This document provides an overview of narrative research. It discusses how narrative research is concerned with how individuals make sense of the world through stories. It outlines the history of narrative psychology, including influential books in the field. It describes key characteristics of narrative research such as flexibility, focusing on individual experiences, collecting stories, and collaborating with participants. It also discusses types of narrative designs, data collection methods, analyzing narratives, and addressing ethical concerns regarding story authenticity and memory accuracy.
Narrative research is a term that subsumes a group of approaches that in turn rely on the written or spoken words or visual representation of individuals. These approaches typically focus on the lives of individuals as told through their own stories. The emphasis in such approaches is on the story, typically both what and how is narrated.
Narrative research can be considered both a research method in itself but also the phenomenon under study.
Narrative research is a term that subsumes a group of approaches that in turn rely on the written or spoken words or visual representation of individuals. These approaches typically focus on the lives of individuals as told through their own stories. The emphasis in such approaches is on the story, typically both what and how is narrated.
Narrative research can be considered both a research method in itself but also the phenomenon under study.
The methodological use of story
Focuses on the way in which people make and use stories to interpret the world.
Narratives are not ‘simply’ a set of facts – social products produced by people within the context of social, historical and cultural locations.
Interpretive devices through which people present themselves
Rather than ‘what happened’ – ‘what is the significance of the event’?
Narrative research for slideshare upload.pptxNeha Deo
In this presentation, the narrative method of the qualitative approach is explained. In the qualitative approach of educational research, narrative research is an important method. How to conduct narrative research, is explained herein. The narrative researcher tells the story of the participants.
This presentation includes Introduction, Importance, Types, Characteristics, Steps, Research Tools, Ethical Issues, Validity Issue, Evaluation and Educational Implication of Narrative Research Design
This slide set provides an introduction to narrative inquiry in education research. Narrative and narratology provides a new model for a critical language in education
Definition
A procedure used to collect both qualitative and quantitative data.
This is done due to the fact that it is believed that both types of studies will provided a clearer understanding of what is being studied.
“It consists of merging ,integrating ,linking ,or embedding the two “strands””(Ceswell,2012).
Chapter Session 4.3 Narrative research design.pptxetebarkhmichale
Introduction
In life, there are universal laws that govern everything we do. These laws are so perfect that if you were to align yourself with them, you could have so much prosperity that it would be coming out of your ears. This is because God created the universe in the image and likeness of him. It is failure to follow the universal laws that causes one to fail. The laws that were created consisted of the following: ·
Law of Gratitude: The Law of Gratitude states that you must show gratitude for what you have. By having gratitude, you speed your growth and success faster than you normally would. This is because if you appreciate the things you have, even if they are small things, you are open to receiving more.
Law of Attraction: The Law of Attraction states that if you focus your attention on something long enough you will get it. It all starts in the mind. You think of something and when you think of it, you manifest that in your life. This could be a mental picture of a check or actual cash, but you think about it with an image.
Law of Karma: the Law of Karma states that if you go out and do something bad, it will come back to you with something bad. If you do well for others, good things happen to you. The principle here is to know you can create good or bad through your actions. There will always be an effect no matter what.
Law of Love: the Law of Love states that love is more than emotion or feeling; it is energy. It has substance and can be felt. Love is also considered acceptance of oneself or others. This means that no matter what you do in life if you do not approach or leave the situation out of love, it won't work.
Law of Allowing: The Law of Allowing states that for us to get what we want, we must be receptive to it. We can't merely say to the Universe that we want something if we don't allow ourselves to receive it. This will defeat our purpose for wanting it in the first place.
Law of Vibration: the Law of Vibration states that if you wish on something and use your thoughts to visualize it, you are halfway there to get it. To complete the cycle you must use the Law of Vibration to feel part of what you want. Do this and you'll have anything you want in life.
For everything to function properly there has to be structure. Without structure, our world, or universe, would be in utter chaos. Successful people understand universal laws and apply them daily. They may not acknowledge that to you, but they do follow the laws. There is a higher power and this higher power controls the universe and what we get out of it. People who know this, but wish to direct their own lives, follow the reasons. Successful people don't sit around and say "I'll try," they say yes and act on it.
Chapter - 1
The Law of Attraction
The law of attraction is the most powerful force in the universe. If you work against it, it can only bring you pain and misery. Successful people know this but have kept it hidden from the lower class for centuries because th
Narrative research and Case study are among the 5 approaches to Qualitative research. The key characteristics with an example is icluded in the slides.
