The nanotechnology aided applications have the potential to change agricultural production by allowing better management and conservation of inputs of plant and animal production. Several nanotechnology applications for agricultural production for developing countries within next 10 years has been predicted (Salamanca–Buentella et al., 2005).
Nanoparticles helps in Controlling the Plant Diseases, application of agricultural fertilizers, pesticides, antibiotics, and nutrients is typically by spray or drench application to soil or plants, or through feed or injection systems to animals. In this context, nanotechnologies offer a great opportunity to develop new products against pests (Caraglia et al., 2011). Nanoscale devices are envisioned that would have the capability to detect and treat an infection, nutrient deficiency, or other health problem, long before symptoms were evident at the macro-scale. The overall goal of this Nanoparticles is to reduce the number of unnecessary problems in agriculture (Thomas et al., 2011). In the management aspects, efforts are made to increase the efficiency of applied fertilizer with the help of nano clays and zeolites and restoration of soil fertility by releasing fixed nutrients (Dongling Qiao, et al., 2016). Nanoherbicides are being developed to address the problems in perennial weed management and exhausting weed seed bank. Bioanalytical Nanosensors are utilized to detect and quantify minute amounts of contaminants like viruses bacteria, toxins bio-hazardous substances etc. in agriculture and food systems (Tothill EI, 2011).
In this way, nanotechnology can be used as an innovative tool for delivering agrochemicals safely. More research should be done on the potential adverse effects of nanomaterials on human health, crops and the environmental safety. It is a challenge to Government and private sector as they have to ensure the acceptance of Nano foods. For it to flourish, continuous funding and understanding on the part of policy makers and science administrators, along with reasonable expectations, would be crucial for this promising field.
Application of Nanotechnology in Agriculture with special reference to Pest M...Ramesh Kulkarni
Nanotechnology, a promising field of research opens up in the present decade a wide array of
opportunities in the present decade and is expected to give major impulses to technical innovations in
a variety of industrial sectors in the future.
Here, it is a brief presentation regarding nanofertilizer, in relation to its role in enhancing the use efficiency of concerned nutrient, along with some experimrntal findings. Thank you for ur kind consideration.
Indian agriculture feels the pain of fatigue of green revolution.
In the past 50 years, the fertilizer consumption exponentially increased from 0.5 (1960’s) to 24 million tonnes (2013) that commensurate with four-fold increase in food grain output (254 million tonnes) In order to achieve a target of 300 million tonnes of food grains and to feed the burgeoning population of 1.4 billion in 2025, the country will require 45 million tonnes of nutrients as against a current consumption level of 23 million tonnes. The sustainable agriculture and precision farming both are the urgent issues and hence the suitable agro-technological interventions are essential (e.g., nano and biotechnology) for ensuring the safety and sustainability of relevant production system.
Application of Nanotechnology in Agriculture with special reference to Pest M...Ramesh Kulkarni
Nanotechnology, a promising field of research opens up in the present decade a wide array of
opportunities in the present decade and is expected to give major impulses to technical innovations in
a variety of industrial sectors in the future.
Here, it is a brief presentation regarding nanofertilizer, in relation to its role in enhancing the use efficiency of concerned nutrient, along with some experimrntal findings. Thank you for ur kind consideration.
Indian agriculture feels the pain of fatigue of green revolution.
In the past 50 years, the fertilizer consumption exponentially increased from 0.5 (1960’s) to 24 million tonnes (2013) that commensurate with four-fold increase in food grain output (254 million tonnes) In order to achieve a target of 300 million tonnes of food grains and to feed the burgeoning population of 1.4 billion in 2025, the country will require 45 million tonnes of nutrients as against a current consumption level of 23 million tonnes. The sustainable agriculture and precision farming both are the urgent issues and hence the suitable agro-technological interventions are essential (e.g., nano and biotechnology) for ensuring the safety and sustainability of relevant production system.
role of nanotechnology for crop protection in horticultural cropsgirija kumari
includes contents related to introduction about nanotechnology, nano particles, applications in agriculture and horticulture, crop protection applications and case studies
Use of nanofertilizers on fruit trees contributes effectively to improve the fruit quality and increasing the productivity of trees. It reduces environmental pollution by reducing the amount of fertilizers used, which is positively reflected in the increased economic return of the farmers. When nanofertilizers sprayed at very low concentration on fruit trees, these compounds have had a direct effect by increasing the growth, yield and quality of these fruit crops.
