This document discusses water and fertilizer management using micro irrigation. It notes that India's net irrigated area is 70 million hectares and the estimated potential for micro irrigation is 69.5 million hectares. Micro irrigation can save 347 million cubic meters of water and Rs. 105 crores in fertilizer per year by converting 1 lakh hectares to micro irrigation. The document discusses various micro irrigation techniques like drip and sprinkler irrigation and their status in India. It also discusses the benefits of fertigation, which is applying fertilizers through irrigation systems. Various studies on the effects of fertigation on crops like banana, guava, roses and vegetables are summarized.
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Soil moisture distribution pattern under surface subsurface drip irrigationArpna bajpai
Moisture distribution pattern is one of the basic requirements for efficient design and management of an irrigation system. The knowledge of moisture distribution pattern helps in the effectiveness of drip irrigation
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Water scarcity and the increasing global demand for water in many sectors, including agriculture, has became a global concern. The rapid growing world population and the adverse impacts of climate change led to growing competition for water use by industrial and urban users for agriculture to secure enough food. Irrigated agriculture is an important role in total agriculture and provides humanity with a wide range of agricultural products, including fruits, vegetables, grains and cereals. Effective management for water use is the only way to save water for the increasing irrigated agriculture.
related to different fertigation systems used in crop..
INTRODUCTION
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF FERTIGATION
OBJECTIVES OF FERTIGATION IN MICROIRRIGATION
DOSIFICATION
FERTILIZER INJECTION METHODS
- PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL
- VACUUM INJECTION
- PUMP INJECTION
Soil moisture distribution pattern under surface subsurface drip irrigationArpna bajpai
Moisture distribution pattern is one of the basic requirements for efficient design and management of an irrigation system. The knowledge of moisture distribution pattern helps in the effectiveness of drip irrigation
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Former AICTE Emeritus Professor
L.V. Kumar
Former Director, Central Water Commission Former General Manager, WAPC
9.Fertigation a method of fertilizer application lets see A Lecture By Mr. Al...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
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Alok K Sikka
International Water Management Institute IWMI Representative‐India, New Delhi
Asia Regional Program Planning Meeting- Water scarcity and low water use effi...ICRISAT
Water scarcity and the increasing global demand for water in many sectors, including agriculture, has became a global concern. The rapid growing world population and the adverse impacts of climate change led to growing competition for water use by industrial and urban users for agriculture to secure enough food. Irrigated agriculture is an important role in total agriculture and provides humanity with a wide range of agricultural products, including fruits, vegetables, grains and cereals. Effective management for water use is the only way to save water for the increasing irrigated agriculture.
related to different fertigation systems used in crop..
INTRODUCTION
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF FERTIGATION
OBJECTIVES OF FERTIGATION IN MICROIRRIGATION
DOSIFICATION
FERTILIZER INJECTION METHODS
- PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL
- VACUUM INJECTION
- PUMP INJECTION
this slide show is about the various technologies that are used in irrigation today. it has some brief data on various such techniques and also has a few listed advantages and disadvantages.
27 nov16 role_of_tehri_dam_in_increasing_food_production_in_the_command_area...IWRS Society
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describes the irrigation and irrigation requirements of different crops. this ppt also describes about different methods to measure the soil moisture availability.
Presentation delivered by Dr. Robert L. Paarlberg (Professor of Political Science, Wellesley College, USA) at Borlaug Summit on Wheat for Food Security. March 25 - 28, 2014, Ciudad Obregon, Mexico.
http://www.borlaug100.org
26 nov16 water_productivity_in_agricultureIWRS Society
Water Productivity in Agriculture
Sharad K. Jain and Pushpendra K. Singh - Scientists
Water Resources Systems Division,
National Institute of Hydrology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667
Current Research on Nano Urea – Problems & ProspectusAkshay Duddumpudi
The world with a huge increasing population and simultaneous degradation of land by various means is facing a huge hazard in the field of agriculture. The new technology to increase the use efficiency of input is the need of the hour to meet the demand of the huge population. Nano urea is a sustainable option for farmers towards smart agriculture. Nano urea is gaining importance in Indian agriculture in increase nutrient use efficiency, increasing crop yields, and reducing excessive use of synthetic fertilizers (Dutta et al., 2021). The quantity of synthetic urea being applied by the farmers to supply nitrogen for the crops can be successfully reduced to 50% by using nano urea. When compared to bulky nitrogenous fertilisers like urea, nano urea is required in small quantities and also easy to store and transport. Farmers can easily carry bottles of nano urea over bulkier urea bags, which have a substantial influence on relative logistics and warehousing costs (Meena and Verma, 2022). Although nano urea have a great advantage, there are considerable limitations to focus. They include lack of better production facilities and risk management system. It is not recommended as basal dose, only foliar spray due to which spraying cost is more than top dressing /broadcasting cost. Mentality/perception of farmers towards new technologies also play a major role. The government’s policies and support for nano fertilizers will alter Indian agriculture and contribute to its long-term viability. This seminar will help us to understand about nano urea, its significance and problems in usage. Being a country of agriculture background, it is our duty to strengthen the spine of our agriculture technologies. Thus technology like nano urea which could increase the production without compromising crop yield, environment aspects etc. should be welcomed by the agriculture community. Despite aiding in sustainable crop production, limitations of nano urea should be carefully considered.
