The National Innovation System (also NIS, National System of Innovation) is the flow of technology and information among people, enterprises and institutions which is key to the innovative process on the national level.
In this study we tried to focus on the National Innovation System of Thailand and the role of Industries there on contrast of countries like South Korea, Japan, USA, Germany, Singapore.
Korea's National Innovation System_ Andre Roland CharlesAndre Charles
South Korea's rapid economic growth from an impoverished agrarian economy to the world's 12th largest economy was underpinned by the government's strategic policy focus on building science and technology capacity. The government played a vital role in stimulating technical progress and economic expansion through Korea's national innovation system (NIS). The NIS framework views the main elements as universities, firms, and government, and their dynamic interactions that facilitate innovation and economic growth. Korea identified its strengths in human resources but weaknesses in technology and resources, and pursued a path of government-led science and technology development to transform the country from a technology immitator to a leading innovative economy.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
New Technology Based Firms and Venture Capital policy in NigeriaAdebola Daramola
An exploratory research employing systematic evolutionary approach (Avnimelech and Teubal 2002) to study Venture Capital and New Technology Based Firms in Nigeria. It offers a history of economic agents, actors activities and linkages in the creation of technology based firms in Nigeria, with due consideration to their economic outcomes and social impacts (Gault 2010).
Though Nigeria has no defined VC policy, the paper assumes so with Supply side policies such as the Venture Capital (Incentives) Decree No .89 1993 and 2001 Small and Medium-Scale Industries Equity Investment Scheme (SMEIS).
Macroeconomic factors (such as supply side and demand side policies) would support the emergence of NTBFs as seen from the study. In Nigeria, tremendous efforts have been made to resolve small business finance, with no particular attention directed at technology-based firms.
There is an increasing need for demand side policy changes (i.e. initiatives to improve both financial and managerial capabilities of technology entrepreneurs in Nigeria). Infrastructure supports for Nigerian NTBFs are misplaced with continuous reliance on technology transfer above creative creation within the economy.
With this study, knowledge has been extended about the policy environment that foster Venture Capital and NTBFs in Nigeria.
CUHK presentation, Hong Kong, 12 sept 2012Terry Flew
This document discusses creative industries strategies for developing countries. It argues that while the private sector is dynamic, developing countries need strong state leadership to guide investment and set priorities according to a coherent development vision. A developmental state model is needed to take the lead in "late development" and address the paradox that while creative industries offer great opportunities, there is a substantial performance gap in developing nations. Soft law governance strategies that utilize public-private partnerships and informal regulation can help formalize creative economies.
National Innovation Systems is the network of institutions in the public and private sectors whose activities and interactions initiate, import, modify and diffuse new technologies.
This document provides an overview of a session on innovation systems. It includes an agenda, mini-test, and discussions of national and regional innovation systems. For national innovation systems, it discusses concepts, the rise of research and development, and factors influencing innovation. For regional innovation systems, it uses Silicon Valley as a case study, examining its characteristics and key success factors. It also discusses an innovation cluster for Galileo and satellite navigation, including the role of key actors and status in the Netherlands.
How to harness the national innovation system in tunisia final versionMondher Khanfir
This report is based on a master set of data and observations compiled by the author , as expert in Innovation, Policy Advisor, Strategist and practitioner in Technology Transfer.
The presentation has been done in the frame of a national workshop, which gave orientations on ways to enhance the Innovation capacity and develop actions plan to address this issue. In particular, the proposal to implement a National Technology Transfer Offices network in the MENA region, with a guidance on policy formulation on Science Technology and Innovation, and the commercialization of research findings in the region.
TechSydney: NSW Tech & Innovation Precinct Industry ReportBede Moore
NSW is on the cusp of building a technology innovation precinct across Central to Eveleigh which has the potential to transform the national tech landscape. If we keep our sights aimed high, the precinct will be the centrepiece of a strategy that ensures Australia exports high-value goods to the world and elevates Sydney to a Top 10 global technology city.
Throughout August-October 2018, TechSydney surveyed 150 tech companies in the city, representing 5,700 local jobs. We asked these companies what they wanted to see in a tech precinct. These are the results.
Korea's National Innovation System_ Andre Roland CharlesAndre Charles
South Korea's rapid economic growth from an impoverished agrarian economy to the world's 12th largest economy was underpinned by the government's strategic policy focus on building science and technology capacity. The government played a vital role in stimulating technical progress and economic expansion through Korea's national innovation system (NIS). The NIS framework views the main elements as universities, firms, and government, and their dynamic interactions that facilitate innovation and economic growth. Korea identified its strengths in human resources but weaknesses in technology and resources, and pursued a path of government-led science and technology development to transform the country from a technology immitator to a leading innovative economy.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
New Technology Based Firms and Venture Capital policy in NigeriaAdebola Daramola
An exploratory research employing systematic evolutionary approach (Avnimelech and Teubal 2002) to study Venture Capital and New Technology Based Firms in Nigeria. It offers a history of economic agents, actors activities and linkages in the creation of technology based firms in Nigeria, with due consideration to their economic outcomes and social impacts (Gault 2010).
Though Nigeria has no defined VC policy, the paper assumes so with Supply side policies such as the Venture Capital (Incentives) Decree No .89 1993 and 2001 Small and Medium-Scale Industries Equity Investment Scheme (SMEIS).
Macroeconomic factors (such as supply side and demand side policies) would support the emergence of NTBFs as seen from the study. In Nigeria, tremendous efforts have been made to resolve small business finance, with no particular attention directed at technology-based firms.
There is an increasing need for demand side policy changes (i.e. initiatives to improve both financial and managerial capabilities of technology entrepreneurs in Nigeria). Infrastructure supports for Nigerian NTBFs are misplaced with continuous reliance on technology transfer above creative creation within the economy.
With this study, knowledge has been extended about the policy environment that foster Venture Capital and NTBFs in Nigeria.
CUHK presentation, Hong Kong, 12 sept 2012Terry Flew
This document discusses creative industries strategies for developing countries. It argues that while the private sector is dynamic, developing countries need strong state leadership to guide investment and set priorities according to a coherent development vision. A developmental state model is needed to take the lead in "late development" and address the paradox that while creative industries offer great opportunities, there is a substantial performance gap in developing nations. Soft law governance strategies that utilize public-private partnerships and informal regulation can help formalize creative economies.
National Innovation Systems is the network of institutions in the public and private sectors whose activities and interactions initiate, import, modify and diffuse new technologies.
This document provides an overview of a session on innovation systems. It includes an agenda, mini-test, and discussions of national and regional innovation systems. For national innovation systems, it discusses concepts, the rise of research and development, and factors influencing innovation. For regional innovation systems, it uses Silicon Valley as a case study, examining its characteristics and key success factors. It also discusses an innovation cluster for Galileo and satellite navigation, including the role of key actors and status in the Netherlands.
How to harness the national innovation system in tunisia final versionMondher Khanfir
This report is based on a master set of data and observations compiled by the author , as expert in Innovation, Policy Advisor, Strategist and practitioner in Technology Transfer.