Nano Technology for UG students of AgricultureP.K. Mani
Brief introduction of Nano Science and Nanotechnology at UG level for the students of Agriculture. Smart delivery of Fertilizers pesticides, smart seed, nano biosensors etc dealt.
Somaclonal Variation in Plant tissue culture - Variation in somaclones (somatic cells of plants)
Somaclonal variation # Basis of somaclonal variation # General feature of Somaclonal variations # Types and causes of somaclonal variation # Isolation procedure of somaclones via without in-vitro method and with in-vitro method with their limitations and advantages # Detection of isolated somaclonal variation # Application (with examples respectively related to crop improvement) # Advantages and disadvantages of somaclonal variations.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IZwrkgADM3I
Also watch, Gametoclonal variation slides to understand, how to changes occur in gametoclones of plants.
https://www.slideshare.net/SharmasClasses/gametoclonal-variation
plant Biotechnology: The application of Plant Biotechnology by use of scientific method to manipulate living cells or organisms for practical uses (manipulation and transfer of genetic material).
Nanotechnology and its use in agriculture.pptxshivalika6
Agriculture is the backbone of most developing countries, with more than 60% of the population reliant on it for their livelihood. Agricultural scientists are facing a wide spectrum of challenges such as: stagnation in crop yields, low nutrient use efficiency, declining soil organic matter, multi-nutrient deficiencies, climate change, shrinking arable land and water availability, shortage of labour besides exodus of people from farming.
Traditional farming techniques have attained saturation and are neither able to increase productivity nor able to restore ecosystems damaged by existing technologies. The global requirement of food is increasing gradually.
In spite of immense constraints faced, we need to attain a sustainable growth in agriculture to meet the food security challenges. To address these problems, there is a need to explore one of the frontier technologies such as ‘Nanotechnology’ to precisely detect and deliver the correct quantity of nutrients and pesticides that promote productivity while ensuring environmental safety and higher use efficiency.
role of nanotechnology for crop protection in horticultural cropsgirija kumari
includes contents related to introduction about nanotechnology, nano particles, applications in agriculture and horticulture, crop protection applications and case studies
Use of nanofertilizers on fruit trees contributes effectively to improve the fruit quality and increasing the productivity of trees. It reduces environmental pollution by reducing the amount of fertilizers used, which is positively reflected in the increased economic return of the farmers. When nanofertilizers sprayed at very low concentration on fruit trees, these compounds have had a direct effect by increasing the growth, yield and quality of these fruit crops.
Nano Technology for UG students of AgricultureP.K. Mani
Brief introduction of Nano Science and Nanotechnology at UG level for the students of Agriculture. Smart delivery of Fertilizers pesticides, smart seed, nano biosensors etc dealt.
Somaclonal Variation in Plant tissue culture - Variation in somaclones (somatic cells of plants)
Somaclonal variation # Basis of somaclonal variation # General feature of Somaclonal variations # Types and causes of somaclonal variation # Isolation procedure of somaclones via without in-vitro method and with in-vitro method with their limitations and advantages # Detection of isolated somaclonal variation # Application (with examples respectively related to crop improvement) # Advantages and disadvantages of somaclonal variations.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IZwrkgADM3I
Also watch, Gametoclonal variation slides to understand, how to changes occur in gametoclones of plants.
https://www.slideshare.net/SharmasClasses/gametoclonal-variation
plant Biotechnology: The application of Plant Biotechnology by use of scientific method to manipulate living cells or organisms for practical uses (manipulation and transfer of genetic material).
Nanotechnology and its use in agriculture.pptxshivalika6
Agriculture is the backbone of most developing countries, with more than 60% of the population reliant on it for their livelihood. Agricultural scientists are facing a wide spectrum of challenges such as: stagnation in crop yields, low nutrient use efficiency, declining soil organic matter, multi-nutrient deficiencies, climate change, shrinking arable land and water availability, shortage of labour besides exodus of people from farming.
Traditional farming techniques have attained saturation and are neither able to increase productivity nor able to restore ecosystems damaged by existing technologies. The global requirement of food is increasing gradually.
In spite of immense constraints faced, we need to attain a sustainable growth in agriculture to meet the food security challenges. To address these problems, there is a need to explore one of the frontier technologies such as ‘Nanotechnology’ to precisely detect and deliver the correct quantity of nutrients and pesticides that promote productivity while ensuring environmental safety and higher use efficiency.
Modern Prospects of Nano science and their advancement in plant disease manag...sunilsuriya1
Standing tall in the face of adversity: Nanotechnology's rise in plant disease management
Plant diseases pose a significant threat to global food security, causing substantial crop losses every year. Traditional methods of disease control, while effective in some cases, often rely on broad-spectrum chemical pesticides that can harm the environment and human health. In recent years, a revolutionary approach has emerged: nanotechnology.