The methodological use of story
Focuses on the way in which people make and use stories to interpret the world.
Narratives are not ‘simply’ a set of facts – social products produced by people within the context of social, historical and cultural locations.
Interpretive devices through which people present themselves
Rather than ‘what happened’ – ‘what is the significance of the event’?
Narrative research for slideshare upload.pptxNeha Deo
In this presentation, the narrative method of the qualitative approach is explained. In the qualitative approach of educational research, narrative research is an important method. How to conduct narrative research, is explained herein. The narrative researcher tells the story of the participants.
This presentation includes Introduction, Importance, Types, Characteristics, Steps, Research Tools, Ethical Issues, Validity Issue, Evaluation and Educational Implication of Narrative Research Design
This slide set provides an introduction to narrative inquiry in education research. Narrative and narratology provides a new model for a critical language in education
Definition
A procedure used to collect both qualitative and quantitative data.
This is done due to the fact that it is believed that both types of studies will provided a clearer understanding of what is being studied.
“It consists of merging ,integrating ,linking ,or embedding the two “strands””(Ceswell,2012).
Chapter Session 4.3 Narrative research design.pptxetebarkhmichale
Introduction
In life, there are universal laws that govern everything we do. These laws are so perfect that if you were to align yourself with them, you could have so much prosperity that it would be coming out of your ears. This is because God created the universe in the image and likeness of him. It is failure to follow the universal laws that causes one to fail. The laws that were created consisted of the following: ·
Law of Gratitude: The Law of Gratitude states that you must show gratitude for what you have. By having gratitude, you speed your growth and success faster than you normally would. This is because if you appreciate the things you have, even if they are small things, you are open to receiving more.
Law of Attraction: The Law of Attraction states that if you focus your attention on something long enough you will get it. It all starts in the mind. You think of something and when you think of it, you manifest that in your life. This could be a mental picture of a check or actual cash, but you think about it with an image.
Law of Karma: the Law of Karma states that if you go out and do something bad, it will come back to you with something bad. If you do well for others, good things happen to you. The principle here is to know you can create good or bad through your actions. There will always be an effect no matter what.
Law of Love: the Law of Love states that love is more than emotion or feeling; it is energy. It has substance and can be felt. Love is also considered acceptance of oneself or others. This means that no matter what you do in life if you do not approach or leave the situation out of love, it won't work.
Law of Allowing: The Law of Allowing states that for us to get what we want, we must be receptive to it. We can't merely say to the Universe that we want something if we don't allow ourselves to receive it. This will defeat our purpose for wanting it in the first place.
Law of Vibration: the Law of Vibration states that if you wish on something and use your thoughts to visualize it, you are halfway there to get it. To complete the cycle you must use the Law of Vibration to feel part of what you want. Do this and you'll have anything you want in life.
For everything to function properly there has to be structure. Without structure, our world, or universe, would be in utter chaos. Successful people understand universal laws and apply them daily. They may not acknowledge that to you, but they do follow the laws. There is a higher power and this higher power controls the universe and what we get out of it. People who know this, but wish to direct their own lives, follow the reasons. Successful people don't sit around and say "I'll try," they say yes and act on it.
Chapter - 1
The Law of Attraction
The law of attraction is the most powerful force in the universe. If you work against it, it can only bring you pain and misery. Successful people know this but have kept it hidden from the lower class for centuries because th
Narrative research and Case study are among the 5 approaches to Qualitative research. The key characteristics with an example is icluded in the slides.
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2. Introduction
• Narrative is concerned with the human means of making sense of an
over changing world.
• Psychologists became interested in stories and everyday accounts of
life in the 1970s.
3. History
• Within psychology, three classic texts marked the specific narrative
turn.
• The term narrative psychology was introduced by Theodore R. Sarbin
in his 1986 book Narrative Psychology: The Storied Nature of Human
Conduct in which he claimed that human conduct is best explained
through stories and that this explanation should be done through
qualitative research.
4. • Sarbin argued that "narrative" is a root metaphor for psychology that
should replace the mechanistic and organic metaphors (transforming
everything work related into quantifiable dimensions) which shaped so
much theory and research in the discipline over the past century.