Nutrient management in kharif fodder crops.pptxanju bala
Livestock production is the backbone of Indian agriculture and plays a vital role in the Indian economy. It contributes 4.11 per cent in gross domestic product (GDP) and 25.6 per cent of total Agriculture gross domestic product (GDP) (Anonymous 2016). In the country about two-third population depends on livestock and allied sectors for livelihood. Livestock provides nutrient rich food products, draught power, dung as organic manure and regular source of cash income for rural farm households. India houses a population of 535.78 million livestock which mainly comprises of 192.49 million cattle, 109.85 million buffaloes, 74.26 million sheep and 148.88 million goats and 9.06 million pigs (Anonymous 2019).
In India the area under pastures and grasslands is 12 million ha (Roy and Singh 2013), and area under cultivated forages is 8.6 million ha (Kumar et al. 2012). All the forage resources are not sufficient to meet the fodder requirement of existing livestock population, hence in the country there is net deficit of 35.6 per cent green fodder, 10.95 per cent of dry fodder and 44 per cent concentrate feed ingredients (Anonymous 2013). Due to the shortage of feed and fodder the productivity of animals is adversely affected. The ever-increasing demand for feed and fodder to sustain the livestock production can be met through increasing the fodder productivity. There is a potential scope for increasing the fodder production in kharif season because irrigation becomes the limiting factor in rabi season. The fodder productivity can be improved by adequate and proper nutrient management. The application of nutrients not only increases the production but also improves the quality of the fodder crop. Therefore, to make the animal husbandry sector more viable and valuable, the efficient nutrient management in fodder crops is the key to improve the quantity as well as quality of the forages. The nitrogen management studies undertaken on sandy loam soils of Ludhiana revealed significant improvement in plant growth characters, green and dry fodder yields of pearl millet with increasing levels of nitrogen (Kaur and Goyal 2019). Kumar et al. (2016) found significantly better results in green and dry fodder yields of cowpea with the application of 60 kg/ha Phosphorus and 20 kg/ha zinc sulphate in Karnal (Haryana). A study conducted in sandy clay loam soils of Udaipur (Rajasthan) conclusively indicated that the application of 125 per cent of recommended dose of fertilizer (80:40:40::N:P2O5:K2O) resulted in better green fodder yield, dry fodder yield and protein content in sorghum (Gurjar et al. 2019). Jamil et al. (2015) observed significantly better growth parameters, fodder yields, crude protein content and nutrient uptake with the application of N @150 kg/ha+ Zn @10 kg/ha in clay loam soils of Bahawalpur, Pakistan.
Nature provides us varies resources that can be put to several meaningful functions to sustain our life on the earth.
But why today are we concerned about resources and its conservation in all across the world? That is because of the alarming levels of resource use and sustainability concerns. Several natural resources such as soil, water, energy, fuel, forest and so many are cornering at a level of being severely decline making the future of human civilization unsustainable. Talking about resource uses, agriculture and industrial sectors are the major consumers of natural resources
Hydropower Development and Management Thinking Ahead - 22-March 2017IWRS Society
National Workshop on
HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT – THINKING AHEAD March 22, 2017
by Department of Water Resources Development & Management and Indian Water Resources Society (IWRS)
Register: http://register.iwrs.in/
CANAL AUTOMATION – TO IMPROVE EFFICIENCY AND EXPAND IRRIGATION AREA COVERAGE
by Prof. Nayan Sharma, WRD&M, IIT Roorkee and
Honorary Professor, University of Nottingham, UK
Many ways to support street children.pptxSERUDS INDIA
By raising awareness, providing support, advocating for change, and offering assistance to children in need, individuals can play a crucial role in improving the lives of street children and helping them realize their full potential
Donate Us
https://serudsindia.org/how-individuals-can-support-street-children-in-india/
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Up the Ratios Bylaws - a Comprehensive Process of Our Organizationuptheratios
Up the Ratios is a non-profit organization dedicated to bridging the gap in STEM education for underprivileged students by providing free, high-quality learning opportunities in robotics and other STEM fields. Our mission is to empower the next generation of innovators, thinkers, and problem-solvers by offering a range of educational programs that foster curiosity, creativity, and critical thinking.