Nanotechnology, the manipulation of materials at the atomic and molecular level, holds immense promise for revolutionizing plant disease management. Its unique properties and potential applications offer exciting possibilities, including:
Targeted delivery: Nanoparticles can be designed to specifically target pathogens, minimizing harm to beneficial organisms and the environment.
Enhanced efficacy: By delivering active ingredients directly to the site of infection, nanoparticles can improve the effectiveness of existing disease control methods.
Reduced environmental impact: Nanotechnology offers opportunities to develop more environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional pesticides.
Early disease detection: Nanosensors can be used to rapidly and accurately detect plant diseases at their earliest stages, allowing for prompt intervention.
This introduction provides a brief overview of the potential of nanotechnology in plant disease management, highlighting its potential to be a game-changer in the fight against food security threats. As research continues to advance, we can expect even more exciting developments in this field, paving the way for a more sustainable and productive future for agriculture.
Revolutionizing Plant Protection:- Nanotech Innovation for precision insect p...academickushal83
Title: Revolutionizing Plant Protection: Nanotech Innovation for Precision Insect Pest Control in Agriculture
Introduction:
Insect pests threaten global agriculture, necessitating efficient pest management methods. Nanotechnology offers a promising solution by utilizing nanoparticles for precise and eco-friendly pest control.
Understanding Nanotechnology in Agriculture:
Nanotechnology manipulates materials at the nanoscale, offering potential for improving crop production, including pest management, nutrient delivery, and soil health.
Precision Insect Pest Control:
Nanotechnology enables precise targeting of pests while minimizing harm to beneficial organisms. Nanoparticle-based formulations deliver insecticidal compounds with enhanced stability and controlled release.
Biopesticides and Nanotechnology:
Nanotechnology enhances the efficacy of biopesticides by encapsulating them for targeted delivery, reducing off-target effects and environmental impact.
Smart Nanomaterials for Pest Monitoring and Control:
Advanced nanomaterials enable real-time monitoring and targeted pest control through nanosensors and stimuli-responsive properties.
Challenges and Considerations:
Addressing concerns such as nanoparticle toxicity, environmental impact, and regulatory approval is crucial for responsible deployment of nanotechnology in agriculture.
Conclusion:
Nanotechnology offers a transformative approach to insect pest control in agriculture, with potential benefits for ecosystems and human health. Overcoming challenges is essential to harnessing its full potential and ensuring global food security.
Nanotechnology: Understanding the Applications in Nutrition Science Neelakshi Tanima
How different atoms can be arranged in a way which decides how strong or weak it would be?
When we modify materials at their atomic and molecular level, some very unusual and useful properties are generated. Since the dimensions of atoms and molecule are in nanometers, this technology is called nanotechnology.
Multiple institutions like Department on Information Technology (DoIT), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research(CSIR) and Department of Biotechnology (DBT) provided the funding to researchers, scholars and projects.
National Centers for Nanofabrication and Nanoelectronics were started in Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore and Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai.
Nanotechnology has the potential to impact many aspects of food and agricultural systems. Food security, disease treatment delivery methods, new tools for molecular and cellular biology, new materials for pathogen detection, and protection of the environment are examples of the important links of nanotechnology to the science and engineering of agriculture and food systems.
But NANOTECHNOLOGY also have shortcomings like:
Free Radical formation aggravation
Nutrient Toxicity
Unnatural in nature, so the effects can’t be stated
Transition of nano particles in placenta in pregnant mothers and effects on breast milk quality
DNA or Biological changes due to prolong intake of nanoparticles
Mercury, titanium oxide, metal toxicity or poisoning
Interaction of nanoparticles with each other and with in the body
Degradability
Financial effects or Affordability to general population
Applicability: As they say….One size doesn’t fit all
These can be taken care of by assuring Safety, Regulatory compliance and Affordability.
1. STABILITY OF MALE STERILE LINES - ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE ON STERILITY - EGMS - TYPES AND INFLUENCE ON THEIR EXPRESSION, GENETIC STUDIES.