The presentation has been done in the frame of a national workshop, which gave orientations on ways to enhance the Innovation capacity and develop actions plan to address this issue. In particular, the proposal to implement a National Technology Transfer Offices network in the MENA region, with a guidance on policy formulation on Science Technology and Innovation, and the commercialization of research findings in the region.
TechSydney: NSW Tech & Innovation Precinct Industry ReportBede Moore
NSW is on the cusp of building a technology innovation precinct across Central to Eveleigh which has the potential to transform the national tech landscape. If we keep our sights aimed high, the precinct will be the centrepiece of a strategy that ensures Australia exports high-value goods to the world and elevates Sydney to a Top 10 global technology city.
Throughout August-October 2018, TechSydney surveyed 150 tech companies in the city, representing 5,700 local jobs. We asked these companies what they wanted to see in a tech precinct. These are the results.
A ppp case to better value knowledge production by mondher khanfirMondher Khanfir
- The document discusses a proposed public-private partnership (PPP) between a private Tunisian business incubator called Wiki Start Up and the public Center of Biotechnologies of Sfax (CBS) to boost innovation.
- Under the PPP, Wiki Start Up would operate CBS's existing business incubator infrastructure and provide business services to startups generated from CBS's research, with the goal of generating more startup projects and investments.
- The PPP aims to have social, economic, and environmental impacts by commercializing publicly-funded research, creating jobs, and focusing on local problems. However, it also carries risks around startup success rates and wage differences between public and private sector employees.
- The proposed P
Olga M. & Manuel G. | K.J. Joseph
LECTURE 6: THE INSTITUTIONAL ASPECT OF NSI by Dr. Olga Mikheeva, UCL Institute for Innovation and Public Purpose, UK & Dr. Manuel Gonzalo, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento, Brazil. CHAIR: Professor Joseph K.J., Gulati Institute of Finance and Taxation (GIFT), India
26 Feb, 2:00 pm – 3:00 pm GMT
ZOOM online
LECTURE-8: APPLICATION OF NATIONAL SYSTEMS OF INNOVATION
by
Dr. Kenneth Fung, UOW Malaysia KDU
&
Dr. Gifty Boakye Appiah, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana.
CHAIR:
Professor Mammo Muchie, Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa
1. While the number of articles using "innovation systems" in the title has declined since peaking in the 2000s, the innovation systems approach remains a promising area of research if it incorporates a more context-rich and history-rich perspective.
2. There are several gaps in the innovation systems literature regarding developing countries, including a lack of focus on non-technological innovation, distinctions between competencies and capabilities, recognition of informal linkages, the role of the large informal sector, overly aggregated views that ignore heterogeneity, and the role of private institutions in overcoming constraints.
3. Filling these research gaps would provide a more comprehensive understanding of innovation in developing country contexts.
This document discusses South Korea's acquisition of technological capabilities and development of an effective national innovation system. It analyzes South Korea's progress through four stages from the 1960s to present: 1) acquiring production capabilities through importing technology; 2) establishing heavy industries and developing investment capabilities while increasing exports; 3) emerging high-tech industries and local R&D in the 1980s; 4) strengthening industries and activities despite crises while pursuing reforms to become a knowledge economy. Interactive learning spaces involving firms, organizations, and institutions played a key role in South Korea's acquisition of capabilities, from initial production to innovation capabilities.
The document discusses innovation and national innovation systems. It defines innovation as the implementation of new products, processes, marketing methods, or organizational methods. Innovation requires dissemination and use to have an impact. A national innovation system consists of institutions in the public and private sectors that initiate, import, modify and diffuse new technologies. It is a set of interconnected institutions that create, store and transfer knowledge to define new technologies. Policy needs to address knowledge supply and demand, interactions between institutions, and firms' ability to learn and acquire technology.
Transforming the Philippine Talent Value Proposition into a Competitive Advan...Alejandro Melchor III
The Philippines has one of the most attractive talent profiles in the world. One of Smarter Philippines' priorities is to translate that talent value proposition into an enduring competitive advantage.
National Innovation Systems is the network of institutions in the public and private sectors whose activities and interactions initiate, import, modify and diffuse new technologies.
This document provides an overview of innovation systems and approaches. It defines key concepts like innovation, systems of innovation, and the system of innovation approach. It describes the main actors and agents in innovation systems as well as typologies of innovation. The strengths and weaknesses of the systems of innovation approach are outlined. Systems of innovation for development are discussed as a variant for developing countries. Examples of national innovation systems from Finland, China, and Indonesia are briefly described. Measures for innovation policy and frameworks for analyzing innovation performance are also mentioned.
The document discusses Indonesia's national and sub-national innovation systems, policies, and programs. It provides an overview of key topics such as:
- The national innovation system perspective and triple helix model of university-industry-government relations.
- Indonesia's economic context and science and technology priorities to enhance competitiveness.
- The need to reform innovation policies by strengthening institutions, fostering collaboration, developing innovative culture, and responding to globalization.
- Challenges in developing regional innovation systems due to weak linkages between actors and a lack of local institutional capacity.
This document outlines a model for 21st century innovation intermediaries that aim to accelerate innovation and drive regional economic growth. It discusses how traditional technology-based economic development models are outdated and must shift focus to innovation. The proposed model centers on connecting regional talent, technologies, and resources to collaborate on innovation. It also discusses functions of innovation intermediaries in convening regions and accelerating technologies to market. The best practice of Innovation Philadelphia is provided as an example that established programs to connect the regional innovation economy and fill gaps.
This document discusses a study on business clustering and the emergence of new businesses in Nigeria. The study examined 12,104 sellers of building materials in Akwa Ibom State and Cross Rivers State using questionnaires. The findings showed that business clustering has a remarkable effect on the formation of new businesses in Nigeria by generating economic multiplier effects that can lead to socio-economic transformation and the transfer of technology and innovation. It was recommended that the government invest in industrial sectors and relax import laws to encourage business clustering and positively impact production.
The document describes a science scorecard developed by Stifterverband to evaluate and compare the university cities of Ames, Cedar Falls, Des Moines, and Iowa City in Iowa. The scorecard measures quantitative indicators in areas like science, community, and economy to generate a city profile. It also assesses qualitative factors regarding each city's strategy, knowledge transfer networks, collaboration, and branding to provide a city in action analysis. The scorecard found strengths and weaknesses in the science presence, skilled workforce, innovation culture, and strategic planning of each city. It concluded by discussing opportunities to expand the scorecard's use and develop an interactive dashboard tool for cities to assess goals and identify best practices.
Asia Corporate Strategy Assessment – 10 Trends in Corporate Strategic Plannin...Team Finland Future Watch
The document discusses 10 trends in corporate strategic planning for the Asian region. It summarizes that companies are organizing for regional integration through agreements like the ASEAN Economic Community, continuing a "China Plus One" strategy of diversifying investments beyond China into other Asian markets to manage risks, and leveraging Asia as a source of innovation by establishing research and development centers in the region.