At Up the Ratios, we believe that every student, regardless of their socio-economic background, should have access to the tools and knowledge needed to succeed in today's technology-driven world. To achieve this, we host a variety of free classes, workshops, summer camps, and live lectures tailored to students from underserved communities. Our programs are designed to be engaging and hands-on, allowing students to explore the exciting world of robotics and STEM through practical, real-world applications.
Our free classes cover fundamental concepts in robotics, coding, and engineering, providing students with a strong foundation in these critical areas. Through our interactive workshops, students can dive deeper into specific topics, working on projects that challenge them to apply what they've learned and think creatively. Our summer camps offer an immersive experience where students can collaborate on larger projects, develop their teamwork skills, and gain confidence in their abilities.
In addition to our local programs, Up the Ratios is committed to making a global impact. We take donations of new and gently used robotics parts, which we then distribute to students and educational institutions in other countries. These donations help ensure that young learners worldwide have the resources they need to explore and excel in STEM fields. By supporting education in this way, we aim to nurture a global community of future leaders and innovators.
Our live lectures feature guest speakers from various STEM disciplines, including engineers, scientists, and industry professionals who share their knowledge and experiences with our students. These lectures provide valuable insights into potential career paths and inspire students to pursue their passions in STEM.
Up the Ratios relies on the generosity of donors and volunteers to continue our work. Contributions of time, expertise, and financial support are crucial to sustaining our programs and expanding our reach. Whether you're an individual passionate about education, a professional in the STEM field, or a company looking to give back to the community, there are many ways to get involved and make a difference.
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Presentation by Jared Jageler, David Adler, Noelia Duchovny, and Evan Herrnstadt, analysts in CBO’s Microeconomic Studies and Health Analysis Divisions, at the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists Summer Conference.
ZGB - The Role of Generative AI in Government transformation.pdfSaeed Al Dhaheri
This keynote was presented during the the 7th edition of the UAE Hackathon 2024. It highlights the role of AI and Generative AI in addressing government transformation to achieve zero government bureaucracy
A process server is a authorized person for delivering legal documents, such as summons, complaints, subpoenas, and other court papers, to peoples involved in legal proceedings.
1. Water and Fertilizer Managementg
Using Micro Irrigation
PROF. K.N.TIWARI
Agricultural and Food Engineering Department
Indian Institute of Technology KharagpurIndian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
India
2. Geographical area 329 M ha and 56% area is under agriculture
Net Cultivated area is 172 M ha Net Cultivated area is 172 M ha.
Net Irrigated area is 70 M ha
Estimated potential for MI is 69.5 M hap
Primary sources of irrigation : Surface Water (River, Lake, Ponds etc.)