5. • This book also contained a chapter by Ken and Mary Gergen (1986)
on the structure of narrative in which they argued that narratives are
social constructions (shared assumptions about realities) that are
developed in everyday social interactions.
• They identified three primary structures
Progressive (comedy, romance)
Regressive (tragedy)
Stable (satire)
8. • The second important book was Acts of Meaning by Jerome Bruner (1990)
according to him narrative approach organizes everyday interpretations of
the world in story form.
• He identified some properties of narratives:
Composed of sequence of events, mental states and happenings
Can be imaginary or real
Specialized in forging the links between exceptional and ordinary
• These properties help us understand narrative as a way of constructing
reality of bringing sense to something unusual and obscure.
9. • Third influential book was Narrative Knowing and the Human
Sciences by Donald Polkinghorne (1988) its most important feature
was the opening up of hermeneutic philosophy (deals with
interpretation, especially of the Bible or literary texts).
• Dan McAdams (1985) introduced an approach based on
developmental model.
• Earliest form is narrative tone (optimistic or pessimistic)
10. Optimistic- romantic or comic narrative
Pessimistic- tragedy or satire
• Followed by imagery which are personalized symbols and fantasized
objects.
• More advanced level is themes and ideology which are beliefs and
values underlying in a story.
11. Definition
• Specific type of qualitative design in which “narrative is understood as
a spoken or written text giving an account of an event/action or series
of events/actions, chronologically connected” (Czarniawska, 2004).
12. • The procedures for implementing this research consist of focusing on
studying one or two individuals, gathering data through the collection
of their stories, reporting individual experiences, and chronologically
ordering (or using life course stages) the meaning of those
experiences.
13. Key Characteristics of Narrative Research
• Flexibility
• Individual experiences
• Chronology of the experiences
• Collecting individual stories
• Restorying
• Coding for themes
• Context or setting
• Collaboration with participants
14. Flexibility
Narrative inquiry like the life
experience that it investigates is a
complex and ever-changing.
Moreover, narrative researchers often
emphasize finding direction for their
research in their participant’s stories.
15. Individual Experiences
• Narrative inquiry often focuses on the
experiences of one or a few participants
rather than those of a larger group
• Exploring the experiences of that
individual
16. • Life stories. Like much of qualitative research, narrative inquiry
explores life experience. However, it describes and analyzes these
experiences using the language of “story.” For instance, the field texts
or data that narrative researchers gather may include, or be called,
“stories” of life experience and include plots and characters and so
forth.
17. Chronology of the Experiences
• Researcher analyzes and writes about
an individual life using a time sequence
or chronology of events
• Researcher orders these events in a way
that makes sense to a reader
18. Collecting Individual Stories
• Stories have a beginning, middle, and end.
• Like a novel, stories have time, place, plot, and
scene.
• Involve a conflict, or struggle; a protagonist or
character; and a sequence with implied causality
(a plot) during which the predicament is resolved
in some fashion.
• Narrative inquiry is a literary form of qualitative
research that places a special emphasis on
writing.
19. Tzvetan Todorov
A Bulgarian theorist. He gave narrative theory.
According to that all narratives start with equilibrium
where everything is balanced.
Then a problem comes along where the balanced is
disrupted and to close the problem is solved,
returning to the equilibrium.
• Equilibrium
• Disequilibrium (problem)
• New equilibrium
20.
21. Aristotle
This Greek philosopher discovered over 2000
years ago, that a narrative must contain a:
•Beginning •Middle •End
This theory has developed into the five main
stages of narrative which is more recognizable to
a modern audience:
•Exposition- The scene is set
•Development- More characters are introduced
•Complication- Something happens to disrupt the
life of a character
•Climax- Decisive moment reached
•Resolution- Matters are resolved
22. Restorying
• Researcher gathers stories and analyzes
them for elements of the story.
• The narrative researcher may use the
aforementioned themes or categories to
restory
• Researcher rewrites the story to place it in a
chronological sequence.
• Restorying provides a causal link among
ideas.
23. Coding for Themes
• Like other forms of qualitative research, narrative
inquiry involves coding field texts for themes or
categories.
(e.g., interview transcripts, letters from the
participant to the researcher)
• Themes add depth to the insight about understanding an
individual’s experiences
• Themes can be incorporated into the passage retelling
the individual’s experience
24. Context or Setting
• Includes the people involved in the
story.
• Includes the physical setting.