The document discusses the importance of national innovation ecosystems for sustainable development. It defines the old economy as driven by inputs like labor, capital and resources, while the new economy is knowledge-based and driven by innovation. A national innovation ecosystem consists of factors that deepen knowledge intensity like intellectual capital, interaction, incentives and institutions. It also discusses how countries can progress through different stages from imitation to innovation leadership. Developing strong national innovation ecosystems is important for countries to compete in the global new economy and achieve increasing returns through innovation.
Hezron M. | Franco Malerba
19 Feb, 2:00 pm – 3:00 pm GMT
ZOOM online
LECTURE-7 DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO NATIONAL SYSTEMS OF INNOVATION
by
Dr. Hezron Makundi, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
CHAIR:
Professor Franco Malerba, University of Bocconi, Milan
One of the factors behind the Philippines' consistency as a high-growth country is the innovativeness of the Filipino people, which is backstopped by Filipinnovation, the National Innovation System.
Knowledge Innovation Policy (Federal KM - DC)Debra M. Amidon
This closing panel with Dr. Ramon Barquin provides the rationale and vision for a US Knowledge Innovation Policy within a global context. Session includes and inventory of innovation initiatives within the US and abroad. Knowledge Innovation is the strategy beyond KM or strategic planning; and ‘collaborative advantage’ is the name of the new game.
The document discusses economic freedom, creativity, and development in Jordan. It defines economic freedom and creative industries, and analyzes Jordan's performance in areas like competitiveness, innovation, doing business, and economic freedom rankings. Jordan shows strengths in human capital but weaknesses in R&D investment, university-industry collaboration, support for entrepreneurs, and protecting intellectual property. To encourage innovation, the document recommends creating a creativity/innovation policy, promoting R&D and industry-academic linkages, easing credit access, investing in education, and utilizing clusters and ICT.
Implementing Technology Transfer Offices in Mena region: The role of private ...Mondher Khanfir
Tech Transfer Offices is not only a missing link to be created between University and Industry. It's a highly complex ecosystem to be developped around formal processes, covering the IP production and protection to the Tech Transfer project engineering and contracting. In this presentation, the author insists on the importance of the private sector to handle the Tech Transfer as knowledge based Industry itself.
Promoting collaborative RD networks in morocco some elements for thoughtIlyas Azzioui
this presentation highlights some aspects related to innovation systems in development countries, dominant values and some prevalent misconceptions that should be taken into consideration when building a collaborative R&D Network in a developing country like Morocco.
A ppp case to better value knowledge production by mondher khanfirMondher Khanfir
- The document discusses a proposed public-private partnership (PPP) between a private Tunisian business incubator called Wiki Start Up and the public Center of Biotechnologies of Sfax (CBS) to boost innovation.
- Under the PPP, Wiki Start Up would operate CBS's existing business incubator infrastructure and provide business services to startups generated from CBS's research, with the goal of generating more startup projects and investments.
- The PPP aims to have social, economic, and environmental impacts by commercializing publicly-funded research, creating jobs, and focusing on local problems. However, it also carries risks around startup success rates and wage differences between public and private sector employees.
- The proposed P
Olga M. & Manuel G. | K.J. Joseph
LECTURE 6: THE INSTITUTIONAL ASPECT OF NSI by Dr. Olga Mikheeva, UCL Institute for Innovation and Public Purpose, UK & Dr. Manuel Gonzalo, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento, Brazil. CHAIR: Professor Joseph K.J., Gulati Institute of Finance and Taxation (GIFT), India
26 Feb, 2:00 pm – 3:00 pm GMT
ZOOM online
LECTURE-8: APPLICATION OF NATIONAL SYSTEMS OF INNOVATION
by
Dr. Kenneth Fung, UOW Malaysia KDU
&
Dr. Gifty Boakye Appiah, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana.
CHAIR:
Professor Mammo Muchie, Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa
1. While the number of articles using "innovation systems" in the title has declined since peaking in the 2000s, the innovation systems approach remains a promising area of research if it incorporates a more context-rich and history-rich perspective.
2. There are several gaps in the innovation systems literature regarding developing countries, including a lack of focus on non-technological innovation, distinctions between competencies and capabilities, recognition of informal linkages, the role of the large informal sector, overly aggregated views that ignore heterogeneity, and the role of private institutions in overcoming constraints.
3. Filling these research gaps would provide a more comprehensive understanding of innovation in developing country contexts.
This document discusses South Korea's acquisition of technological capabilities and development of an effective national innovation system. It analyzes South Korea's progress through four stages from the 1960s to present: 1) acquiring production capabilities through importing technology; 2) establishing heavy industries and developing investment capabilities while increasing exports; 3) emerging high-tech industries and local R&D in the 1980s; 4) strengthening industries and activities despite crises while pursuing reforms to become a knowledge economy. Interactive learning spaces involving firms, organizations, and institutions played a key role in South Korea's acquisition of capabilities, from initial production to innovation capabilities.
The document discusses innovation and national innovation systems. It defines innovation as the implementation of new products, processes, marketing methods, or organizational methods. Innovation requires dissemination and use to have an impact. A national innovation system consists of institutions in the public and private sectors that initiate, import, modify and diffuse new technologies. It is a set of interconnected institutions that create, store and transfer knowledge to define new technologies. Policy needs to address knowledge supply and demand, interactions between institutions, and firms' ability to learn and acquire technology.
Transforming the Philippine Talent Value Proposition into a Competitive Advan...Alejandro Melchor III
The Philippines has one of the most attractive talent profiles in the world. One of Smarter Philippines' priorities is to translate that talent value proposition into an enduring competitive advantage.
National Innovation Systems is the network of institutions in the public and private sectors whose activities and interactions initiate, import, modify and diffuse new technologies.
This document provides an overview of innovation systems and approaches. It defines key concepts like innovation, systems of innovation, and the system of innovation approach. It describes the main actors and agents in innovation systems as well as typologies of innovation. The strengths and weaknesses of the systems of innovation approach are outlined. Systems of innovation for development are discussed as a variant for developing countries. Examples of national innovation systems from Finland, China, and Indonesia are briefly described. Measures for innovation policy and frameworks for analyzing innovation performance are also mentioned.
The document discusses Indonesia's national and sub-national innovation systems, policies, and programs. It provides an overview of key topics such as:
- The national innovation system perspective and triple helix model of university-industry-government relations.
- Indonesia's economic context and science and technology priorities to enhance competitiveness.
- The need to reform innovation policies by strengthening institutions, fostering collaboration, developing innovative culture, and responding to globalization.
- Challenges in developing regional innovation systems due to weak linkages between actors and a lack of local institutional capacity.
This document outlines a model for 21st century innovation intermediaries that aim to accelerate innovation and drive regional economic growth. It discusses how traditional technology-based economic development models are outdated and must shift focus to innovation. The proposed model centers on connecting regional talent, technologies, and resources to collaborate on innovation. It also discusses functions of innovation intermediaries in convening regions and accelerating technologies to market. The best practice of Innovation Philadelphia is provided as an example that established programs to connect the regional innovation economy and fill gaps.
