This document outlines the production of acetic acid by a company with the following organizational structure and directors:
- The company will produce acetic acid using methane as a raw material through two reactor processes. Acetic acid is separated from the products in a separator.
- Key factors in selecting a plant site include availability of raw materials, utilities, land, and minimizing environmental impact from effluent disposal. Three potential sites are identified and evaluated.
- Equipment for the process is designed including reactors, separator, heater and cooler. A process flow diagram is presented along with cost analysis and profitability calculations showing the project has positive net present value.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on producing fuel oil from municipal plastic waste. It describes the current methods for plastic waste disposal in India and why generating fuel from plastic waste is beneficial. The process involves basic pyrolysis and catalytic reforming of plastic waste at high temperatures. Research is presented on experiments converting different types of plastic into fuel using various catalysts. The results show the type of plastic and catalyst used affect the yield and properties of the liquid fuel produced. The conclusion is that this process can help dispose of plastic waste while also addressing India's need for fuel.
Machine Converting Waste Plastics into OilPrasanna Datar
Machine Converting Waste Plastics into Oil
This document discusses a machine that converts waste plastics into oil through a process called homogenization. The machine uses thermal decomposition at temperatures between 350-450°C to break down various types of waste plastics like PP, PE, PS, and Styrofoam into recycled oil. The recycled oil can be used as fuel for boilers, ships, machinery, and more. Testing shows the recycled oil meets regulatory standards while producing much less CO2 emissions than incineration. The machine offers economic and environmental benefits by reducing waste and CO2 while producing a usable fuel from post-consumer plastics.
The document summarizes a student project comparing biodiesel production using ethanol versus methanol. The project goals were to model and simulate a biodiesel production process in SuperPro and evaluate it from biological, structural, mechanical, and sustainability perspectives. The design options selected were transesterification of soybean oil using potassium hydroxide as the catalyst and either methanol or ethanol as the alcohol. Mass and energy balances were performed. The methanol design included two reactors while the ethanol design required three reactors and additional unit operations. Both designs were evaluated economically and environmentally.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation of Biodiesel (Caster-RICINUS COMMUNIS) ...IRJET Journal
This document describes an experimental investigation of biodiesel produced from castor seeds (Ricinus communis) and tested in a variable compression ratio diesel engine. The study involved producing biodiesel via transesterification of castor oil with methanol using a base catalyst. Various blends of castor biodiesel and petroleum diesel were tested in a single cylinder diesel engine to analyze performance and emission characteristics compared to pure petroleum diesel. The results provide information on the potential for castor biodiesel to be used as an alternative or additive to petroleum diesel fuel.
This document provides information about BG Products Inc., a manufacturer and distributor of specialty lubricants, greases, chemicals, cleaners and tools. It details the company's history since 1971, facilities, certifications, product lines, research capabilities, associations and intellectual property. BG Products produces over 300 formulas and ships over 3.6 million pounds of products per month to customers in automotive, industrial and other sectors. The company has experienced consistent growth and maintains high standards for production, quality control and customer service.
This document provides information on the production of single superphosphate (SSP) fertilizer. It discusses the raw materials used, including rock phosphate and sulfuric acid. The production process involves acidulation of rock phosphate using sulfuric acid in a den, followed by scrubbing, granulation, drying, and screening. Process flow diagrams and material balances are presented. Equipment used is also described. The document evaluates capital costs, production costs, profitability, and provides a HAZOP analysis for the feeder.
India imports 85% of its fuel from abroad each year. Domestic fuel production meets only a small portion of total demand, which is projected to more than double by 2019-20. Pongamia pinnata biodiesel is a proposed solution, as it can be grown in poor soils with little rainfall and processed into biodiesel that reduces pollution compared to diesel. The company plans to establish plantations and processing plants over three years to produce and sell biodiesel commercially in India and beyond.
This document outlines the production of acetic acid by a company with the following organizational structure and directors:
- The company will produce acetic acid using methane as a raw material through two reactor processes. Acetic acid is separated from the products in a separator.
- Key factors in selecting a plant site include availability of raw materials, utilities, land, and minimizing environmental impact from effluent disposal. Three potential sites are identified and evaluated.
- Equipment for the process is designed including reactors, separator, heater and cooler. A process flow diagram is presented along with cost analysis and profitability calculations showing the project has positive net present value.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on producing fuel oil from municipal plastic waste. It describes the current methods for plastic waste disposal in India and why generating fuel from plastic waste is beneficial. The process involves basic pyrolysis and catalytic reforming of plastic waste at high temperatures. Research is presented on experiments converting different types of plastic into fuel using various catalysts. The results show the type of plastic and catalyst used affect the yield and properties of the liquid fuel produced. The conclusion is that this process can help dispose of plastic waste while also addressing India's need for fuel.
Machine Converting Waste Plastics into OilPrasanna Datar
Machine Converting Waste Plastics into Oil
This document discusses a machine that converts waste plastics into oil through a process called homogenization. The machine uses thermal decomposition at temperatures between 350-450°C to break down various types of waste plastics like PP, PE, PS, and Styrofoam into recycled oil. The recycled oil can be used as fuel for boilers, ships, machinery, and more. Testing shows the recycled oil meets regulatory standards while producing much less CO2 emissions than incineration. The machine offers economic and environmental benefits by reducing waste and CO2 while producing a usable fuel from post-consumer plastics.