2. PHOTO SENSITIVE GENETIC MALE STERILITY AND ITS USES IN HETEROSIS BREEDING
3. TEMPERATURE SENSITIVE GENETIC MALE STERILITY AND ITS USES IN HETEROSIS BREEDING
FERTILITY RESTORATION IN MALE STERILE LINES AND RESTORER DIVERSIFICATION PROG...Rachana Bagudam
1. FERTILITY RESTORATION IN MALE STERILE LINES AND RESTORER DIVERSIFICATION PROGRAMMES.
2. CONVERSION OF AGRONOMICALLY IDEAL GENOTYPES INTO MALE STERILES.
3. GENERATING NEW CYTONUCLEAR INTERACTION SYSTEM FOR DIVERSIFICATION OF MALE STERILES.
Gene stacking is a type of gene cloning that refers to the process of combining two or more genes of interest into a single plant. The emerging combined traits from this process are called stacked traits. A genetically engineered crop variety that bears stacked traits is called a biotech stack or simply stack.
Heterotic group “is a group of related or unrelated genotypes from the same or different populations, which display similar combining ability and heterotic response when crossed with genotypes from other genetically distinct germplasm groups.”
Ozone depletion and UV radiations leading to increased ionizing radiations an...Rachana Bagudam
The Earth’s atmosphere is divided into several layers. The lowest region, the troposphere, extends from the Earth’s surface up to about 10 kilometres (km) in altitude. Virtually all human activities occur in the troposphere. Mt. Everest, the tallest mountain on the planet, is only about 9 km high. The next layer, the stratosphere, continues from 10 km to about 50 km. Most commercial airline traffic occurs in the lower part of the stratosphere. For nearly a billion years, ozone molecules in the atmosphere have protected life on Earth from the effects of ultraviolet rays. It is a form of oxygen (O2). We all know that, oxygen we need to live and breathe. Normal oxygen consists of two oxygen atoms. Ozone, however, consists of three oxygen atoms and has the chemical formula O3.
A new era of genomics for plant science research has opened due the complete genome sequencing projects of Arabidopsis thaliana and rice. The sequence information available in public database has highlighted the need to develop genome scale reverse genetic strategies for functional analysis (Till et al., 2003). As most of the phenotypes are obscure, the forward genetics can hardly meet the demand of a high throughput and large-scale survey of gene functions. Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genome TILLING is a general reverse genetic technique that combines chemical mutagenesis with PCR based screening to identity point mutations in regions of interest (McCallum et al., 2000). This strategy works with a mismatch-specific endonuclease to detect induced or natural DNA polymorphisms in genes of interest. A newly developed general reverse genetic strategy helps to locate an allelic series of induced point mutations in genes of interest. It allows the rapid and inexpensive detection of induced point mutations in populations of physically or chemically mutagenized individuals. To create an induced population with the use of physical/chemical mutagens is the first prerequisite for TILLING approach. Most of the plant species are compatible with this technique due to their self-fertilized nature and the seeds produced by these plants can be stored for long periods of time (Borevitz et al., 2003). The seeds are treated with mutagens and raised to harvest M1 plants, which are consequently, self-fertilized to raise the M2 population. DNA extracted from M2 plants is used in mutational screening (Colbert et al., 2001). To avoid mixing of the same mutation only one M2 plant from each M1 is used for DNA extraction (Till et al., 2007). The M3 seeds produce by selfing the M2 progeny can be well preserved for long term storage. Ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) has been extensively used as a chemical mutagen in TILLING studies in plants to generate mutant populations, although other mutagens can be effective. EMS produces transitional mutations (G/C, A/T) by alkylating G residues which pairs with T instead of the conservative base pairing with C (Nagy et al., 2003). It is a constructive approach for users to attempt a range of chemical mutagens to assess the lethality and sterility on germinal tissue before creating large mutant populations.
The term balanced tertiary trisomic has three words of which (1) “trisomic” indicates the presence of extra chromosome, (2) “tertiary” indicates that the extra chromosome is a trans-located chromosome, and (3) “balanced” refers to the breeding behaviour of the trisomic.
Ramage defined the BTT as a tertiary trisomic constructed in such a way that the dominant allele of a marker gene, closely linked with the translocation breakpoint of the extra chromosome is carried on the extra chromosome, and the recessive allele is carried on the two normal chromosomes that constitute the diploid complement. The dominant marker gene may be located on the centromere segment or the trans-located segment of the extra chromosome.
The concept of gene for gene hypothesis was first developed by Flor in 1956 based on his studies of host pathogen interaction in flax, for rust caused by Melampsora lini. The gene for gene hypothesis states that for each gene controlling resistance in the host, there is corresponding gene controlling pathogenicity in the pathogen. The resistance of host is governed by dominant genes and virulence of pathogen by recessive genes. The genotype of host and pathogen determine the disease reaction. When genes in host and pathogen match for all loci, then only the host will show susceptible reaction. If some gene loci remain unmatched, the host will show resistant reaction. Now gene – for –gene relationship has been reported in several other crops like potato, sorghum, wheat, etc. The gene for gene hypothesis is also known as “Flor Hypothesis.”