This document discusses a study on business clustering and the emergence of new businesses in Nigeria. The study examined 12,104 sellers of building materials in Akwa Ibom State and Cross Rivers State using questionnaires. The findings showed that business clustering has a remarkable effect on the formation of new businesses in Nigeria by generating economic multiplier effects that can lead to socio-economic transformation and the transfer of technology and innovation. It was recommended that the government invest in industrial sectors and relax import laws to encourage business clustering and positively impact production.
The document describes a science scorecard developed by Stifterverband to evaluate and compare the university cities of Ames, Cedar Falls, Des Moines, and Iowa City in Iowa. The scorecard measures quantitative indicators in areas like science, community, and economy to generate a city profile. It also assesses qualitative factors regarding each city's strategy, knowledge transfer networks, collaboration, and branding to provide a city in action analysis. The scorecard found strengths and weaknesses in the science presence, skilled workforce, innovation culture, and strategic planning of each city. It concluded by discussing opportunities to expand the scorecard's use and develop an interactive dashboard tool for cities to assess goals and identify best practices.
Asia Corporate Strategy Assessment – 10 Trends in Corporate Strategic Plannin...Team Finland Future Watch
The document discusses 10 trends in corporate strategic planning for the Asian region. It summarizes that companies are organizing for regional integration through agreements like the ASEAN Economic Community, continuing a "China Plus One" strategy of diversifying investments beyond China into other Asian markets to manage risks, and leveraging Asia as a source of innovation by establishing research and development centers in the region.
The document discusses the importance of national innovation ecosystems for sustainable development. It defines the old economy as driven by inputs like labor, capital and resources, while the new economy is knowledge-based and driven by innovation. A national innovation ecosystem consists of factors that deepen knowledge intensity like intellectual capital, interaction, incentives and institutions. It also discusses how countries can progress through different stages from imitation to innovation leadership. Developing strong national innovation ecosystems is important for countries to compete in the global new economy and achieve increasing returns through innovation.
Hezron M. | Franco Malerba
19 Feb, 2:00 pm – 3:00 pm GMT
ZOOM online
LECTURE-7 DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO NATIONAL SYSTEMS OF INNOVATION
by
Dr. Hezron Makundi, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
CHAIR:
Professor Franco Malerba, University of Bocconi, Milan
One of the factors behind the Philippines' consistency as a high-growth country is the innovativeness of the Filipino people, which is backstopped by Filipinnovation, the National Innovation System.
Knowledge Innovation Policy (Federal KM - DC)Debra M. Amidon
This closing panel with Dr. Ramon Barquin provides the rationale and vision for a US Knowledge Innovation Policy within a global context. Session includes and inventory of innovation initiatives within the US and abroad. Knowledge Innovation is the strategy beyond KM or strategic planning; and ‘collaborative advantage’ is the name of the new game.
The document discusses economic freedom, creativity, and development in Jordan. It defines economic freedom and creative industries, and analyzes Jordan's performance in areas like competitiveness, innovation, doing business, and economic freedom rankings. Jordan shows strengths in human capital but weaknesses in R&D investment, university-industry collaboration, support for entrepreneurs, and protecting intellectual property. To encourage innovation, the document recommends creating a creativity/innovation policy, promoting R&D and industry-academic linkages, easing credit access, investing in education, and utilizing clusters and ICT.
Implementing Technology Transfer Offices in Mena region: The role of private ...Mondher Khanfir
Tech Transfer Offices is not only a missing link to be created between University and Industry. It's a highly complex ecosystem to be developped around formal processes, covering the IP production and protection to the Tech Transfer project engineering and contracting. In this presentation, the author insists on the importance of the private sector to handle the Tech Transfer as knowledge based Industry itself.
Promoting collaborative RD networks in morocco some elements for thoughtIlyas Azzioui
this presentation highlights some aspects related to innovation systems in development countries, dominant values and some prevalent misconceptions that should be taken into consideration when building a collaborative R&D Network in a developing country like Morocco.
This document discusses national innovation systems and knowledge flows within them. It describes a national innovation system as a complex set of relationships among private enterprises, universities, and public research institutions that creates and shares knowledge. It outlines four primary knowledge flows within these systems: 1) interaction between enterprises through collaboration and information sharing, 2) interaction between enterprises, universities, and research institutions through joint projects and knowledge diffusion, 3) diffusion of knowledge and technology to firms from public research, and 4) movement of personnel between sectors. The quality and fluidity of connections within a national innovation system determine a country's innovative performance.
National Innovation Systems & InstitutionsEbru Basak
This document discusses national innovation systems (NIS) from an institutional perspective. It outlines the development of the concept of NIS and defines it as a network of institutions involved in technology development and diffusion within national borders. A systemic approach views innovation as an interactive and cumulative process involving industry, universities, government and other actors. Institutions play key roles in NIS by providing information, managing conflicts, incentivizing innovation, and channeling resources. The functions and components of NIS vary across countries due to different socioeconomic and cultural contexts.
Today entrepreneurship has become one of key drives for the development of all the countries in the world and it is very crucial for any economy. The objectives of achieving sustained economic and industrial development, regional growth and employment generation, life support conservation and implementing technological advancements have always depended on entrepreneurial development.
This document discusses regional foresight and innovation activities. It argues that regions must develop self-generative capabilities to continuously innovate and renew themselves in order to remain competitive. Regions and companies must be able to rapidly generate and apply new knowledge to adapt to changing global economic conditions. The success of regions is based on the success of companies operating within them. Finland is used as an example of a country that has transformed its economy to be knowledge-and innovation-based through focused efforts. Regional foresight activities should aim to create dynamic innovation systems with strong interactions between actors rather than follow static models.
The document discusses innovative clusters and their importance for innovation. It defines innovative clusters as groups of firms, research centers, and investors that work together within close proximity to create new products and technologies. The document outlines reasons for innovative clusters, including that innovation requires relationships between different entities and knowledge sharing is important. It also discusses various frameworks for implementing innovative clusters, including strategic plans that link regional development, science/technology plans, and entities like government, universities and companies. The key is creating the right conditions to stimulate innovation and competitiveness through these cluster networks.
This document discusses different sources of innovation. It explains that innovation can come from individuals, firms, universities, government laboratories, and private non-profit organizations. It goes on to describe how creativity underlies innovation and how different components of the innovation system, like individuals, firms, universities, and government-funded research, transform creativity into innovative outcomes. The document also discusses how firms conduct basic and applied research as well as development activities, and how universities and non-profits contribute to innovation.
Network Based Private Equity InvestmentJose Acosta
1) Analyzing patent data from organizations like universities can help identify clusters of innovative activity within certain technology domains and regions. This data reveals networks of inventors and their areas of expertise.
2) Convening key inventors from universities and companies within overlapping domains allows investors to explore opportunities at the intersections of technologies and fund collaborations.
3) Mapping innovation networks can guide private equity investments into partnerships between manufacturers and small innovators, technology transfers between academia and industry, and other models that create jobs and wealth in a region.