The document summarizes a student project comparing biodiesel production using ethanol versus methanol. The project goals were to model and simulate a biodiesel production process in SuperPro and evaluate it from biological, structural, mechanical, and sustainability perspectives. The design options selected were transesterification of soybean oil using potassium hydroxide as the catalyst and either methanol or ethanol as the alcohol. Mass and energy balances were performed. The methanol design included two reactors while the ethanol design required three reactors and additional unit operations. Both designs were evaluated economically and environmentally.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation of Biodiesel (Caster-RICINUS COMMUNIS) ...IRJET Journal
This document describes an experimental investigation of biodiesel produced from castor seeds (Ricinus communis) and tested in a variable compression ratio diesel engine. The study involved producing biodiesel via transesterification of castor oil with methanol using a base catalyst. Various blends of castor biodiesel and petroleum diesel were tested in a single cylinder diesel engine to analyze performance and emission characteristics compared to pure petroleum diesel. The results provide information on the potential for castor biodiesel to be used as an alternative or additive to petroleum diesel fuel.
This document provides information about BG Products Inc., a manufacturer and distributor of specialty lubricants, greases, chemicals, cleaners and tools. It details the company's history since 1971, facilities, certifications, product lines, research capabilities, associations and intellectual property. BG Products produces over 300 formulas and ships over 3.6 million pounds of products per month to customers in automotive, industrial and other sectors. The company has experienced consistent growth and maintains high standards for production, quality control and customer service.
This document provides information on the production of single superphosphate (SSP) fertilizer. It discusses the raw materials used, including rock phosphate and sulfuric acid. The production process involves acidulation of rock phosphate using sulfuric acid in a den, followed by scrubbing, granulation, drying, and screening. Process flow diagrams and material balances are presented. Equipment used is also described. The document evaluates capital costs, production costs, profitability, and provides a HAZOP analysis for the feeder.
India imports 85% of its fuel from abroad each year. Domestic fuel production meets only a small portion of total demand, which is projected to more than double by 2019-20. Pongamia pinnata biodiesel is a proposed solution, as it can be grown in poor soils with little rainfall and processed into biodiesel that reduces pollution compared to diesel. The company plans to establish plantations and processing plants over three years to produce and sell biodiesel commercially in India and beyond.
The document summarizes the production of biodiesel from vegetable oils through transesterification. It discusses various feedstocks used, the transesterification process, and results from experiments conducted. Key points:
- Soybean, sunflower, and corn oils were most suitable feedstocks, meeting standard diesel properties. Soybean yielded the highest amount of biodiesel at 96% in 9 hours.
- The transesterification process involves reacting vegetable oils with methanol in the presence of a catalyst to form biodiesel and glycerin.
- Results found soybean, sunflower, and corn biodiesel met most standards but others like rice bran were less suitable due to higher viscosity and lower
Improvement of Boiler Efficiency using Bagasse DryerIRJET Journal
This document discusses improving boiler efficiency at a sugar mill by reducing the moisture content of bagasse through drying. It begins with background on bagasse being used as fuel in sugar mills and how its high moisture content (around 50%) reduces boiler efficiency. The objective is to design and test a bagasse dryer to lower moisture levels and thereby increase gross calorific value and boiler efficiency. It describes the drying process and kinetics, presents design data from a sugar mill, and outlines the methodology which includes building and testing a bagasse dryer model. Testing showed moisture reduction of 10-15% through drying, increasing bagasse calorific value and improving boiler efficiency from 69% to 81%. The conclusion is that the aims of reducing
IRJET- Enhanced Biodiesel Production using Eggshell as the CatalystIRJET Journal
This document discusses using eggshell as a catalyst to enhance biodiesel production from waste cooking oil through transesterification. Eggshell is a promising heterogeneous catalyst due to its high calcium content and low cost. The researchers collected waste cooking oil and cleaned, dried, and calcined eggshell at high temperatures to produce calcium oxide catalyst. Tests showed the calcined eggshell effectively catalyzed the transesterification of waste cooking oil and methanol to produce biodiesel and glycerol. Using eggshell as a catalyst provides an affordable, sustainable way to produce biodiesel from waste materials on an industrial scale.
Proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/67653
Anaerobic digestion of animal manure has generally been limited to wet digestion where total solids are less than 12%. This has restricted adoption of biogas production primarily to dairy and hog operations, or required substantial water usage to dilute manures with higher solids content. The DRANCO-Farm dry anaerobic digestion technology processes solid manures and other dry crop residues on a continuous basis with solids content in the digester up to 45%.
This document discusses biodiesel production and use in India. It describes the transesterification process used to produce biodiesel from oils. Testing shows biodiesel blends up to B100 can be used in diesel engines with some increase in fuel consumption but decrease in emissions. Jatropha is presented as a suitable oilseed crop for India that requires minimal inputs and can produce 2500-3000 liters of biodiesel per hectare. The document advocates developing small-scale biodiesel units to provide energy security and electrification in rural areas.
FABHIND is an ISO certified company established in 1991 that manufactures asphalt plants, road construction equipment, waste tyre pyrolysis plants, and concrete plants. It has three manufacturing units and focuses on customer satisfaction through quality products at competitive prices. FABHIND uses the latest technology and safety norms to produce high quality pyrolysis oil, carbon black, and hydrocarbon gas from waste plastic through its pyrolysis process. The pyrolysis plants efficiently convert plastic into fuel and other usable products while reducing plastic pollution and landfill waste.