Plants are continually exposed to harsh environmental conditions which is life- threatening for their survival. Drought is one of the major environmental constraints that highly affect plant growth and productivity worldwide. Osmotic stress due to limited availability of water during drought lead to the inhibition of photosynthesis which ultimately affect plant growth, yield and productivity. As sessile in nature, plants cannot escape from such adverse situations. Hence, to cope up with these adverse situations, plants have developed a complex array of adaptive strategies including intricate regulation of cellular, physiological, biochemical and metabolic processes to avoid or tolerate cellular dehydration. Under limited water availability, stomata plays an essential role to check water loss due to transpiration. In addition, upon perception of stress signal, a wide range of signaling cascade has been activated which ultimately initiates the expression of stress-responsive genes in a timely and coordinated manner. Abscisic acid (ABA), the universal stress hormone, highly accumulated under stress condition, also plays an important role in stress adaptation including stomatal closure and expression of stress-responsive genes. In recent times, whole genome sequencing analysis of different plants reveals that a large family of genes is expressed under different types of abiotic stresses that are involved in defense-related pathways. These genes can be grouped into three categories, genes involving recognition of osmotic stress, signal perception, and transduction and production of stress-adaptive components for physiological responses.
Stability analysis and G*E interactions in plantsRachana Bagudam
Gene–environment interaction is when two different genotypes respond to environmental variation in different ways. Stability refers to the performance with respective to environmental factors overtime within given location. Selection for stability is not possible until a biometrical model with suitable parameters is available to provide criteria necessary to rank varieties / breeds for stability. Different models of stability are discussed.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
2. through the slides..
• Introduction
• Definition
• Timeline
• Nano materials
• Approaches used
• Applications of Nanotechnology
• Nanotechnology in INDIA
• Case studies
• Disadvantages of nanotechnology
• Future prospectives
4. Nano scale:
From the Greek nanos -
meaning "dwarf”,
this prefix is used in the
metric system to mean
10-9
or
1/1,000,000,000.
INTRODUCTION
5.
6. Nanotechnology
isthe study of
manipulating matter
onan atomicscale.
A Nanometer is
one billionth of a
meter, roughly
the width of three
or four atoms. The
average human
hair is about
25,000
nanometers wide.
7. ~ 2000 Years
Ago
Sulfide nanocrystals used by Greeks and Romans to dye hairs
~ 1000 Years
Ago
Gold nanoparticles of different sizes used to produce different colors in
stained glass windows
1959 “There’s is plenty of room at the bottom” by R. Feynman
1974 Taniguchi used the term nanotechnology for the first time
1981 IBM develops Scanning Tunneling Microscope
1985 “Buckyball” - Scientists at Rice University and University of Sussex discover
C60
1986 • “Engines of Creation” - First book on nanotechnology by K. Eric Drexler.
• Atomic Force Microscope invented by Binnig, Quate and Gerbe
1991 Carbon nanotube discovered by Sumio Iijima
2000 “National Nanotechnology Initiative” launched
(British Standards Institution, 2005)
Time Line of Nanotechnology
9. Changes in properties
Bulk scale Nano scale
Si Insulator Conductor
Cu Opaque Transparent
TiO2 White colour colorless
Au Chemically inert Chemically active
Small size (1-100nm)
Large surface to volume ratio
High activity
Change in the chemical and physical properties with respect to
size and shape
CHARACTERISTICS OF NANOPARTICLES
Trivedi, 2008
10. • Nanoparticles are generated
naturally by erosion, fires,
volcanoes and marine wave
action.
• Nanoparticles are also
produced by human activities
such as coal combustion,
vehicle exhaust and weathering
rubber tires.
Engineered NPs (ENPs):
Nanomaterials that are
intentionally produced and
designed with specific
properties related to their
shape, size, surface properties,
and chemistry.
11. Types of Nanoparticles or Engineered NPs
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs):
Allotropes of carbon that have a cylindrical
nanostructure with diameters ranging from <1
nm to 50 nm.
They are categorized as either single-walled
nanotubes (SWNTs) or multi-walled
nanotubes (MWNTs).
CNT used to deliver desired molecules into
the seeds during germination so as to protect
them from the diseases.
Magnetic NPs:
NPs that contain magnetic materials of
elements such as Fe, Ni, Co and their chemical
compounds and used for targeted delivery
using magnetic field gradients.