This document discusses different sources of innovation. It explains that innovation can come from individuals, universities, government laboratories, private non-profit organizations, and firms. Firms are well-suited for innovation because they have greater resources than individuals and a management system to direct those resources. The document then examines individual and organizational creativity as sources of novel ideas that can lead to innovation. It also discusses research and development conducted by firms, universities, and government entities. Finally, it briefly discusses technology clusters and technological spillovers as collaborative sources of innovation.
The document discusses the economic, social, and geopolitical crises facing Europe in the 21st century and how innovation can help address these challenges. It outlines Europe's policy responses, including strengthening core values, socioeconomic development, and large financial commitments. The document emphasizes activating and reconfiguring regional innovation ecosystems using a Triple Helix approach and smart specialization strategies to identify local competitive advantages. It argues that innovation agents must be stimulated and that knowledge institutions and businesses have untapped potential if properly supported through this process.
2016 - Lecture 4 position the national and competitive environmentNadia Lushchak
The document discusses national systems of innovation and provides examples from different countries. It describes how factors like patterns of national demand, competitive rivalry, competencies in production and research, institutions related to finance and management, and learning from foreign systems can influence a country's national innovation system. It also notes that Ukraine ranked 33rd in the 2015 Global Innovation Index, a significant jump from 49th the previous year, and was in the top 10 countries by high-tech patent filings per capita and R&D spending.
National Innovation Systems is the network of institutions in the public and private sectors whose activities and interactions initiate, import, modify and diffuse new technologies.
The document outlines Gauteng's innovation strategy, which aims to accelerate innovation in all its forms. It defines innovation broadly, including economic, social, and public innovations. The strategy has three policy objectives: promoting strategic industries and sectors, driving social and public innovation, and enabling effortless communication and access to information. Five initial interventions are proposed: an innovation development office, collaboration networks, innovation incentivization, cluster and precinct management, and smart city support. The strategy emphasizes involving society in innovation through open innovation and community participation.
The document outlines eight steps for organizations to foster innovation through successful ecosystems. It discusses how core business models are often not designed for collaboration and innovation encounters resistance internally. However, innovation at the edges of an organization through partnerships can provide complementary skills and outcomes. The eight steps are to agree on a clear focus for the ecosystem; lead with the customer experience; establish an open culture; encourage proximity to innovation hubs; protect core intellectual property; share risks and rewards; leverage platforms and data; and iterate based on learning. If implemented, these steps can help organizations compete through innovation.
“Corporate sector critical partnership in research development and sustained ...Abdul D. Mohammed
The document discusses the importance of partnerships between the corporate sector, research institutions, and governments in driving research and development and sustaining economic growth in emerging economies. It argues that increased investment from the private sector in R&D through collaborative projects with universities and research centers can help accelerate innovation and boost emerging market economies. The document also proposes the establishment of the Africa Asia Pacific Association of Small and Medium Enterprises as a platform to foster more sustainable partnerships between businesses and research organizations across Africa, Asia, and the Pacific.
This document discusses different sources of innovation. It begins by explaining that innovation can come from individuals, universities, government labs, non-profits, and firms. Firms are well-suited for innovation due to greater resources. The document then examines creativity and how different parts of the innovation system transform ideas into outcomes. Individual and organizational creativity are discussed. Research and development by firms, universities, government, and non-profits are also sources of innovation. Technology clusters and spillovers that spread knowledge across organizations are reviewed as ways collaboration drives innovation.
The role of science, industrial and technology parksAntonio Sfiligoj
presented at UNIDO workshop "Fostering inclusive and sustainable local industrial development in Europe and Central Asia" Ljubljana Slovenija April 8 2014
This Working Paper was published by United Nations University Maastricht Economic and social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (UNU-MERIT). It seeks to provide insights about the main characteristics of innovative firms and to gather new evidence with regard to the nature of the innovation process in the Latin American and Caribbean region. This Paper analyses data from a number of CARICOM countries.
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National Innovation System of Thailand
1. Page | 1
Supervisor:
MD. Rashedur Rahman,
Assistant Professor,
Management of Multinational Corporation (IB-405)
Dept. Of International Business.
Submitter
Team ALPHABET
Submission Date: 31/05/2017
3. Page | 3
Group Members
Name ID
Shabab Jan Chowdhury 01
Shihab Bin Kabir 56
Ameera Noor 96
Anika Tabassum 112
Shefaz Been Rahim 115
4. Page | 4
National Innovation System
The National Innovation System (also NIS, National System of Innovation) is
the flow of technology and information among people, enterprises and
institutions which is key to the innovative process on the national level.
According to innovation system theory, innovation and technology development
are results of a complex set of relationships among actors in the system, which
includes enterprises, universities and government research institutes.
National Innovation System means a core concept for analyzing an economy‘s
capacity to produce, commercialize, import, and utilize knowledge and
technology. Innovation, learning and technological development, indispensable
for long-term economic development of a nation, are now seen as systemic
activities involving many and diverse economic actors. Therefore the NIS
concept rests on the premise that enhancing linkages among various actors,
especially with respect to knowledge creation, diffusion and use, is a crucial for
improving a country‘s innovative performance
For example, public research institutes, academia and industry serve as research
producers carrying out R&D activities. On the other hand, governments either
central or regional play the role of coordinator among research producers in
terms of their policy instruments, visions and perspectives for the future.
Furthermore, in order to promote innovation the different innovative actors
must have strong linkages with each other based on a strong level of trust and
governments should promote and activate trust among the different innovation
actors.
5. Page | 5
Definitions of NIS
There are various definitions if NIS few of them are:
The network of institutions in the public and private sectors whose activities
and interactions initiate, import, modify and diffuse new technologies
.(Freeman,1987)
The elements and relationships which interact in the production, diffusion
and use of new, and economically useful, knowledge and are either located
within or rooted inside the borders of a nation state. (Lundvall, 1992)
A set of institutions whose interactions determine the innovative performance
of national firm. (Nelson,1993)
The national institutions, their incentive structures and their competencies,
that determine the rate and direction of technological learning (or the volume
and composition of change generating activities) in a country. (Patel and
Pavitt, 1994)
The set of distinct institutions which jointly and individually contribute to the
development and diffusion of new technologies and which provides the
framework within which governments form and implement policies to
influence the innovation process. As such it is a system of interconnected
institutions to create, store and transfer the knowledge, skills and artefacts
which define new technologies.(Metcalfe,1995)
6. Page | 6
Analysis
Freeman has defined NIS as a network of institutions whereas Lundvall has
defined it as the interactions and relationships that exist, but all the definitions
of NIS is based on a single common ground which has been highlighted from
different perspectives by different individuals.
We can come to the conclusion that NIS is indeed a cluster of networks rather
than a single network, and these networks each exhibit relationships and
interactions among the actors or the key players involved in the system. We are
referring to it as a cluster of network because there is a network system present
among the institutions, industries have their own network system similarly does
the other actors, and finally all these networks form a bigger network with each
other along with the government.
These network systems not only work with each other but also with other actors
which diffuses new ideas, technologies, and knowledge across the whole
economy. Ideas and innovation not necessarily are generated from high-tech
areas with abundant resources and institutions to support the innovation.