- A carbon footprint measures the total greenhouse gas emissions caused directly and indirectly by a person, organization, event or product. Carbon footprint quantification and reduction are key to preventing climate change through measures like enhancing energy efficiency and using green energy.
- Calculating one's carbon footprint involves estimating emissions from sources like fuel/electricity use, transportation, food consumption, and goods purchasing. The results can be used for environmental reporting, cost savings planning, and developing climate policies.
- Common methods to calculate carbon footprints include the Greenhouse Gas Protocol. Emissions scopes include direct sources like fuel combustion, indirect sources like purchased electricity, and optional sources like employee commuting.
greenBLAZE _MSW and Organic Wastes TreatmentVictor Uzlov
This document describes a mobile waste processing system called greenBLAZE that can convert various types of waste (including municipal solid waste, medical waste, agricultural waste, etc.) into useful byproducts like synthetic liquid fuel, electricity, and heat without requiring separation of waste types. It claims to be a cost-effective and environmentally-friendly alternative to traditional waste disposal methods like landfilling and incineration. The modular system is designed to be rapidly deployable and produce no harmful emissions. Each mobile module can process a certain volume of waste per hour into one of three output options: synthetic liquid fuel, heating energy, or electricity.
Veolia provides on-site processing of refinery wastes for injection into delayed cokers. This improves environmental performance by recycling wastes and reduces costs by avoiding disposal fees. Wastes such as sludges are centrifuged to remove oil and water, with the remaining cake processed two ways. Cake can be blended into an aqueous slurry and injected into coker quench lines, or dried and blended into a higher solids feed-side slurry for coker injection. Feed-side injection improves economics by reducing waste volume and allows greater solids loading than quench injection. Case studies demonstrate cost savings of $1-2 million annually for refineries through on-site waste recycling via coker injection
CO2 capture within refining: case studies - Rosa Maria Domenichini, Foster Wh...Global CCS Institute
This document summarizes a presentation on CO2 capture within oil refining processes. It discusses:
1) Refining contributes around 6% of global CO2 emissions, with large refineries emitting up to 5 million tons per year. Major emission sources include process heaters, hydrogen production, and FCC regenerators.
2) Case studies are presented on capturing CO2 from process heater flue gases and within hydrogen production. Capturing 91 tons/hour of CO2 from heaters could cost €72-103/ton while capturing over 99% of CO2 from a hydrogen plant could cost €47-65/ton.
3) Joint capture of CO2 from multiple refinery sources like heat
This document summarizes the history and operations of Morrisons, a UK supermarket chain. Some key points:
- Morrisons was founded in 1899 and now has over 500 stores and 125,000 employees, making it the UK's fourth largest food retailer.
- It has 22 manufacturing sites across the UK where it processes and manufactures all of its own brand products from raw materials sourced within the UK.
- The document then focuses on the Deeside manufacturing site, outlining the 8-step meat processing line and roles of maintenance engineers in proactive and reactive maintenance.
- It describes an apprentice project by the author to reduce waste generated from a conveyor elevator by installing a hopper
The document analyzes Champion's paper mill business and opportunities in dairy, orange juice, and export markets. It finds that Champion captures a small portion of margins in the dairy market but an even smaller portion in the branded orange juice market due to buyer power. The optimal investment of $61.5 million is in the differentiated orange juice and export markets to gain higher margins and returns.
This document presents a study on the effectiveness and practices of knitting oil consumption in the textile industries of Bangladesh. It analyzes the oil consumption of knitting machines at two factories, Knit Concern Group and Masco Knit Group, and finds that one factory gives less oil than the standard recommended amount while the other gives more. It calculates the financial losses from deviating from the standard amounts. The conclusion suggests maintaining a standard oil feeding process for better knitting results and discussing different lubricant brands with the factories.
NAP Training Viet Nam - Cost Benefit Analysis and Development Adaptation OptionsUNDP Climate
This two-day workshop supported the Government of Viet Nam in building the necessary capacity to advance its National Adaptation Plan (NAP) process. The workshop closely focused on building National Adaptation Plans in the agricultural sector through multi-stakeholder collaboration, and increased knowledge and capacity on a number of topics including: prioritization of adaptation options, cost-benefit analysis, overview of the broad-based nature of climate change adaption impacts, analysis of challenges, and creation of an open discussion with key stakeholders on defining a road-map for the NAP process. The workshop was delivered using discussions and case studies to enhance interactive learning for participants, with supporting presentations by GiZ and SNV.
This document provides an overview of Fluid Solutions' oil recycling technology and process. It summarizes Fluid Solutions' plasma tube reactor technology, which efficiently recycles used oil through a process involving dehydration, evaporation, plasma distillation, decolorization, rectification, and filtration to produce base oils and other products. The synergy between Fluid Solutions and its partner Südöl provides clients with the most efficient oil recycling technology on the market.
WP Haton offers customers the possibility to stay up to date at a relatively low investment. Why replace a machine if you consider WP Haton can bring her back in top condition, despite the machines' age. With Blue Restore as a reconditioning and overhaul program customers have numerous options to renew and innovate their production facility!
This document discusses Quaker Chemical Corporation's approach and initiatives around sustainability. It focuses on reducing environmental impact through more efficient operations and greener products. Quaker is implementing green chemistry principles, reducing hazardous materials in products, and supporting sustainable palm oil production. For employee safety, Quaker is improving training programs and reducing injury rates. The company is also engaging employees through green teams to develop sustainability plans at each location.