12. Mesoporous silica NPs (MSNs):
NPs that comprises of a honeycomb-like
porous structure with pore size and
outer particle diameter in the nanometer
range.
This type of NP has hundreds of empty
channels that are capable of
encapsulating or absorbing large
amounts of agrochemicals or bioactive
molecules.
Quantum dots (QDs):
Tiny particles or nanocrystals of a
semiconductor material with diameters
ranging from 2 to 10 nm.
This type of NP can produce a
distinctive fluorescence that can be used
for sub-cellular labelling and imaging.
13. Mesoporous Carbon nanotube Gold nanoparcle Quantum
dot Magnetic nanoparcle silica nanoparticle
Pesticide/herbicide
Fertilizer
DNA
Protein
Activator
Release ‘on demand’
Target-specific delivery
In vivo labeling and imaging
Quantum dot
Fluorescent molecule
Nano carriers Engineered nanoparticle
Carg
o
14. Approaches in Nanotechnology
Top-downApproach
Creating Nano-scale materials
by physically or chemically
breaking down larger materials
Bottom-up Approach
Assembling Nano materials
atom-by-atom or molecule-by
molecule (self assembling)
15.
16. Nanomaterials and Agriculture
•
There has been significant interest in using nanotechnology in
agriculture.
The goals fall into several categories
Increase production rates and yield
Increase efficiency of resource utilization
Minimize waste production
Nano-based treatment of agricultural waste
Nanosensors
Specific applications include:Nano-
fertilizers, Nano-pesticides
21
17.
18.
19.
20.
21. • Herbicides inside nano particles are
developed that can be timed-released
or have release linked to an
environmental trigger .
• Less herbicide is required to achieve
the weed reduction.
• If the active ingredient is combined
with a smart delivery system, herbicide
will be applied only when necessary
according to the conditions present in
the field.
22. • Use of nanoscale nutrients to suppress crop
disease.
• Amendment protocols necessary to maximize plant
health often vary with the level of infection or
absence of the pathogen.
• Micronutrients are critical in the
defense against crop disease, with
tissue infection inducing a cascade
of reactions commonly resulting in
the production of inhibitory
secondary metabolites.
23. Precision farming
• Bio-Nanotechnology has designed sensors
which give increased sensitivity and earlier
response to environmental changes and linked
into GPS .
• These monitor soil conditions and crop growth
over vast areas. Such sensors have already
been employed in US and Australia
24. • Nano sensors with immobilized bio receptor probes that
are selective for target analyzing molecules .
• Nano-sensors are used to determine the time of crop
harvest, detect crop health and determine microbial or
chemical contamination of the crop.
25. • Nano sensors used to diagnose disease caused
by infecting soil microorganisms, such as
viruses, bacteria and fungi via the quantitative
measurement of differential oxygen
consumption in the respiration (relative activity)
of good microbes and bad microbes in the soil.
(Rai et al., 2012).
26. • Adsorption of nano particles on the clay lattice
prevents fixation of nutrient ions and there by
nutrients brought to the solution.
• Further, nano particles prevent the freely mobile
nutrient ions to get precipitated.
• This process helps to reduce loss of nutrients
while improving fertilizer use efficiency of crops.
27. Bioplastic formulation has been evaluated for use
in film-coating seeds
Bioplastic seed coating was achieved using
procedures and equipment designed for
commercial polymer film-coating of tablets.
Germination of species is unaffected by the thin
bioplastic coating.
Bioplastic coatings contains spores of the plant-
growth promoting fungus, Trichoderma
harzianum, significantly stimulated the growth of
plants.
28.
29. Gene delivery systems are an important area in the
field of Genetic Engineering and nanomedicine.
Possible vectors include viral “shells” or lipid spheres
(Liposomes), which have properties that allow them
to be incorporated into host cells.
Types of gene transfer:
• Polymer based gene transfer
• Liposome gene transfer
• Biobeads gene transfer (Micrometer-
sized calcium alginate beads)
30.
31. Nano scale devices are envisioned that would have the
capability to detect and treat diseases, nutrient
deficiencies in crop long before symptoms were visually
exhibited.
Smart delivery system for agriculture can possess
timely controlled, spatially targeted, self regulated,
remotely regulated, pre-programmed or multi-functional
characteristics to avoid biological barriers to successful
targeting.
32. NANOFOODS
The food, which is produced
using
nanotechnology called
NANOFOOD (fast-
food, bread, ice-cream etc.)
