gaLr / cfd
dflg;;+u a;]/ xfd|f sfd / To;sf gtLhfsf]
jf/]df ;dLIff ug]{5f} . To;af6 l;sfO{ lgSof}{n
ug]{5f} . o:tf ;dLIff ubf{ xfdL sf] xf}, ;dfhn]
xfdLaf6 s] ck]Iff u/]sf] 5, xfd|f cfZjf;g s]
lyP / To;sf] gtLhf s] ePsf] 5 egL cfkm" /
cfkmgf] cleofg / ;+u7g k|lt k|Zg ug]{5f} .
o;af6 k|fKt tYonfO{ k|ltjfb gul/ ;/n ?kdf
u|x0f ug]{5f} .
(= ;dfhdf gof“F 1fg, r]tgf / ;"rgf k|jfx
ug]{5f}F . ;dfhdf ;befj, d]nldnfk / ;xsfo{
clej[l4 ug{ of]ubfg ug]{5f} . ;d'bfodf cfO{kg]{
cfkt ljkb / ;+s6df dfgjLo ;xof]u /
;befj k'/ofpg]5f}F .
!)= jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ;DjGwdf ljz]if ;ls|o /xg]5f}
. xfdL jftfj/0fnfO{ k|lts'n k|efj kg]{ s'g}
ultljlw ug]{5}gf}F .
!!= xfdL Gofok"0f{ cfGbf]ngsf] kIfkftL x'g]5f} .
Gofok"0f{ ljlwaf6 s'g}klg ;d:osf] ;dfwfg

ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/fdf ljZjf; ub{5f}F . xfd|f
;a}vfn] cfGbf]ngx? zflGtk"0f{ x'g]5g . cfd
dflg;nfO{ c;/ kg]{ul/ aGb x8tfn ug]{ 5}gf} .
!@= xfd|f ;a} ultljlwx? åGbfTds / ef}ltsjfbL
x'g]5g . s'g} cfbz{jfbL ljr/0f x'g] 5}gg .
gof““ zlQm lgdf{0f cleofg ;Dk'0f{ ?kdf gof“F / pGgt
cleofg xf] . o;sf] cy{ xfdL JolQmut ?kdf klg gof“F /
pGgt x'g' xf] . o;sf] nflu xfd|f r]tgf, ljrf/, 1fg, ;Lk
/ ;+u7gnfO{ gof“F agfpg] xf] . of] cfkm}df s7Lg t/
cTofjZos sfd xf] . g/f]hLPsf] ;'v eGbf /f]hLPsf] b'v
Kof/f] x'G5 eg]em} g]kfnL hgtfsf] cfjZostf / rfxgf k'/f
ug{ s7Lg / r'gf}tLk"0f{ sfd ug{ h?/L 5 . of] s;}n] g
s;}n] ug'{kb{5 h'g sfo{ef/ gof“F zlQmn] lng lxDdt u/]sf]
5 . xfdL ;j} of] tYo j'emL cufl8 b]lvPsf / gb]lvPsf
r'gf}tL ;fdgf ug{ tof/ eO{ gof“F zlQm cleofgdf ;+nUg
5f}
d gof““ zlQm, xfdL gof“F zlQm . ;Dej 5 :jflwgtf,;d[l4
/ z';f;g ;lxtsf] kl/jt{g xfd|} hLjgsfndf . xfdL ug{
;S5f} .
– gof““ zlQm lgdf{0f cleofg

;Gbe{ ;FDFFu|L ;"lr
o e6/fO{, 8f afa'/fd cfhsf] dfS;{jfb, /ftf] lemNsf]
@)^%
o e6/fO{, 8f afa'/fd vfrf] gof“ zlQmsf], g]kfn
;fKtflxs @)&)
o e6/fO{, 8f afa'/fd, gof“ zlQm lsg < gof“ zlQm
lgdf{0f cleofg @)&@
o b]jsf]6f, lvdnfn, gof“ zlQmsf] vfrf], sflGtk'/
b}lgs,@)&)
o b]jsf]6f, lvdnfn, gof“ zlQmsf] vfrf], sflGtk'/
b}lgs, @)&@
o bfxfn, s]zj gof“ zlQmsf] cfjZostf, sflGtk'/
b}lgs, @)&@
o cleoGtfx?sfnflu cfrf/ ;+lxtfM gof“ zlQm lgdf{0f
cleofg @)&@
o gof“ zlQm ;fdfGo hfgfsf/LM gof“ zlQm lgdf{0f
cleofg @)&@
o Latin America’s Social Movements and the ALBA Alliance :
By Federico Fuentes Global Research, May
o 27, 2013 Green Left Weekly Region: Latin America &
Caribbean
o The Democratic Alternative from the South INDIA,BRAZIL
AND SOUTH AFRICA : DEMOCRAVY WORKS 2014
o Seven theses on Latin American social movements and
political change 01 October 2005 By KeesBiekart On Public
Sector Alternatives.

o New Political-Economic Possibilities for the Twenty-First
Century: By Gar Alperovitz James Gustave Speth & Joe
Guinan March 2015.
o http://alternativet.dk/english/
o https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-
austerity_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom
o https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Alternative_(United_
States)
o www.socialistalternative.org
o www.wow.com/Alternative+Movements
o http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,2880
4,1975807_1975805_1975981,00.html
o https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Alternative_Moveme
nt
o http://khimlal.blogspot.com/2015/10/interviews-from-quito-
marta-harnecker.html
o http://khimlal.blogspot.com/2015/12/bisesh-sambad-
khimlala-devkota-16th-dec_17.html
o http://khimlal.blogspot.com/2015/11/blog-post.html
o http://kantipur.ekantipur.com/news/2015-10-
08/20151008081019.html
o http://www.myrepublica.com/portal/index.php?action=news_
details&news_id=91826

Nayashakti Book Final for Press

Nayashakti Book Final for Press

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (16)

Viewers also liked

Viewers also liked (20)

Similar to Nayashakti Book Final for Press

Similar to Nayashakti Book Final for Press (20)

Nayashakti Book Final for Press