Innovative ideas can also be generated from low-tech areas such as villages and
rural communities who doesn‘t have abundant resources and doesn‘t get that
much support both financially and technically.
These innovative ideas and knowledge are very important to shape a country
and present it in the global arena. This is because a country which can generate
greater number of innovative ideas and are able to give these ideas a proper
shape and able to transform it into new technologies and innovations will get a
competitive edge.
So we can say that NIS can prove to be a backbone of a nation and it is very
important that all the actors play their role efficiently and effectively properly to
get the desired output.
7. Page | 7
Features of National Innovation System
Non-linear
Research-business links are most effective when they exhibit strong
feedback loops and are rather non-linear in nature. so that information
flow are bi-directional.
Pervasive
Innovation typically occurs right across the economy, in low-tech as well
as high-tech areas, so policies should support both developments. They
should be widespread and reach every corner of the economy.
Specialization
As firms invest in capabilities and intangible assets that support
innovation, the resource commitments involved are risky and exhibit path
dependence, due to this specialization is required in order to generate
output with certainty and less risk.
Cumulative
In a world of widely distributed knowledge, companies cannot afford to
rely entirely on their own research, but should instead buy or license
processes or inventions (i.e. patents) from other companies. In addition,
internal inventions not being used in a firm's business should be taken
outside the company. It also includes external sources of innovation such
as customers, rival companies, and academic institutions, and can be as
much a change in the use, management, and employment of intellectual
property as it is in the technical and research driven generation of
intellectual property.
8. Page | 8
Collaborative
For innovating effectively, firms require interactions with the science
system and within industry clusters over long periods. The actors should
work together with each other and form linkages within themselves.
Effective features of NIS
Small-scale innovation systems face considerable regional and cultural
disparities along with adverse cost levels for inputs and organizational
challenges at the company level. These disparities can even have a larger
influence on innovations than they do in a larger country.
National innovation systems are relatively more dependent on the inflow
of FDI because local levels of investment capital are insufficient.
The rapid development of economies and their subsequent innovation
systems is at least initially based predominantly on inward transfers of
knowledge and technologies
National innovation systems require well-developed policy schemes and
integrated efforts in order to enhance the development of domestic R&D
activities, innovations, and entrepreneurship.
International cooperation and foreign openness along with enhanced
cross-border network ties beyond FDI and knowledge inflows are
essential substitutes for the restricted capabilities of domestic support
The success of national innovation systems is inherently more dependent
on using limited resources and capabilities for well-defined and focused
innovation activities than that of larger systems. Thus, priority setting
procedures are likely to have crucial importance
National innovation systems should build predominantly on human and
social capital in order to cope with inherent financial constraints.
9. Page | 9
National innovation systems offer flexible policy adjustment
opportunities, but they could be reduced by inefficient collaboration and
by disagreements concerning goal setting
Role of industries in South Korea:
In 1962 the South Korean Government launched its first 5-Year Economic
Development Plan. This focused on the development of labor intensive export
industries such as textiles, clothing and footwear. Innovation was of less
importance in this period than industrial development. However, there was the
establishment of the Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) and the
Korea Advanced Institute of Science (KAIS). By the 1970s and 1980s the focus
shifted to heavy industries such as petrochemicals, shipbuilding, automotive
manufacturing and consumer electronics. A key outcome of this
industrialization was the development of the country‘s major conglomerates or
chaebols. These firms were assisted to borrow foreign capital and supported in
their investments into heavy industry. Innovation was given less attention,
although the higher education system was expanded along with government
funded research institutes. From the mid-1980s the Korean Government‘s
attention was turned to fostering high-technology industries such as
semiconductors. This transitioned in the 1990s into more knowledge-intensive
industries. Over this time there was significant investment made by the
government into the creation of industrial cities, technology and science parks.
A National R&D Program was launched along with initiatives aimed at helping
private companies develop high technologies. It was in this period that the
major investment in R&D shifted from the government to the private sector. By
2007 80% of Korea‘s R&D expenditure was occurring within the private sector.
This was supported by government tax incentives for R&D and the importation
10. Page | 10
of foreign technology. South Korea‘s transition from a low-wage factor-driven
economy through a medium wage efficiency-driven economy and into the
realms of a high wage innovation-driven economy over recent decades has been
impressive.
According to Professor Sam Ock Park from Seoul National University, South
Korea‘s economic transformation was the result of strong intervention by the
national government, with particular focus on five major policy initiatives.
The first of these was the fostering of region-specific industrial clusters. These
comprised around four strategically important industries in each region, with
support from government at both the national and local level. Regional
innovation councils were used to help facilitate the development of these
clusters.
The second was the creation of environments conducive to the fostering of
entrepreneurship and innovation. This included the creation of a business
environment that encouraged new business formation and offered stable and
transparent legal systems. Quality of life and access to financing, business
support services, flexible labor, education and training, plus R&D centers were
also features of these initiatives.
The third initiative was the enhancement of a collective learning process within
innovation networks. This included strategies such as the removal of legal and
regulatory obstacles to inter-firm cooperation. Also included were incentives for
collaborative research between industry and universities, plus access to
professional services and the fostering of social networks.
11. Page | 11
The fourth initiative was the building up of a stock of social capital. This was
facilitated via the active engagement of non-government organizations,
Churches and through social networking forums such as conferences,
workshops and seminars.
Finally, there was a promotion of local and global networks. This included
engagement with other countries such as Japan, Singapore and China in cross-
border knowledge exchange for education, research and industry collaboration.
These five policy initiatives are illustrated in the diagram below.
Role of Industries in NIS of Japan:
During the 1980s, Japanese corporations and industry sectors did largely benefit
from the tacit knowledge embedded into their work and sales forces, and of an
appropriate national managerial system in which the knowledge was interpreted
(Motohashi, 2005; Whittaker, 2001). However, the benefit of an intense use of
tacit knowledge probed to be insufficient to overcome the macro-economic
crisis, hence firms and industries were compelled to efficiently create,
incorporate and retain science-based knowledge (Whittaker, 2001). This event
has notoriously influenced the history of collaboration between universities,
firms and industries. Nevertheless, Japanese firms still have a strong ―in-house‖
R&D approach. In general, collaboration between universities and firms has
always existed in Japan, but its formalization – in the form of IPR policies – is a
more recent event (Motohashi, 2005). However, it is not yet clear what has been
the real effect of IPR policies as facilitator of new collaborations (Motohashi,
2006). Conversely, there is consensus about the important role of informal
collaboration based on open-science mechanisms, particularly among SMS
12. Page | 12
firms (Kodama and Suzuki, 2006). In the current governmental S&T strategy,
the private sector plays an important role, principally in the strategic allocation
and design of R&D efforts. In this ambit, public and private funding is
supporting the revamp of domestic research production at basic and applied
levels at an unprecedented rate. During the last years, an also unprecedented
number of formal collaborations between universities, research institutes and
industries have been observed. Some of these initiatives include venture
business laboratories and spin-off companies.