33. Using materials
Nanotechnologies use a lot of materials in
packaging, such as titanium dioxide, silver,
zinc, silicon dioxide, platinum;
vitamins, minerals, preservatives, probiotics,
bioactive peptides, antioxidants, plant sterols
in food processing.
34.
35. Future Nano Food and Agriculture
• Interactive and
personalised foods
• Edible nano wrappers
• Chemical release
packaging
• Interactive
agrochemicals
• Nano manipulation of
seeds
• More ‘nutraceuticals’
36. Nanotechnology Development in India
National Mission on Nanoscience and Technology
(Nan Mission) launched in May 2007.
The other research centers of nano technology
are:
I. Defence Research and Development
Organization (DRDO)
II. Department of Atomic Energy (DAE)
III. Indian Council of Agriculture Research (ICAR)
IV. Indian Institute of Science (IISC)
37.
38. • Reddy, Ch Bhargava Rami and Subramanian, K.S.
(2016).
• Asian J. Soil Sci., 11 (1) : 51-57 : DOI :
10.15740/HAS/AJSS/11.1/51-57.
Synthesis and characterization of
nano amendment for effective
remediation of soil acidity.
39. ABSTRACT
• Industrialization and climate change had
increased soil acidity which deteriorated the soil
health and reduced crop productivity through
release of toxic concentrations of Hydrogen,
Aluminium, Manganese and Iron.
• Liming of acid soils that changes the pH from 5.5
to 6.5, rectifies the adverse effects and also
improves the soil fertility.
• In order to optimize the rate of lime used, Nano
technological approach was used.
40. • Naturally available micro-size calcium carbonate
particles were used for synthesis of nano-crystals
through top down approach.
• Nano-crystalline lime particles were synthesized using a
high energy ball milling at dry conditions with milling
speed (600 rpm), duration (6 hours) and balls to powder
ratio was set as (1:10), respectively.
• Surface modification of ball milled sample was done
using a biodegradable polymer (Chitosan 1% in acetic
acid) as 2:1 W/V (nano-lime: Chitosan) basis with
continuous stir for 30 minutes.
• After surface modification nano-lime was dried and
powdered for further characterisation.
44. CONCLUSION
• Synthesized calcium carbonate nano
crystalline particles were environment
friendly.
• Reduced particle size and increased surface
area has offered an opportunity for
reclamation of soil acidity as an amendment
and can be scaled up for agricultural
production.
45. • Lorenzo Rossi, Weilan Zhang, Xingmao Ma.
• Environmental Pollution 229 (2017) 132e138.
Cerium oxide nano particles alter the salt
stress tolerance of Brassica napus L. by
modifying the formation of root apoplastic
barriers.
46. ABSTRACT
• Rapid advancement of nanotechnology is introducing more and
more engineered nanoparticles into the environment and in
agricultural soils.
• While some negative effects of ENPs on plant health at very high
concentrations have been reported, more beneficial effects of
ENPs at relatively low concentrations are increasingly noticed,
opening doors for potential applications of nanotechnology in
agriculture.
• In particular, they found that cerium oxide nanoparticles
(CeO2NPs) improved plant photosynthesis in salt stressed plants.
• Due to the close connections between salt stress tolerance and
the root anatomical structures, they have postulated that CeO2
NPs could modify plant root anatomy and improve plant salt
stress tolerance.
47. • This study aimed at testing the hypothesis
with Brassica napus in the presence of CeO2
NPs (0, 500 mg kg1 dry sand) and/or NaCl (0,
50 mM) in a growth chamber.
• Free hand sections of fresh roots were taken
every seven days for three weeks and the
suberin lamellae development was examined
under a fluorescence microscope.
48. Root anatomical analyses of Brassica napus plants exposed to CeO2NPs at 500 mg kg1 dry
sand and 50 mM NaCl. Measurements took place at the end of first week (T1), end
of second week (T2) and end of third week (T3). A) Fluorescence microscopy imagines of
endodermal suberin lamellae (yellow). B) Schematic representation of endodermal suberin
lamellae. Dot lines represent standard deviation (n ¼ 3).
49. Cerium and sodium in roots (A, C) and leaves (B, D) of Brassica napus plants exposed to
CeO2NPs at 500 mg kg1 dry sand and 50 mM NaCl. Measurements took place at the
end of first week (T1), end of second week (T2) and end of third week (T3). Means followed by
different letters are significantly different by Tukey's post-hoc test (p < 0.05). Error
bars represent the standard deviation (n= 3).
50. CONCLUSION
• The results confirmed the hypothesis that CeO2
NPs modified the formation of the apoplastic
barriers in Brassica roots.