This document provides a cost estimation for a cashew extract evaporator plant in Nigeria. It estimates the costs of equipment using scaling factors and cost indexes from 1990 to 2013, accounting for inflation. The total fixed capital investment is estimated to be $416,272.96. An analysis is done to compare using a single effect or double effects evaporator. It is determined that a double effects evaporator would provide the highest return on investment at 37.78% compared to 29.45% for a single effect. The break-even point is calculated to be 13,369,609.7 units per year based on the annual direct production and fixed costs. The gross annual earnings are $286,714.588 and the net annual
The document discusses biogas, including its composition, production techniques, equipment, processing, benefits, limitations, applications, and global scenarios. Biogas is primarily composed of methane and carbon dioxide and is produced via anaerobic digestion of organic matter. Key production equipment includes fixed-dome and floating-drum plants. Biogas has benefits like being renewable and reducing pollution but also limitations like potential explosiveness and odor. Applications include use as fuel and power generation. India and Germany are global leaders in biogas production.
Effect of injection pressure on performance and emission analysis of ci engin...eSAT Journals
Abstract Gradual depletion of world petroleum reserves and increase in the exhaust emissions day by day have led to an urgent need for alternative fuels to replace diesel. Vegetable oils biodiesel is considered as an alternative for diesel because of their properties which have been close to pure diesel. In the present study non edible vegetable oils like Honge and Jatropha oils biodiesel and their blends were used as fuel in a constant speed direct injection diesel engine. Further effect of injection pressure on the performance parameters such as brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, brake power and emission parameters such as HC, CO and NOX were investigated in a constant speed direct injection diesel engine with varied injection pressures of 180, 200 and 220 bar.The test results showed that Honge and Jatropa oil biofuel blends are having good performance and emission results at 200 bar injection pressure when compared to 180 and 200 bar injection pressure. The test results also showed that performance and emission results of Honge and Jatropa biofuel blends are near to that of the results obtained for pure diesel and they can be used to replace pure diesel. Keywords: - Performance parameters, Emission parameters, Biodiesel, Jatropa oil, Honge oil
Mechatronics is a multidisciplinary field that refers to the skill sets needed in the contemporary, advanced automated manufacturing industry. At the intersection of mechanics, electronics, and computing, mechatronics specialists create simpler, smarter systems. Mechatronics is an essential foundation for the expected growth in automation and manufacturing.
Mechatronics deals with robotics, control systems, and electro-mechanical systems.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Software Testing + Agile Method...Prakhyath Rai
Software Testing: A Strategic Approach to Software Testing, Strategic Issues, Test Strategies for Conventional Software, Test Strategies for Object -Oriented Software, Validation Testing, System Testing, The Art of Debugging.
Agile Methodology: Before Agile – Waterfall, Agile Development.
The document summarizes the production of biodiesel from vegetable oils through transesterification. It discusses various feedstocks used, the transesterification process, and results from experiments conducted. Key points:
- Soybean, sunflower, and corn oils were most suitable feedstocks, meeting standard diesel properties. Soybean yielded the highest amount of biodiesel at 96% in 9 hours.
- The transesterification process involves reacting vegetable oils with methanol in the presence of a catalyst to form biodiesel and glycerin.
- Results found soybean, sunflower, and corn biodiesel met most standards but others like rice bran were less suitable due to higher viscosity and lower
Improvement of Boiler Efficiency using Bagasse DryerIRJET Journal
This document discusses improving boiler efficiency at a sugar mill by reducing the moisture content of bagasse through drying. It begins with background on bagasse being used as fuel in sugar mills and how its high moisture content (around 50%) reduces boiler efficiency. The objective is to design and test a bagasse dryer to lower moisture levels and thereby increase gross calorific value and boiler efficiency. It describes the drying process and kinetics, presents design data from a sugar mill, and outlines the methodology which includes building and testing a bagasse dryer model. Testing showed moisture reduction of 10-15% through drying, increasing bagasse calorific value and improving boiler efficiency from 69% to 81%. The conclusion is that the aims of reducing
IRJET- Enhanced Biodiesel Production using Eggshell as the CatalystIRJET Journal
This document discusses using eggshell as a catalyst to enhance biodiesel production from waste cooking oil through transesterification. Eggshell is a promising heterogeneous catalyst due to its high calcium content and low cost. The researchers collected waste cooking oil and cleaned, dried, and calcined eggshell at high temperatures to produce calcium oxide catalyst. Tests showed the calcined eggshell effectively catalyzed the transesterification of waste cooking oil and methanol to produce biodiesel and glycerol. Using eggshell as a catalyst provides an affordable, sustainable way to produce biodiesel from waste materials on an industrial scale.
Proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/67653
Anaerobic digestion of animal manure has generally been limited to wet digestion where total solids are less than 12%. This has restricted adoption of biogas production primarily to dairy and hog operations, or required substantial water usage to dilute manures with higher solids content. The DRANCO-Farm dry anaerobic digestion technology processes solid manures and other dry crop residues on a continuous basis with solids content in the digester up to 45%.
This document discusses biodiesel production and use in India. It describes the transesterification process used to produce biodiesel from oils. Testing shows biodiesel blends up to B100 can be used in diesel engines with some increase in fuel consumption but decrease in emissions. Jatropha is presented as a suitable oilseed crop for India that requires minimal inputs and can produce 2500-3000 liters of biodiesel per hectare. The document advocates developing small-scale biodiesel units to provide energy security and electrification in rural areas.
