This document discusses various narrative techniques and theories that can be used to analyze stories. It describes narrative as the construction of story and explains that narratives can be found in many different media forms, not just films and television. The document then outlines several narrative theories and techniques, including binary oppositions, Propp's character archetypes, enigma codes, action codes, Todorov's narrative theory, linear vs nonlinear structures, and multi-strand narrative structures. Examples are provided for how each technique could be applied when analyzing narratives.
i am not sure where i have acquired this so if you are the audience i apologise for not citing your creative and intellectual rights. I suspect I found it somewhere on here or on an OCR training day - i have changed it somewhat so thanks for the original
i am not sure where i have acquired this so if you are the audience i apologise for not citing your creative and intellectual rights. I suspect I found it somewhere on here or on an OCR training day - i have changed it somewhat so thanks for the original
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2. Narrative
•Narrative in media studies is the way that
story is constructed.
•Narratives are not only visible in film and TV
but can be identified in adverts, game,
newspapers, games, magazines etc.
4. Binary oppositions: Levi Strauss.
• Literally meaning complete contrasts/ opposites.
• This could be white/black
• Good/evil
• Women/men
• Binary oppositions are often used to create conflict/tension. They signify
difference.
• APPLY: The text shows clear examples of binary oppositions as the narrative uses
a protagonist and an antagonist. The binary oppositions help to establish conflict
and encourage the audience to find out who will succeed.
6. Vladimir Propp
•Vladimir Propp, was a Russian critic. Propp was
essentially interested in the narrative of folk
tales. He noticed that often many Folk tales
were similar in a variety areas. He identified a
theory about characters and actions as narrative
functions. According to Vladimir Propp,
characters have a narrative function; they
provide structure for the text and each has a
different purpose.
•Although Propp used folk tales to establish his
theory, we often apply Propp’s characters to
media texts.
7. Propp’s stock characters
• The hero
• The helper
• The villain
• The false hero
• The princess
• The princess’ father
• The donor
• The dispatcher
• Each has a different role to play in traditional folk tales.
THINK OF A FILM OR TV
DRAMA THAT CONTAINS ALL
OF THESE CHARACTERS…
8. Apply
• The text clearly uses some/if not all of Propp’s stock characters. By
including a masculine hero and feminine princess, the text reinforces
stereotypes. It makes it clear to the audience who we should
support.
• OR..
• The text does not use Propp’s characters in a stereotypical way. There
are blurred lines regarding who the protagonist is. If anything, the
character could be seen as an anti-hero. This makes the audience
consider the text more carefully and may engage more intensely with
it.
9. Enigma codes: Roland Barthes
• These are often symbolic codes that make the audience question
what might come next. It is often a suspicious action/look that
signifies something dangerous/exciting might happen.
• The text uses an enigma code within its narrative when the helper
looks suspiciously at the protagonist. This could connote that they
may revolt against the hero. This technique draws the audience into
the text and makes us less trustworthy of certain characters.
10. Action Codes: Roland Barthes
• The Action code, or Proairetic code, are “actions” that are significant
to the progression of the story. This can be anything that the alters
the state of the narrative to give revelations or introduce a new
problem. This can be something as simple as a phone ringing.
11. Todorov’s narrative theory
• Equilibrium- everything appears fine
• Disruption- there is a disruption
• Recognition- the characters recognise everything is no longer fine
• Attempt to repair
• New equilibrium
13. Apply
• The text uses an example of Todorov’s narrative code when we see…
14. Linear/non linear narratives
• Linear texts have a beginning/middle end in that order.
• Effect: The linear narrative follows typical convention. It follows an
easy to follow structure and allows the audience to engage easily
with the text.
• Non linear narratives are disjointed. Can start at the end etc.
• Effect: The non linear narrative uses postmodern techniques to
challenge typical convention. It makes the audience consider the
narrative closely and engage with its complexity.