Role of industries in NIS of USA:
A cornerstone of U.S. success at innovation has been its mix of entrepreneurial
and large firm capitalism. While evidence is still lacking on the extent to which
major inventions are best generated by entrepreneurial start-ups and
independent inventors, it is clear that small new ventures or independent
inventors often develop new technologies that apparently would emerge much
less readily from major firms. At the same time, large established firms have
often developed and commercialized major new technologies, and moreover
they have carried out the extensive product and process improvements that
refined new technologies to the point at which they become widely used. One
example is penicillin, discovered by an individual, Alexander Fleming, but
made a practical product by several large U.S. firms (notably Merck, Squibb,
and Pfizer) as a World War II priority. Depending on the circumstances and
technologies, it would appear that entrepreneurs and large established firms are
at different times best placed to deliver new technology. U.S. government
funding is in part reserved for small businesses, under the Small Business
Innovation Research program, and legislation generally has not impeded small
business formation (although there are recent concerns, for example, with the
Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which deters new business ventures from raising funds
through stock offers because of high accounting costs for public companies).
13. Page | 13
Role of industries in NIS of Germany:
Studies on technology transfer not only between the academic and business
communities but also related to inter firm collaborations regularly reveal that a
substantial part of existing technology transfer in the German innovation system
is self-organized, and takes place directly between scientists and corporate
technicians or managers. Cooperative projects both between the science sector
and the industry and inter firm collaborations are the most effective form of
knowledge and technology transfer. Cooperative research projects are usually
conditional on ongoing R&D activities at the companies involved. The
cooperation partner can always contribute only complementary knowledge. In
the case of cooperative projects with public-sector research institutions in
particular, companies cannot outsource the necessity to design market-driven
product/process innovations. Universities and public-sector institutions, remote
as they are from the marketplace, are of limited suitability for developing
finished products for the actual market. Some empirical findings are worth to
mention:
• Cooperative projects presuppose in-house capabilities, and evolve
complementary synergies.
• Geographically apportioned obligations are rendered obsolete: the partners
interchange their roles.
• The foundation is personal experience and mutual trust.
• Transfer is made directly; institutionalization is possible and desired only to a
very slight extent.
14. Page | 14
Role of industries in NIS of Singapore:
Since its independence from the British in 1965, Singapore has gone through
multiple stages of industrialization and economic revitalization, which are
always taken into comparison with other ―Asian Miracle‖ economies — Hong
Kong, Taiwan, and South Korea. Many would argue that its economic take-off
as latecomer over the last few decades is likewise attributed to its effective
industrial policy making by the government to attain a desired macro-economic
environment for industrial development (Goh, 2005; Hu and Mathews, 2005).
Under the small-open economic framework, as a market price-taker Singapore
government has adopted strong interventions in labour, land, and industrial
development to ensure its transition from a third-world to a first-world country.
During 1960s and 1970s, facing the scarcity of natural resources, Singapore
directed the industrial policies towards employment-creation, using favorable
incentives to attract foreign direct investment and multi-national companies
(MNCs) to increase productive capacity. Gradually, a vibrant manufacturing
sector was formed and dominated the economy. Unlike other ―Asian Miracles‖,
Singapore primarily relied upon MNCs to produce the knowledge spillovers and
technology transfers necessary to develop its national technological capability
rather than indigenous R&D, for example, the initiation of the government to
establish a Singapore Science Park was to attract Foreign Direct Investment
(FDI) and MNCs. But past experiences show that such over-reliance on FDI and
MNCs had constrained the country‘s ability to resist external economic crisis as
global competition intensifies (Goh, 2005). Thereafter, Singapore began the
pursuit of sustainable economic growth through promoting entrepreneurship and
raising the quality of indigenous human capital to international standards (Tan
2003). In 1989, Singapore government created the first Small and Medium-
Sized Enterprise (SME) Master Plan to introduce measures and assistant
schemes for SME development and to improve entrepreneurial infrastructure.
15. Page | 15
Moreover, entrepreneurial mindset was introduced in civil services through the
Public Service for the 21st Century in 1995; a deliberate exercise aimed at
nurturing entrepreneurial attitude of excellence and fostering an
entrepreneurship-friendly environment in the public service. In 2000, the
Enterprise Challenge (a branch under the Prime Minister‘s Office) even set up a
S$10 million fund to sponsor innovative projects which may improve the
provision of public service. Hit by the 1997 Asian financial crisis, the
government released the second Master Plan (SME21) in 2001, calling for
urgency to inspire entrepreneurship yet again in Singapore. Meanwhile, it also
actively promoted spending in the private sector through various incentives. To
maintain its attractiveness as a place for business of the future, in recent years
Singapore has gradually switched its developmental focus from a large
manufacturing base for MNCs to a dynamic innovation hub that supports high-
tech manufacturing and R&D, which is best indicated by the steady and
continuous increase of R&D expenditure as a percentage of annual GDP (see
Figure 2). Singapore‘s S&T advancement in the last two decades is
accomplished through four five-year National S&T Plan (1991-1995, 1996-
2000, 2001-2005, and 2006-2010) week indigenous technology development
after the first economic recession, in the early 1990s the Singaporean
government planned to double R&D investment in the coming years, targeting
primarily long-term strategic research (Koh, 2006). The first five-year National
S&T Plan has invested a total of S$2 billion to develop key resources in
technology, manpower and skills to meet the needs of industry. During the plan,
the National Science and Technology Board (NSTB) was assigned to develop
new research institutes for a number of identified key research areas, including
biotechnology, food and agro-technology, information technology and
telecommunication, microelectronics and semi-conductors. In the second plan
from 1996 to 2000, the government envisioned ―an innovative and enterprising
society that embraces science and technology to develop a thriving knowledge
16. Page | 16
economy and good quality of life‖, and therefore shifted its developmental
strategy to domestic capacities in applied and basic scientific researches. In
order to meet the world-class science and technological capacities, it had been
set that by the end of this period, government‘s R&D expenditure should reach
2.6 percent and the research talent pool should be strengthened to achieve the
level of 65 research scientists per 10,000 workers. These targets were achieved
two years ahead of time with S$4 billion of investment funding. A number of
new policy initiatives promoting technology entrepreneurship were also
released at the same time in order to firm up coordination between scientific
infrastructure and industrial capacity. In the first two S&T National Plans, the
government started to realize that it should work more efficiently with private
companies in exploiting technological innovation by facilitating them to
develop their innovation capacities. In this regard, a number of financial
assistances and tax incentive programs were therefore designed to promote
innovation, especially among the SMEs.7 Major financial schemes which aim at
promoting technology commercialization include the Research Incentive
Scheme for Companies, the Research and Development Assistance Scheme, and
the Patent Application Fund The third S&T National Plan from 2001 to 2005
marked another phase of R&D in Singapore as it emphasized the crucial role of
research institutions and universities in undertaking research of several strategic
areas with medium-to-long run relevance (MTI, 2006). Half of the S$7 billion
budget was channeled into technology development and R&D experiments,
while 30 percent was used to encourage corporate labs to set up research centers
in Singapore. The remainder has been pumped into broad-based manpower
development, which includes fellowship training programs and postgraduate
scholarships. In addition, the fourth S&T National Plan from 2006 to 2010
intended to strengthen the support to SMEs, promote technology transfer and
intellectual property management, and to create incentives that could attract
international talents to Singapore. With the assistance of the government
17. Page | 17
policies, universities started to take up a more significant role in the recent
decade, especially in the establishment of science parks. In 2000, the
government announced a devolvement of S$15 billion to establish a new
science park targeting bio-sciences and information technology as new growth
engines of Singapore‘s economy (A*STAR, 2009). This One-North Project was
modeled after Silicon Valley to create a multifaceted high-tech research
community. With a focus on knowledge-intensive activities in critical growth
sectors, it would provide an intellectually stimulating and creative physical
environment for entrepreneurs and researchers to congregate and exchange
ideas. Focusing on the full range of production activities, it includes not only
research institutes and business offices, but residential properties, shopping,
public parks and other facilities as well. Like any other science parks around the
world, the new science parks are located adjacent to several universities: the
National University of Singapore, the Institute of Technical Education, the
Singapore Polytechnic, and the National University Hospital. The efforts being
put together by the Singapore Government has paid off since the ranking of the
city-state in global ranking related to innovation has improved in the most
recent years Analyzing the development of innovation and technology
development in Singapore, it is clear that the national innovation system is more
government-led despite the fact that the Singapore government has made
attempts to facilitate more deep collaborations between the industry (especially
more with SMEs) and the university in driving technology and innovation
development in the city-state.