FABHIND is an ISO certified company established in 1991 that manufactures asphalt plants, road construction equipment, waste tyre pyrolysis plants, and concrete plants. It has three manufacturing units and focuses on customer satisfaction through quality products at competitive prices. FABHIND uses the latest technology and safety norms to produce high quality pyrolysis oil, carbon black, and hydrocarbon gas from waste plastic through its pyrolysis process. The pyrolysis plants efficiently convert plastic into fuel and other usable products while reducing plastic pollution and landfill waste.
- A carbon footprint measures the total greenhouse gas emissions caused directly and indirectly by a person, organization, event or product. Carbon footprint quantification and reduction are key to preventing climate change through measures like enhancing energy efficiency and using green energy.
- Calculating one's carbon footprint involves estimating emissions from sources like fuel/electricity use, transportation, food consumption, and goods purchasing. The results can be used for environmental reporting, cost savings planning, and developing climate policies.
- Common methods to calculate carbon footprints include the Greenhouse Gas Protocol. Emissions scopes include direct sources like fuel combustion, indirect sources like purchased electricity, and optional sources like employee commuting.
greenBLAZE _MSW and Organic Wastes TreatmentVictor Uzlov
This document describes a mobile waste processing system called greenBLAZE that can convert various types of waste (including municipal solid waste, medical waste, agricultural waste, etc.) into useful byproducts like synthetic liquid fuel, electricity, and heat without requiring separation of waste types. It claims to be a cost-effective and environmentally-friendly alternative to traditional waste disposal methods like landfilling and incineration. The modular system is designed to be rapidly deployable and produce no harmful emissions. Each mobile module can process a certain volume of waste per hour into one of three output options: synthetic liquid fuel, heating energy, or electricity.
Veolia provides on-site processing of refinery wastes for injection into delayed cokers. This improves environmental performance by recycling wastes and reduces costs by avoiding disposal fees. Wastes such as sludges are centrifuged to remove oil and water, with the remaining cake processed two ways. Cake can be blended into an aqueous slurry and injected into coker quench lines, or dried and blended into a higher solids feed-side slurry for coker injection. Feed-side injection improves economics by reducing waste volume and allows greater solids loading than quench injection. Case studies demonstrate cost savings of $1-2 million annually for refineries through on-site waste recycling via coker injection
CO2 capture within refining: case studies - Rosa Maria Domenichini, Foster Wh...Global CCS Institute
This document summarizes a presentation on CO2 capture within oil refining processes. It discusses:
1) Refining contributes around 6% of global CO2 emissions, with large refineries emitting up to 5 million tons per year. Major emission sources include process heaters, hydrogen production, and FCC regenerators.
2) Case studies are presented on capturing CO2 from process heater flue gases and within hydrogen production. Capturing 91 tons/hour of CO2 from heaters could cost €72-103/ton while capturing over 99% of CO2 from a hydrogen plant could cost €47-65/ton.
3) Joint capture of CO2 from multiple refinery sources like heat
This document summarizes the history and operations of Morrisons, a UK supermarket chain. Some key points:
- Morrisons was founded in 1899 and now has over 500 stores and 125,000 employees, making it the UK's fourth largest food retailer.
- It has 22 manufacturing sites across the UK where it processes and manufactures all of its own brand products from raw materials sourced within the UK.
- The document then focuses on the Deeside manufacturing site, outlining the 8-step meat processing line and roles of maintenance engineers in proactive and reactive maintenance.
- It describes an apprentice project by the author to reduce waste generated from a conveyor elevator by installing a hopper
The document analyzes Champion's paper mill business and opportunities in dairy, orange juice, and export markets. It finds that Champion captures a small portion of margins in the dairy market but an even smaller portion in the branded orange juice market due to buyer power. The optimal investment of $61.5 million is in the differentiated orange juice and export markets to gain higher margins and returns.
This document presents a study on the effectiveness and practices of knitting oil consumption in the textile industries of Bangladesh. It analyzes the oil consumption of knitting machines at two factories, Knit Concern Group and Masco Knit Group, and finds that one factory gives less oil than the standard recommended amount while the other gives more. It calculates the financial losses from deviating from the standard amounts. The conclusion suggests maintaining a standard oil feeding process for better knitting results and discussing different lubricant brands with the factories.
NAP Training Viet Nam - Cost Benefit Analysis and Development Adaptation OptionsUNDP Climate
This two-day workshop supported the Government of Viet Nam in building the necessary capacity to advance its National Adaptation Plan (NAP) process. The workshop closely focused on building National Adaptation Plans in the agricultural sector through multi-stakeholder collaboration, and increased knowledge and capacity on a number of topics including: prioritization of adaptation options, cost-benefit analysis, overview of the broad-based nature of climate change adaption impacts, analysis of challenges, and creation of an open discussion with key stakeholders on defining a road-map for the NAP process. The workshop was delivered using discussions and case studies to enhance interactive learning for participants, with supporting presentations by GiZ and SNV.
This document provides an overview of Fluid Solutions' oil recycling technology and process. It summarizes Fluid Solutions' plasma tube reactor technology, which efficiently recycles used oil through a process involving dehydration, evaporation, plasma distillation, decolorization, rectification, and filtration to produce base oils and other products. The synergy between Fluid Solutions and its partner Südöl provides clients with the most efficient oil recycling technology on the market.
