Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden sleep attacks. It is caused by a lack of hypocretin, a chemical that regulates sleep and wakefulness. Symptoms include daytime sleepiness, cataplexy (loss of muscle control triggered by emotions), sleep paralysis, hallucinations, and automatic behaviors. It is diagnosed through polysomnograms and multiple sleep latency tests. While there is no cure, symptoms can be managed through stimulant medications, antidepressants, and lifestyle changes like scheduled napping. Living with narcolepsy presents daily challenges like disrupted sleep, impaired functioning, and social isolation.
Are you a teen ager ? You may have the chance to affect by Narcolepsy - sleep disorder. It is a chronic brain disorder that involves poor control of sleep-wake cycles. Surf the symptoms and remedies @ www.sleepmedcenter.com
Are you a teen ager ? You may have the chance to affect by Narcolepsy - sleep disorder. It is a chronic brain disorder that involves poor control of sleep-wake cycles. Surf the symptoms and remedies @ www.sleepmedcenter.com
a presentation on GABA including its synthesis, storage and degradation, types of receptors, and implications in various neuropsychiatric disorder, and finally a small chart on the drugs acting on GABA system.
a presentation on GABA including its synthesis, storage and degradation, types of receptors, and implications in various neuropsychiatric disorder, and finally a small chart on the drugs acting on GABA system.
This a project for a high school AP Psychology course. This is a fictionalized account of having a psychological ailment. For questions about this blog project or its content please email the teacher, Laura Astorian: laura.astorian@cobbk12.org
It should be a very simple thing to go to sleep. How complex should something be that is an innate ability? It shouldn’t take much effort at all. It’s an inborn ability, along with other certain bodily functions. When we’re newborns, we can eat, sleep and wet the bed. Our automatic functions continue throughout our lives. So you should just be able to close your eyes, relax and you are off to dreamland. But this is not an option for many, many people. Sleep doesn’t come as easy as that.
This presentation is about the definition, causes, consequences and solutions of the Tourette syndrome and also include my opinion about it, the glossary and the references.
Thanks for your attention
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
2. What is narcolepsy? Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep disorder that causes drowsiness and frequent nap attacks during the day. It is NOT related to depression, seizure disorders, fainting, or simple lack of sleep. The name narcolepsy comes from the French word narcolepsie, which is a combination of the Greek word narkē(“numbness”) and leptos (“seizure”).
3. What can cause narcolepsy? Narcolepsy is NOT a mental illness. It is a nervous system disorder. Evidence suggests that narcolepsy may run in families. Scientists believe that narcolepsy is caused by a decrease in the amount of hypocretin. Hypocretin, also known as orexin, is involved in controlling appetite and sleep patterns.
4. What is the major symptom? The major symptom is excessive daytime sleepiness. Sleep attacks occur with little warning and may often occur at inappropriate times and paces. These naps are physically irresistible and take place several times per day, usually lasting for about 15 minutes each (can be longer).
5. What are the other symptoms? Cataplexy The person suddenly loses muscle function while awake and cannot move. It can be a result of strong emotions, such as laughter or anger. The attacks can last from a few seconds to several minutes. Sleep paralysis The person temporarily loses the ability to talk or move when he or she wakes up or first becomes drowsy.
6. Automatic behavior A person continues to function, such as talking and putting objects in different places, during sleep, but he or she does not recall doing such activities after awakening. Hypnagogic hallucinations These are vivid, dreamlike experiences that take place when a person is sleeping, falling asleep, or awakening. The hallucinations involve seeing or hearing.
7. How many people are diagnosed with narcolepsy? Experts estimate that around 3 million people worldwide have narcolepsy. In the United States, it is estimated that there are around 200,000 people affected by the disorder, but not even a quarter of them are diagnosed. The prevalence is about 1 per 2,000 people. The usual onset of narcolepsy is in adolescence and young adulthood.
8. How does one get diagnosed with narcolepsy? Two tests are commonly used to diagnose nacolepsy. One is the polysomnogram, which involves continuous recording of brain waves and nerve and muscle functions during sleep at night. Another is the multiple sleep latency test, or MSLT, which involves observations made of the time taken for a person to reach the different stages of sleep.