• Setting may be described before events
or actions, or can be woven throughout
the study.
(Creswell, 2008)
25. Collaboration with Participants
• Inquirer actively involves the participant
in the inquiry as it unfolds
• Many narrative researchers emphasize the
importance of learning from their
participants
(Pinnegar & Daynes, 2007)
26. Types of Narrative Designs
• Autobiography (In the Line of Fire by Pervaiz Musharaf)
• Biography (Diana by Andrew Morton)
• Narrative interviews (Rewind with Samina Peerzada)
• Personal narratives (stories by grandparents)
• Personal documents (written event details)
• Life stories and histories (Kashmir behind the vale by MJ Akbar)
27. • Narrative research is, focused on how individuals assign meaning to
their experiences through the stories they tell.
28. Steps
• Clandinin and Connelly (2000) methods of conducting a narrative
study do not follow a lock-step approach, but instead represent an
informal collection of topics.
29. Steps
1.Determine the research problem or question .
2. Select one or more individuals who have stories or life
experiences to tell.
3.Collect information about the context of these stories.
4. Analyze the participants’ stories.
5. Collaborate with participants by actively involving them in the
research.
30. Data Collection
Narratives can be gathered from different forms of data collection such
as
• Interview
• Observation,
• Documents,
• Images, and
• Other sources.
31. Other sources
• Research participants may record their stories in a journal or diary
• Researchers may also collect letters sent by the individuals
• Assemble stories about the individuals from family members;
• Gather documents such as memos
32. • Obtain photographs,
• Memory boxes (collection of items that trigger memories),
• Other personal-family-social artifacts.
• After examining these sources, the researcher records the individuals’
life experiences
(Clandinin & Connelly, 2000) .
34. Main phases of the narrative interview (Bauer, 2002)
1. Preparation Exploring the field Formulating exmanent questions.
2. Initialization Formulation of the initial topic for narration.
3. Main narration No interruptions. Only non-verbal or paralinguistic encouragement to
continue telling the story Wait for signals the end of the
Questioning phase only question: no opinion or attitude questions no arguing on contradictions
do not ask: Why? Go from exmanent into immanent questions
Small talk Stop recording. Make note immediately after the interview.
35. Role of Researcher
• Neutral
• Active listener and show interest
• Non judgmental
• Make initial contact
• Refrain from giving comment
• Language
38. Descriptive
• A thorough reading and Preparing a short summary of the narratives
identifying the key features
• Beginning
• Middle
• End
• Highlighting key issues and identifying linkages that connect different parts
of the narrative.
39. Interpretive
• Connecting the narrative with theoraticle literature to interpret the
story.
• This phase of the analysis can lead to labelling certain accounts as
being of a certain type that illustrates their theoretical content.
40. Role of the Reader
• The meaning or the significance of a story wells up from the
intersection of the world of the text and the world of the reader.
• In conducting the narrative analysis, it is important to be aware of
what theoretical assumptions are guiding the analysis while at the
same time being open to new ideas and challenges.
41. Narrative Structure and Content
• According to Robinson(1990),
• Regressive narrative
• Stable narrative
• Progressive narrative
Another important aspect is the narrative tone
The tone is concerned with the overall emotional flavor of the narrative.
42. Connecting the Stories with the Context
• The researcher can also consider the
• Personal
• Interpersonal
• Group and social contexts.
(Murray ,2000)
43. Further Analysis
• Unlike the other forms of the qualitative analysis that break the
interviews down into themes,the aim of the narrative analysis is to take
the full narrative account, to examine how it is structured and to
connect it to the broader context.
44. Ethical Issues
What are some ethical issues in gathering stories?
• Distorting data (self reported information)
• Story authenticity (Faking the data possible)
• Inability to tell the story (because it is horrific or raw)
• Forgetting story
46. References
Camic, P. M., Rhodes, J. E., & Yardley, L. E. (2003). Qualitative research in
psychology: Expanding perspectives in methodology and design.
American Psychological Association.
Creswell, J. W. (2012). Collecting qualitative data. Educational
Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative
and Qualitative Research. Fourth ed. Boston: Pearson, 204-35.
Smith, J. A. (2003). Validity and qualitative psychology. Qualitative
psychology: A practical guide to research methods, 232-235.
47. Willig, C. (2013). Introducing qualitative research in psychology.
McGraw-Hill Education (UK).