WP Haton offers customers the possibility to stay up to date at a relatively low investment. Why replace a machine if you consider WP Haton can bring her back in top condition, despite the machines' age. With Blue Restore as a reconditioning and overhaul program customers have numerous options to renew and innovate their production facility!
This document discusses Quaker Chemical Corporation's approach and initiatives around sustainability. It focuses on reducing environmental impact through more efficient operations and greener products. Quaker is implementing green chemistry principles, reducing hazardous materials in products, and supporting sustainable palm oil production. For employee safety, Quaker is improving training programs and reducing injury rates. The company is also engaging employees through green teams to develop sustainability plans at each location.
This document provides a cost estimation for a cashew extract evaporator plant in Nigeria. It estimates the costs of equipment using scaling factors and cost indexes from 1990 to 2013, accounting for inflation. The total fixed capital investment is estimated to be $416,272.96. An analysis is done to compare using a single effect or double effects evaporator. It is determined that a double effects evaporator would provide the highest return on investment at 37.78% compared to 29.45% for a single effect. The break-even point is calculated to be 13,369,609.7 units per year based on the annual direct production and fixed costs. The gross annual earnings are $286,714.588 and the net annual
The document discusses biogas, including its composition, production techniques, equipment, processing, benefits, limitations, applications, and global scenarios. Biogas is primarily composed of methane and carbon dioxide and is produced via anaerobic digestion of organic matter. Key production equipment includes fixed-dome and floating-drum plants. Biogas has benefits like being renewable and reducing pollution but also limitations like potential explosiveness and odor. Applications include use as fuel and power generation. India and Germany are global leaders in biogas production.
Effect of injection pressure on performance and emission analysis of ci engin...eSAT Journals
Abstract Gradual depletion of world petroleum reserves and increase in the exhaust emissions day by day have led to an urgent need for alternative fuels to replace diesel. Vegetable oils biodiesel is considered as an alternative for diesel because of their properties which have been close to pure diesel. In the present study non edible vegetable oils like Honge and Jatropha oils biodiesel and their blends were used as fuel in a constant speed direct injection diesel engine. Further effect of injection pressure on the performance parameters such as brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, brake power and emission parameters such as HC, CO and NOX were investigated in a constant speed direct injection diesel engine with varied injection pressures of 180, 200 and 220 bar.The test results showed that Honge and Jatropa oil biofuel blends are having good performance and emission results at 200 bar injection pressure when compared to 180 and 200 bar injection pressure. The test results also showed that performance and emission results of Honge and Jatropa biofuel blends are near to that of the results obtained for pure diesel and they can be used to replace pure diesel. Keywords: - Performance parameters, Emission parameters, Biodiesel, Jatropa oil, Honge oil
Mechatronics is a multidisciplinary field that refers to the skill sets needed in the contemporary, advanced automated manufacturing industry. At the intersection of mechanics, electronics, and computing, mechatronics specialists create simpler, smarter systems. Mechatronics is an essential foundation for the expected growth in automation and manufacturing.
Mechatronics deals with robotics, control systems, and electro-mechanical systems.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Software Testing + Agile Method...Prakhyath Rai
Software Testing: A Strategic Approach to Software Testing, Strategic Issues, Test Strategies for Conventional Software, Test Strategies for Object -Oriented Software, Validation Testing, System Testing, The Art of Debugging.
Agile Methodology: Before Agile – Waterfall, Agile Development.
Open Channel Flow: fluid flow with a free surfaceIndrajeet sahu
Open Channel Flow: This topic focuses on fluid flow with a free surface, such as in rivers, canals, and drainage ditches. Key concepts include the classification of flow types (steady vs. unsteady, uniform vs. non-uniform), hydraulic radius, flow resistance, Manning's equation, critical flow conditions, and energy and momentum principles. It also covers flow measurement techniques, gradually varied flow analysis, and the design of open channels. Understanding these principles is vital for effective water resource management and engineering applications.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Tools & Techniques for Commissioning and Maintaining PV Systems W-Animations ...Transcat
Join us for this solutions-based webinar on the tools and techniques for commissioning and maintaining PV Systems. In this session, we'll review the process of building and maintaining a solar array, starting with installation and commissioning, then reviewing operations and maintenance of the system. This course will review insulation resistance testing, I-V curve testing, earth-bond continuity, ground resistance testing, performance tests, visual inspections, ground and arc fault testing procedures, and power quality analysis.
Fluke Solar Application Specialist Will White is presenting on this engaging topic:
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NAOMI HIT 400 FINAL PPT.pptx
1. DESIGN OF A PLANT THAT PRODUCES 1000KG/DAY OF LUBRICATING GREASE FROM
GYPSUM, WASTE OIL AND SAPONIFIABLE FATS OBTAINED FROM TANNERY WASTE
FLESHINGS.
NAOME PANASHE NYAMBIRA
CAPESTONE
2. INTRODUCTION
► The leather industry is a major polluting industry due to the organic and
inorganic wastes.
► Currently in Zimbabwe there is no waste oil disposal facilities, resulting in
industries disposing oil in unsafe way.
► Creating major environmental problems.
► There is a large deposit of gypsum at Zimphos some of it is sold but still
much of it remain unutilized.
► After looking into detail of waste products being produced from these three
different industries.
► The main purpose of this project is to produce grease using waste oil
gypsum and fats from tannery fleshings.