9. How does one get treated? There is no known cure for narcolepsy. There are only ways to control the symptoms. Modafinil, a stimulant drug, is a popular medicine for treating narcolepsy because it is less likely to be abused than other stimulants. Antidepressant drugs can reduce cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hallucinations. Some patients also take sodium oxybate at night.
10. What are some lifestyle adjustments that can help cope with narcolepsy? Eating light meals during the day Avoiding heavy meals before important events Napping after meals Planning naps ahead Informing teachers and employers about the disorder
11. What are some possible complications in daily life? May endanger life if sleep attacks occur while driving, operating machinery, etc. Impairment of functioning at work Impairment of social activities Side effects of medicines used to treat the disorder
12. Walking in my shoes... Having narcolepsy has drastically changed my life. At first, finding out that I have this disorder was depressing. Knowing that the disorder has no cure and is going to play a major role in the rest of my life, I felt as if my future is shattered into pieces… It has been two months now. I have learned to accept the invasion of this strange disorder into my life, and I am trying my hardest to adjust my lifestyle to accommodate for the complications of the disorder, but it is difficult…
13. I worry the most about going to school everyday with the disorder. Throughout the day, I usually feel tired and drowsy, which affects me greatly because I cannot fully pay attention to the teacher. Also, I have had several sleep attacks during tests and quizzes. I sometimes ask my teacher for more time, but other times, the timing is very strict. As a result, my grades have gone down significantly. This is so frustrating!
14. My doctor has been telling me to schedule a few naps scattered throughout the day. I have tried doing that a few times, but it doesn’t exactly work out when I’m in school. During the weekdays, I can only take a 20 to 30-minute nap during lunch. It is somewhat refreshing, but not enough to last me through the whole day.
15. Ever since narcolepsy entered my life, it has always been on my mind. Maybe I’m not thinking about it 24/7, but it’s always there. I constantly have to remind myself that I cannot or should not do certain activities because I cannot predict when I’m going to collapse due to a sudden sleep attack or an episode of cataplexy.
16. Since sleep attacks are very common after meals, I can cope with the disorder by eating light meals, which usually translate into tiny vegetarian meals. Before important tests and parties, I only eat a little. This makes me sad because I cannot eat a calorie-rich cheeseburger with greasy French fries whenever I want. I cannot fully enjoy the sweet and sour chicken that my mom cooks. Sometimes I crave for those dishes, but I have to quench my cravings with more broccoli or corn.
17. Many people do not know about narcolepsy and think I’m crazy when I inform them about the sleeping disorder. My teachers all know about the condition and do not punish me for falling asleep in class. (I had to bring in a whole bunch of doctors’ notes for them to believe me.) However, when we have substitute teachers, it is very irritating because they always think that I’m being lazy and not on task when I have my head down on my desk. After I wake up, I’m usually too lazy to explain the whole situation to them because the disorder is not well-known in society anyway.
18. Even though I do not have a driver’s license and have never driven a car before, I am extremely scared nowadays whenever I think about learning to drive. The question that always pops into my brain when I think about driving is… “What if I have a sleep attack on the road?” Then, my thoughts get scarier and scarier as I imagine having fatal car crashes.
19. Another major effect of having the disorder is that my social life is being disrupted. Before, I attended many social activities with my friends. We went bowling, karaoke, and picnicking. We went to the movies and had poker parties. We went swimming and ice skating. Now, I reject many of the invitations because a lot of those activities get me very excited and emotionally aroused. Also, having a sudden sleep attack or a sudden invasion of cataplexy is embarrassing, especially in public places. I often feel lonely and left out…
20. Life, in general, seems to go by slower. I feel different, too. Before, I was usually very energetic and animated, laughing and joking with my friends a lot. Now, I always feel lethargic. Even when I am in a good mood, I sometimes still feel drowsy physically. I can’t imagine what it is going to be like, living with this disorder for the rest of my life…but I guess I just have to make the best out of it…