18. Page | 18
Effective NIS on account of Thailand
Thailand has joined the ranks of middle-income countries, but further growth
will have to come from innovation and efficiency improvements in the
manufacturing and services sectors. Since the 1980s, economic performance has
depended on foreign investment and exports. Thailand has become a key
production base for global automotive and electronics firms from Japan, the
United States and Europe. The agricultural sector employs over 40% of workers
and Thailand continues to be one of the world‘s largest rice exporters. Services
carry great potential for growth, but tourism has been threatened by political
instability. Economically, Thailand is in a "middle-income" trap. On the one
hand it is under pressure from lower-cost but more dynamic economies such as
China, India, Viet Nam and Indonesia; on the other, it is threatened by the more
technological, learning-intensive economies of the original four Asian Tigers
(Singapore; Korea; Hong Kong, China; and Chinese Taipei). The government
has adopted a dual track policy to enhance the capabilities of Thai firms while
increasing international competitiveness by expanding foreign investment,
exports and tourism. The cluster concept, focused on automobiles, food, fashion
and software, underpins industrial and innovation policy. Programs to
encourage R and D and technology development have had limited results.
Thailand has derived few technological capabilities from multinational firms,
which primarily transfer technology embodied in equipment. Levels of R and D
spending, S and T workers and patents are below those of Thailand‘s principal
competitors. Thailand can boost performance in the long term by improving the
skills level of the labor force, investing in ICT infrastructure, and better
coordinating and implementing S and T policies. Upgrading the country‘s
innovative capabilities depends, in part, on enhancing the quality of teaching
and research at Thai universities, investing in targeted public research facilities,
and providing R and D incentives to foreign and local firms. To move beyond
19. Page | 19
labor-intensive parts production and assembly, firms in Thailand‘s
manufacturing sector will need to strengthen collaborative innovation linkages.
Apparently, Thailand looks like a successful country in terms of economic
development. The World Bank once categorized Thailand with other seven
High-performing economies to be studied by the other developing countries. It
praised Thailand for its macroeconomic management, poverty reduction, export,
push strategy, and high literacy rate from an overall perspective. According to
research private firms, government and universities have the main roles in
shaping Thailand‘s NIS. We shall describe the features of Thailand‘s NIS by
examining both its actors and linkages.
Several studies of Thai firms conducted since the 1980s state that most firms
have grown without deepening their technological capabilities in the long run,
and their technological learning has been very slow and passive. While the
majority are still struggling with increasing their design and engineering
capability. For a very large number of SMEs, the key issue is much more
concerned with building up more basic operational capabilities, together with
craft and technician capabilities for efficient acquisition, assimilation and
incremental upgrading of fairly standard technology.
Contrary to several OECD countries where innovation have been given high
priority in national policy making and the concept of NIS has been well
perceived and implemented or there is no explicit and coherent national
innovation policy in Thailand. ‗Innovation‘, though mentioned in the present
National Economic and Social Development Plan (1997–2001), is not well
understood conceptually.
20. Page | 20
Different from developed countries and NIS‘s development of Thai innovation
systems started from the 1950s but has not resulted in progressive
specialization. The structural feature of the system exhibits high degree of
multiplicity and limited specialization. There are several institutions doing a
number of similar duties, namely, providing technical support services, carrying
out applied technology development and transfer, and undertaking
strategic/basic research, and funding R&D. This feature reflects the inability of
government over 40–50 years to abolish or reorganize existing institutions when
new ones are founded.
At present, there are 24 public universities and 50 private universities.
Altogether Thailand has capacity of educating 1.1 million students, most are
concentrated on social science and humanities areas. The quality of universities
themselves and their graduates are not high compared to other universities in
Asia. Their research capabilities are generally unsatisfactory. Relevancy of
research to the industry is rather low.
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Role of Industries
The business sector is the main performer of research and development
and source of innovation.
One of the most significant knowledge flows in a national innovation
system is that stemming from technical collaboration among enterprises
as well as their more informal interactions.
Firms can collaborate to pool technical resources, achieve economies of
scale and gain synergies from complementary human and technical
assets.
The informal linkages and contacts among firms whereby knowledge and
knowhow are transferred, including relationships among users and
producers and the role of competitors as both a source for and stimulus to
innovation are important.
An increase in competences and skills that positively influence a firm‘s
innovative capacity, such as networking capabilities and the ability to
identify and adapt useful technology is possible.
Not revealed in these analyses are the role of the informal contacts among
competing firms and those involved in horizontal and vertical
relationships.
These linkages are also prime contributors to net innovative capacity, but
may be more fully captured through cluster analyses, firm surveys and
other techniques.
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References
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_innovation_system
https://www.oecd.org/science/inno/2101733.pdf
INNOVATION & HIGHER EDUCATION: A Comparative Study of
Five Asian Societies by Professor Ka Ho Mok
National innovation systems and the intermediary role of industry
associations in building institutional capacities for innovation in
developing countries: A critical review of the literature by Andrew
Watkins , Theo Papaioannou, Julius Mugwagwa, Dinar Kale
The National Innovation Systems of Singapore and Malaysia, Trevor
Monroe a Self-Study with Professor Samphantharak
National Innovation System and Mapping Innovative Clusters at the
Firm Level by Alfred Spielkamp and Katrin Vopel
National Innovation System in Less Successful Developing Countries:
The case of Thailand By Patarapong Intarakamnerd, Pun-arj Chairatana,
Tipawan Tangchitpiboons