3. Benefits of project
► Value addition to the fleshings waste from the tannery.
► Renewable component of grease from locally available industry.
► Recycling the waste oil which is causing land pollution.
► Use of waste oil open up a cost effective method to its disposal.
► Raw materials are locally available
► Overall costs of raw materials are cheap
► Utilizing large deposit of gypsum at Zimphos
4. LITERATURE REVIEW
► Grease, is a lubricant, it is much thicker than oil and is used in other
areas of your machine or vehicle.
Grease Anatomy
5. Types of grease
Calcium grease
Sodium grease
Aluminium grease
General steps of grease production
► Saponification
► Dehydration
► Addition of waste oil
► Addition of additive
► Homogenizing
► Test for suitability
► Packaging
6. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
► The following experiment were carried out.
▪ Determination of Fat content of fleshings.
▪ Chemical characterization of extracted fleshing fat oil.
▪ Preparation of the calcium soap thickener.
▪ Preparation and formation of grease and determining the optimum
parameters
7. Experiment 1
Determination of Fat content
► Can safely conclude that fat content in the fleshings is around 50%.
Characterization of fats obtained from fleshing
► All results were falls under the standard value that is 180 -233 ml.N/meq.
Sample Fleshing (grams) Fat (grams) Fat content (%)
A 800 408.8 51.1
B 600 312 52
C 400 203.2 50.8
Sample Weight of sample (grams Saponification value
(ml.N/meq)
A 5g 186
B 5g 192
C 5g 189
8. Experiment 2
To determine the ideal proportion of thickener and waste oil.
Table 5 proportion of thickener and waste oil.
sample %waste oil % thickener Drop point 0C
ASTM D566
Oil separation ml Description
A 80 20 140 38 Fluid
B 70 30 165 20 Semi fluid
C 60 40 170 13 Firm fluid
D 50 50 175 8 Semi solid
10. Experiment 3
To determine the optimum mixing temperature
sample Mixing Temperature
0C
Drop point 0C ASTM
D566
Description
A2 25 162 Very firm
B2 50 165 Firm fluid
C2 80 167 Semi fluid
D2 100 170 Fluid
11. Physical analysis on best formulation
Test/ parameter Result
Drop Point ASTM D566 167 0C
Description Semi fluid
Proportion of thickener and waste oil 60: 40
Mixing temperature 80
Oil separation 13 ml
12. Discussion and conclusion on Experiment
► The higher the proportion thickener the greater the drop point.
► As the amount of waste oil increases, the consistency of grease transforms
from semi fluid to very soft.
► Small percentage of thickener results in grease loose the stability and the
oil separation become higher.
► The drop point is affected by mixing temperature since as we increase
temperature the viscosity of oil also increases
► The grease formulated had shown overall good performances from the
ASTM standard method of testing.
► Thus, it can be concluded that grease can be formulated using waste oil as
the base oil and gypsum soap as a thickener
17. Mass balance
► The objective of this project is to produce 1000kg/day of grease.
► Assuming 10 working hours per day, 100kg/hour of grease is produced.
► The balance is to be carried out starting with the final stage since the value
of the product is known.
► Therefore mass balance determines the feed and the components for each
stream.
Overall mass balances per day
18. Energy balance
► The conservation of heat energy in the heat transfer equipment shall be
illustrated by considering heating and drying operations in the process.
► According to the first law of thermodynamics conservation of energy can be
expressed as; Energy out = energy in + generation – consumption –
accumulation
summary of energy balance.
19.
20. Batch reactor design procedure
► Reactor Design According to (Sinnott, 2014)
► Batch time
► Reactor volume
► Height and Diameter of Batch reactor
► Cross sectional area of the reactor
Mechanical design
► Maximum allowable pressure
► Wall thickness
► Outside diameter
► Design temperature
► Heating coils
► Design of the agitator
► Support system design
22. Dryer design procedure
► Outlet temperature of air
► Log mean temperature difference
► Amount of air required
► Area and diameter of dryer
► Length of the drier
Mechanical design
► Design pressure
► thickness of the drier shell
► Inner and outer diameter of the Drier
► power required by the Blower
► power required by the Exhaust fan
► diameter of the feed pipe
► Diameter of the air inlet and outlet pipe:
30. Description of the suitable site A
This site is situated in the Willovale industries near Superior Holdings were
one of the raw materials is obtained which is tannery waste fleshings.
Glenview industrial area map
31. Description of the suitable site B
Masasa Park industrial area map.
This site is situated in the Masasa Park industrial area near Zimphos were
one of the raw materials is obtained which is gypsum
34. Objectives of an EIA
► To evaluate the Project likely impacts on the environment.
► Identifying necessary actions to minimize negative impacts
► To assist in ensuring environmentally and socially sound management of the
project
► To provide information on the environmental consequences for decision
making.
The environmental laws and regulations of
Zimbabwe that are relevant
► The Environmental Management Act (Chapter 20:27) No. 13 of 2002
► Water pollution prohibition (section 57)
► Standards for Waste Management (Section 69-76)
► Water Act (Chapter 20:24)
35. Positive impacts
► Employment creation.
► Improved income levels and standard of living for the community.
► Stimulation of secondary industry like home.
► Foreign currency earnings when grease is exported.
► Improvement to the national economy
► Recycling of waste materials generated on the environment.
► Recruiting locally, non-technical staff.
