Narcissism theories
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The document discusses several theories of narcissism: 1) Psychoanalytic approaches view narcissism as a normal developmental stage and that narcissists have unresolved issues they need to work through. 2) Trait approaches see narcissism as an extreme form of a trait like low self-monitoring. 3) Biological approaches argue genetics are to blame and treatment is ineffective. 4) Behavioral approaches see narcissism resulting from unhealthy reactions and overcompensation when feeling threatened.
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4DISSOCIATIVE IDENITY DISORDERSharron Cham.docx
4
DISSOCIATIVE IDENITY DISORDER
Sharron Chambers
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Research Design & Methods PSY 635
Dr. Thomas McCarty
June 25, 2017
Running head: DISSOCIATIVE IDENITY DISORDER 1
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Introduction
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) is a condition in which an individual finds himself or herself in a state which comprises feelings of depersonalization and unreality. This is at times accompanied by the individual losing self-identity (Sarason & Sarason, 2005). This is an important area of study in the field of psychology because it is a subject which people lack enough knowledge on. A lot of cases of individuals with Dissociative Identity Disorder have been reported throughout history and many cultures in the world (Pica, 1999). However, with all the reported cases, people have not yet gained a good grip on the disorder, some individuals have even gone to the extent of confusing and equating it to demonic possession (Braude, 1995). It is therefore very important to understand the disorder since it will enlighten the society on its causes, how to cope up with it and how it can be diagnosed and treated.
Review of Literature
Dissociative Identity Disorders involves temporary or sudden change in identity, consciousness or behavior. An individual with disorder may re-experience past trauma, have flashbacks or nightmares, switch to a totally different personality. According Margaret Mcallister in her journal, ‘Dissociative Identity Disorder: a literature review’, individuals with DID tend to use it as a protective mechanism. This usually occurs when they are exposed to situations or conditions of stress. They switch to an alternative personality which they believe can handle the stress. The study opine that Dissociative Identity Disorder takes place in a string of dissociative phases; these are fugue or amnesia, post-traumatic stress disorder, and finally DID also known as multiple personality disorder.
The disorder, while increasingly reported, remains a debatable and controversial diagnosis. The disorder is characterized with predominant symptoms rather than signs. The suffering experienced by individuals with Dissociative Identity Disorder includes mistrust and fear of others, deep insecurity, loneliness, nightmares, flashbacks, insomnia, headaches, missing and fragmented memories, loss of space and time, and lack of lucid sense of identity and self (Mcallister, 2000).
Analysis of Research Methods
Mcallister’s study applies the use of two research methods; these are surveys and naturalistic observation. Survey research method is characterized with the use of data collection techniques in order to study a particular subject. This entails sampling of elements from a well-drawn study population (Penny, Lavraws, & Krosnick, n.d). The study uses this technique to research on the progress of DID as reported across history. Naturalistic observation on the other hand involves observing subjects in.
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1. Early psychologists were medical doctors or scientists. By the middle part of the twentieth century, philosophers and theologians added their ideas to the study of personality. How would a viewpoint that encompasses these elements affect perceptions about personality?
2. Freud, Piaget, and others viewed life as a series of stages. In contrast, Fromm and Rogers saw it as a process. How could these differing viewpoints affect perceptions of personality?
3. Identification with a subculture in childhood and adolescence may help individuals become well-adjusted later. Using Sullivan's idea of "chumship," what does this help us understand about personality?
4. Murray saw life as a story about a person's "needs" and "presses." Explain Murray's concept of personology as distinct from personality.
5. In what way, if any, is sex segregation in public schools different from racial segregation? Are there differences in the nature of the categories of gender versus race that make one type of segregation less objectionable than the other?
6. One of the ways cognitive psychology looks at the difference between genders is through gender schemas - organized mental structures that delineate appropriate male and female behavior. Gender typing is having strong views on genders that are hard to move. How is this phenomenon related to personality?
7. What have you learned about what blaming people for various illnesses and perceived weaknesses says about the society that propagates that type of attitude?
8. Some people always seem to be complaining about their health. They seem to find peace in what is called the sick role. Which cognitive factors are relevant to a person's taking on this role? When are we more likely to feel pain or decide that our body is not functioning correctly?
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