• In salt stressed plants, CeO2NPs shortened the
root apoplastic barriers which allowed more Na+
transport to shoots and less accumulation of Na+
in plant roots.
• The altered Na+ fluxes and transport led to
better physiological performance of Brassica and
may lead to new applications of nanotechnology
in agriculture.
51. • Priyanka Solanki, Arpit Bhargava, Hemraj Chhipa, Navin Jain
and Jitendra Panwar.
• Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 M. Rai et al.
(eds.), Nanotechnologies in Food and Agriculture,
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-14024-7_4
Nano fertilizers and their
Smart delivery system.
52. ABSTRACT
• Widespread existence of nutrient deficiency in soils
and large scale application of chemical fertilizers has
resulted in great economic loss for farmers.
• Advancement in nanotechnology has improved ways
for large-scale production of nanoparticles, which are
now used to improve fertilizer formulations for
increased uptake in plant cells and by minimizing
nutrient loss.
• Nano-fertilizers can precisely release their active
ingredients in responding to environmental triggers
and biological demands.
• Nanoparticles have high surface area, absorption
capacity and controlled-release kinetics to targeted
sites making them “smart delivery system.”
53. Uptake, translocation, and biotransformation pathway of various nanoparticles in a plant
system: (a) plant showing the selective uptake and translocation of nanoparticles; (b)
transverse cross section of the root absorption zone showing the differential nanoparticle
interaction on exposure.
54. Probable modes of cellular uptake of the nanoparticles in a plant cell.
55. CONCLUSIONS
• Nanostructured materials as fertilizer carrier or
controlled-release vectors can enhance the nutrient
use efficiency and reduce the cost of environmental
pollution.
• However, the uptake, translocation and fate of
nanoparticles in plant system are largely unknown
resulting in the rise of various ethical and safety
issues surrounding the use of nano-fertilizers in
plant productivity.
• A systematic and thorough quantitative analysis
regarding the potential health impacts,
environmental clearance and safe disposal of
nanomaterials can lead to improvements in
designing further applications of nano-fertilizers.
56. • Jhones Luiz de Oliveira, Estefania Vangelie Ramos Campos,
Mansi Bakshi, P.C. Abhilash, Leonardo Fernandes Fraceto (2014).
• Biotechnology Advances 32 (2014) 1550-1561
Application of nanotechnology
for encapsulation of botanical
insecticides for sustainable
agriculture: Prospects and
Promises
57. ABSTRACT
• The use of nanotechnology in combination with
botanical insecticides in order to develop
systems for pest control in agriculture.
• The botanical insecticides include those based
on active principles isolated from plant extracts,
as well as essential oils derived from certain
plants.
• Novelty aspects in use of these systems in
agrochemical applications.
58.
59.
60. o The use of botanical insecticides associated with
nanotechnology offers considerable potential for increasing
agricultural productivity, while at the same time reducing
impacts on the environment and human health.
o The strategy of the use of nanotechnology is interesting,
since it can help to mitigate adverse impacts of
agrochemicals on the environment and to the human
health.
o The main difficulties that need to be addressed before this
technology can be fully commercialized includes the issue of
scalability of nanocarrier production, as well as the
production of extracts, essential oils and isolated active
principles in the quantities required to control agricultural
pests.
CONCLUSION
61. Disadvantages of Nanotechnology
• Possible loss of jobs in the traditional farming and
manufacturing industry.
• Nano particles effect on biological systems and the environment
such as toxicity generated by free radicals leading to lipid
peroxidation and DNA damage.
• High concentration of nanosilica silver produced some chemical
injuries on the tested plants (cucumber leaves and pansy
flowers).
• Problems can actually arise from the inhalation of these minute
particles, much like the problems a person gets from inhaling
minute asbestos particles.
• Presently, nanotechnology is very expensive and developing it
can cost you a lot of money. It is also pretty difficult to
manufacture.
• Extremely high doses of these materials are associated with
fibrotic lung responses and result in inflammation and an
increased risk of carcinogenesis.
62. Future Prospectives
• Nanotechnology requires a detailed understanding of science
and material technology, in combination with knowledge of
the agricultural production system.
• We could say that the prospects of nanotechnology are very
bright.
• More studies are needed to explore the mode of action of
NP’s, their interaction with biomolecules and their impact on
the regulation of gene expression in plants.
• More research should be done on the potential adverse
effects of nanomaterials on human health, crops and the
environmental safety.
• Nanotechnology will be an undeniable force in near future.