36. Environmental negative impacts
Site clearance and preparation impacts
► Loss of natural habitat and biodiversity,
► Nuisance dusting, Noise
Construction impacts
► Earth material sourcing, Materials transportation,
Operation impacts
► Air and Climate, Water supply, Ecology and biodiversity, Human
Environment
Decommissioning impacts
► Unemployment rate increase
37. Corporate, social and environmental
responsibility
► Recruiting locally, particularly non-technical staff
► Onsite housing for staff.
► Developmental projects e.g. sinking of boreholes in the community to
improve access to water.
► Charity work such as assisting under privileged children with school fees.
► Promote going green campaigns such as planting of trees.
► Maintain good public relationship with the traditional leaders.
► Respect their culture.
39. Objectives
► Capital Cost estimation
► Total Annual Production Costs
► Manufacturing Costs
► Sales Revenue
► Profitability evaluation
Profitability indicators used include
► Return on Investment (ROI)
► Payback period (PP)
► Net present value (NPV)
► Breakeven point (BEP)
40. Cost estimation of purchased equipment
► Equipment prices in the data booklet from Coulson and Richardson.
Cost basis mid 2016
► Designer used factorial method for estimation of material cost and
also the total capital investment
► Cost were done using the data booklet from Coulson and Richardson
volume 6 .using the formulas
► Ce= CSn
► Purchase cost of equipment = Bare cost x Material factor x pressure
factor
► Purchase cost of equipment= Bare cost x Type factor x pressure
factor
43. Total Capital Investment
► Direct costs = $929 340
► Indirect Costs = $1 301 076
► Total fixed capital = Direct costs + Indirect Costs
= $ 2 230 416
► Assuming that the working capital was 10% of fixed capital investment
► Working capital = 0.1 × $ 2 230 416
= $223 041.6
► Total Capital investment = fixed costs + working capital
=$ 2 453 457.6
44. Total Production Costs
► Total product cost consists of Manufacturing Costs and General
Expenses.
Assumptions
► Cost of utilities is 10% of direct costs
► Maintenance and repair cost 5% of Fixed Capital investment
► Operating labour and supervision costs 10% of direct costs
► Laboratory and Other Service Costs is 10% of direct costs
► Miscellaneous 10% of maintenance costs
► Capital Charges is 10% of total fixed capital
► Insurance was assumed to be 30% of the total fixed capital
45. Total Production Costs
► Total fixed costs = $1 200 706
► Total variable costs = $198 135
► Total plant overheads = $196 276.5
► General Expenses = $ 79 755.95
► Therefore, the total manufacturing cost = $ 1 595 117.5
Sales Revenue
► Annual production = 384 ton/year
► Production cost /ton = $4 361.64 per ton
► Assuming a profit margin of 50%
► The selling price = $6 542.47 per tone
► Gross Income = $ 837 436.92
► Let the Tax rate be 10% of Gross income
► Net Profit = $ 753 693.23
46. Profitability evaluation
► Payback period = 3.4years
► Return on investment = 29.7 %
Breakeven Analysis
► From the break-even we need to sell 1 022.7 tonnes to start making
profits.
48. CONCLUSION
► Process design and equipment design for a plant that produces grease
was successfully done.
► Experimental work was carried out to depict optimum process
conditions for the production of grease.
► The results from the experiments were used in the mass and energy
balances and these were then used to design the process and
equipment.
► An environmental impact assessment was done. Mitigation measures
for all negative impacts were prescribed.
► A detailed financial analysis was carried out with the results proving
the project is economically feasible.
► The project has a Return on Investment 29.7% and a Payback period of
3.4 years.
► It can be concluded that it is possible to produce 1000kg/day of
lubricating grease from gypsum, waste oil and saponifiable fats
obtained from tannery waste fleshings.
49. RECOMMENDATIONS
► The yield of grease can be improved through further studies on process
operating conditions
► Further studies should be done to maximize yield of grease and also to
increase the bonding of waste oil and gypsum thickener.
► Further utilization of fleshing that have been removed fat from them since
it’s still waste that is not environmental friendly.
50. REFERENCES
► Bai, P., Li, S., Tao, D., Jia, W., Meng, Y. and Tian, Y., 2018. Tribological properties
of liquid-metal galinstan as novel additive in lithium grease. Tribology International.
► Baum, M.W., ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Co, 2014. High viscosity index
PAO with polyurea thickeners in grease compositions. U.S. Patent 8,772,210.
► Bryant, W.C and Frost .Jr Harold Frost “Grease and grease base U.S.patent
2,594,286
► Cárdenas-Escudero, C., Morales-Flórez, V., Pérez-López, R., Santos, A. and
Esquivias, L., 2011. Procedure to use phosphogypsum industrial waste for mineral
CO2 sequestration. Journal of
► Coppos, A.R.R., Kahn, S. and Borges, L.E., 2018. Biofuels production by thermal
cracking of soap from brown grease. Industrial Crops and Products, 112, pp.561-568
► Dai, Y., Niu, W., Zhang, X., Xu, H. and Dong, J., 2017. Tribological Investigation of
Layered Zirconium Phosphate in Anhydrous Calcium Grease. Lubricants, 5(3), p.22.
► El-Didamony, H., Gado, H.S., Awwad, N.S., Fawzy, M.M. and Attallah, M.F., 2013.
Treatment of phosphogypsum waste produced from phosphate ore processing.
Journal of hazardous materials, 244, pp.596-602