Developing and implementing environmental policies as well as conserving natural environments is a serious global issue especially in less developed countries.This presentation is about nature problems in Southern Africa (SADEC).It draws from various scientific and non-scientific points of view.

1. NATURE MANAGEMENT: The Implementation of its
Policies in Southern Africa.
Vrije Universiteit – Amsterdam
MSc. Ecological Sciences, 2008
By Beckline Mukete
Supervisor:
Herman Eijsackers

2. Presentation Outline
• Introduction
• Problem Statement
• Research Questions
• Ecology of Nature Management Policies
• Fisheries management
• Forest Management
• Wildlife Management
• Land and Water Management in Botswana
• Land and Water Management in Swaziland
• Impediments
• Recommendations
• Conclusion
Giraffe in the Central Kalahari Game Reserve
Botswana, 2005 Miroslav Duchacek photos

3. Map of Africa showing the fifteen Southern
African Development Community (SADC)
member states (highlighted) and the Island of
Madagascar not highlighted (Courtesy Institute for Security Studies, 2005)

4. Problem Statement
• Nature or Biodiversity Conservation
serious in SADC
• One of the fastest growing world
pops.
• Total Fertility Rates (TFRs) ↔ 5.6
while Crude death rate
(CDR)=2.7(Pop reference
bureau,2005) ↑ from137million in
1995 to 197million in 2010 (pop ref
bur,2005)
• Ecosystem degradation ↑ ↔ pop
pressure e.g. annual forests loss in
Zambia,2.7, Malawi↔2.4,
Zimbabwe 0.7, and South Africa 0.1
(FAO, 2002)
• Bush meat and Fish main protein
source (Sanjay & Cooper,2007)
Fresh Seashells sales market
Photograph: Richard Ling in Dar es
Salaam, Tanzania for Canon research

5. Research Questions
- What should a Nature management policy entail?
- What are the limitations regarding the implementation of these policies in
southern Africa?
- What can be done to improve on the biodiversity conservation in southern
Africa?

6. Ecology of Nature Management Policies
- Any course or action deliberately taken or not taken to manage human
activities with a view to prevent, reduce or mitigate harmful effects on nature
and natural resources, protect existing biodiversity and support alien
species
- Conserve, enhance & manage degraded ecosystems
• Work for sufficient food, clean air and water society (FAO, 1997,)
• Equitable access to land & natural resources (FAO, 1997,)
• Ensure environmental sustainability (UNEP,2002)
• Public and stakeholders participation in environmental governance (Molope,
2005).
• Stakeholder adopt & apply stipulations (Moroke et al, 2005)

7. Fisheries management
• Benguela Current Commission
- first world commission based on a Large Marine Ecosystem approach
- controls fisheries development
- Monitors offshore activities
- rehabilitation of degraded areas;
- enforce waste discharge frameworks, (BCLME Press Release, 2007).

8. Forest Management
Community-Based Management of
Indigenous Forests (CBMIF)
Project
• Implemented in Botswana,
Malawi, Mozambique and
Namibia.
• Sustainably manage indigenous
forests (reforestation)
• Promote innovative forest
resource utilization technologies
• Income generation ↓ forest
destruction.
• Fruit juice production from
baobab (Adansonia digitata) and
Tamarind (Tamarindus indica),
(Lori McQuid, 2008).
Reforestation in southern Africa Courtesy
SADC Archives

9. Wildlife Management
SADC Transfrontier Conservation
Areas (TFCAs) Office
- Protect and manage existing
wildlife
- Safeguards migrating or alien
species.
- Protects Black & White Rhinos
- Consolidation of natural
ecosystems Integrity
Black Rhino at the Ngorongoro TFCA
Tanzania, 2007 by John & Karen,
Hollingsworth,Us fish and wildlife society

10. Land and Water Management in Botswana
- Arable Land Development Programme (ALDEP)
• Improved soil fertility levels avoids land degradation
• Conservation practices
• Appropriate tillage methods/modern techniques
• Improve dry land production
• Plants/distributes nutritive crops to HIV/AIDS victims

11. Land and Water Management in Swaziland
The Earth Dam Rehabilitation and
Construction Programme
• rehabilitates and constructs
medium sized earth dams
• low Veld (Grasslands) and lower
middle Veld of the country.
• dams improve domestic and
livestock water supply
• mitigate the effects of drought.
(Manyatsi, 2003).

12. Impediments
- Full monitoring hard, no appropriate technology
- Large region small Number of trained biologists
- Rare suitable "pristine" sites
- Farmers are not usually consulted
- Large human population depends on land/water
- Traditional behaviour patterns against western laws or policies.

13. Recommendations
• Include countries without marine borders to BCC
• Train nature management personnel
• Protect ecosystems and preserve threatened or endangered species.
• Include community involvement in land management
• Regular workshops & training personnel

14. Conclusion
• Nature management is a broad concern for the SADC.
• SADC /FANRD is portrays SADC commitment
• Creation of protected areas
• Resources management or law enforcements
• Enactment projects and policies