This document discusses natural gas, including its sources, storage and transportation, uses, and environmental and safety aspects. Natural gas is a fossil fuel found underground consisting mainly of methane. It is an important energy source due to its high energy content and relatively clean burning compared to coal. The document outlines some of the challenges with transporting and storing natural gas due to its gaseous state, as well as its various industrial and domestic uses. Environmental effects from natural gas extraction and transportation are also summarized, including methane emissions contributing to greenhouse gas warming. Process safety measures for natural gas operations are briefly mentioned.

1. Kurdistan Regional
Government– Iraq Ministry of
Higher Education and Scientific
Research, Duhok Polytechnic
University Zakho Technical
Institute / Department petrolum
/seconds stage morning
Natural gas
Prepared by:
Ahmed Latef
Muhammad Sidqi
Supervised by:
Shwan
2021-2022

2. Table of contents
● Introduction
● Sources
● Storage and transport
● Uses
● Environmental effects
● Safety
● Academic Reference

3. Introduction
It contains gas. Gas is one of
the most important fossil
sources of energy because it
has much higher thermal units
than coal, as its fuel is
considered to be relatively
clean. Gas is found in nature
in the ground, alone or mixed
with oil. Natural gas consists
of a mixture of gaseous
compounds, the most
important of which are:

4. It must be made methane, ethane,
propane and butane. Also, the
necessary treatments and preparation
of clean fuel is much less than what is
needed for the preparation of coal or
oil. All that is required is the removal
of impurities such as hydrogen and
carbon dioxide. Natural gas is used as
a fuel in energy-intensive industries
such as the cement industry and the
production of Electricity, iron, steel
and aluminum industry. It is also an
important source for the manufacture
of some fertilizers and basic
petrochemical products.

5. Sources
In the 19th century, natural gas was primarily obtained as a by-
product of producing oil. The small, light gas carbon chains
came out of solution as the extracted fluids underwent pressure
reduction from the reservoir to the surface, similar to uncapping
a soft drink bottle where the carbon dioxide effervesces. The
gas was often viewed as a by-product, a hazard, and a disposal
problem in active oil fields. The large volumes produced could
not be utilized until the relatively expensive pipeline and storage
facilities were constructed to deliver the gas to markets.

6. Because of its low density, it is not easy to store
natural gas or to transport it by vehicle. Natural gas
pipelines are impractical across oceans, since the gas
needs to be cooled down and compressed, as the
friction in the pipeline causes the gas to heat up. Many
existing pipelines in America are close to reaching
their capacity, prompting some politicians
representing northern states to speak of potential
shortages. The large trade cost implies that natural
gas markets are globally much less integrated, causing
significant price differences across countries.
Storage and transport

7. Uses
1. Mid-stream
natural gas
2. Power generation
3. Domestic use
4. Transportation
5. Fertilizers
6. Hydrogen
7. Animal and fish
feed

8. Environmental effects
Human activity is responsible for about 60% of all methane
emissions and for most of the resulting increase in atmospheric
methane. Natural gas is intentionally released or is otherwise
known to leak during the extraction, storage, transportation, and
distribution of fossil fuels. Globally, this accounts for an
estimated 33% of anthropogenic greenhouse gas warming. The
decomposition of municipal solid waste (a source of landfill gas)
and wastewater account for an additional 18% of such emissions.
These estimates include substantial uncertainties which should
be reduced in the near future with improved satellite
measurements, such as those planned for MethaneSAT.

10. Safety
Process safety is a disciplined
framework for managing the
integrity of operating systems
and processes that handle
hazardous substances.
Process Safety Fundamentals
● Construction site safety
● Diving operations
● Geophysical operations
● Life-Saving Rules
● Lifting and hoisting

11. Reference
● Oil & Gas Journal, (2005). From: U.S.
Energy Information Administration.
2021/11/19
● Global Gas Flaring Reduction
Partnership". United Nations.
2021/11/19
● US Energy Information Administration,
International. 2021/11/19