Ground Water (open well, tube wells, bore wells)
7%
Annual Water Demand by Various Sectors
4%
5% 7%
Source: MoA & Task Force Report on MI
84%
irrigation domestic industry energy
3. Potential: Drip: 27.8 M ha Sprinkler: 42.5 M ha
Status in India as on (31.03.2015)
Drip Irrigation: 3.37 M haDrip Irrigation: 3.37 M ha
Sprinkler Irrigation: 4.38 M ha
By converting 1 lakh land area under micro irrigation
Total water saving - 347 M m3/yrg y
Fertilizer saving - Rs. 105 crores
Saving of 271 lakh kWH of energy per year worth Rs.7
crores by pumping less water
PFDC, AgFE Department, IIT Kharagpur 3
Source: NCPAH, Min. of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Govt. of India
5. Government initiatives for promotion of MI
1985 NCPA constituted
1986-90 PDCs created
VIII Plan Rs. 250 Crores (2.5 Bn)
IX Plan Rs. 375 Crores (3.75 Bn)
2001 NCPAH reconstituted
2004 National Task Force constituted
2005 onwards Micro irrigation scheme & National
Horticulture Mission
2009 N ti l i i Mi i i ti2009 National mission on Micro irrigation
2012-13 NMMI budget Rs. 1500 Crores (15 Bn)
2014 15 PMKSY b d t R 2000 C (20 B )2014-15 PMKSY budget Rs.2000 Crores (20 Bn)
Prof. K.N.Tiwari, AgFE Deptt., IIT
Kharagpur
6. Micro irrigation potential, M ha
SCOPE AND STATUS OF
MICROIRRIGATION IN INDIA
Drip Sprinkler Total
Cereals ‐ 27.6 27.6
Pulses ‐ 7.6 7.6
c o g o po e ,
Oil seeds 3.8 1.1 4.9
Cotton 7.0 1.8 8.8
Vegetables 3.6 2.4 6.0
S i 1 4 1 0 2 4Spices 1.4 1.0 2.4
Flowers ‐ 1.0 1.0
Sugarcane 4.3 ‐ 4.3
Fruits 3.9 ‐ 3.9
Plantation 3.0 ‐ 3.0
Total 27.0 42.5 69.5
7. Micro Irrigation
Drip Irrigation Sprinkler IrrigationDrip Irrigation p g
Point Source Line Source
Thin-walled drip
tape Thick-walled drip
Mini Impact
Micro Sprinkler
Emitters Micro tube
tape Thick walled drip
tape
Micro jets &
Micro Sprayersp y
Foggers
Misters
8. MICRO IRRIGATION
Micro-irrigation: “an irrigation methodMicro irrigation: an irrigation method
that applies water slowly to roots of
plants, by depositing water either on the
soil surface or directly to the root zone,
th h t k f l ithrough a network of valves, pipes,
tubing, emitters.”
Simcha Blass
Overhead laterals Surface palced laterals Sub surface placed laterals Annular space placedPhoto : PFDC, IIT Kharagpur
9. Research AchievementsResearch Achievements –– MI ApplicationsMI Applications
MI in Mango orchard
Integration of MI with rainwaterIntegration of MI with rainwater
harvesting
Automated MI systemy
MI in Greenhouse crops
Photos – PFDC, IIT KharagpurPhotos PFDC, IIT Kharagpur
Communication
port
Communication
lines from sensors
Interfacing
unit
Personal
Computer
Irrigation
pump
From water
source
Solenoid
valve
Communication
line to solenoid
valvesvalves
Sensor
10. Water requirement of different horticultural crops and their response due to drip
irrigation
Crop Water requirement Yield incrementCrop Water requirement
(Litres/ Plant/ day)
Yield increment
due to drip (%)
Mango 16.6 - 47.39 128.00
Guava 11.93 - 34.53 164.00
Banana 4.0-18.6 39.08
Pineapple 1.56 - 5.48 22.81pp
Sapota 16.30 - 36.77 96.70
Litchi 9.30 – 33.21 41.00
Cashew nut 8 20 29 77 46 00Cashew nut 8.20 – 29.77 46.00
Turmeric 0.08 – 0.46 85.10
Cabbage 1.17-1.66 62.44
Cauliflower 0.74-1.35 22.30
Tomato 0.89-2.31 44.10
Okra 0 60 1 90 54 92
10
Okra 0.60-1.90 54.92
Brinjal 0.77-3.39 25.58
Source : PFDC, IIT Kharagpur
11. FERTIGATION
FERTIGATIONFERTIGATION IS THE APPLICATION OF PLANT NUTRIENTS
THROUGH THE IRRIGATION SYSTEM
Chemical FertilizersChemical Fertilizers
THROUGH THE IRRIGATION SYSTEM
Chemical FertilizersChemical Fertilizers
Dissolved inDissolved in
Irrigation SystemIrrigation Systemg yg y
Th l t t i WATERWATER
K
PThe plant roots receive WATERWATER
+ FERTILIZER NUTRIENTS+ FERTILIZER NUTRIENTS at the
same time and location
N
P
1 December 2016PFDC, AgFE Department, IIT Kharagpur
11
12. WHY FERTIGATION
When pressurized irrigation systems are used, fertigation
is not OPTIONAL but ABSOLUTELY NECESSARY
What happens if fertilizers are applied separately from the water?
In drip irrigation only 30% of the soil is wetted by the drippersIn drip irrigation, only ~30% of the soil is wetted by the drippers
Fertilization efficiency decreases because the nutrients will not be
The benefits of irrigation will not be expressed
dissolved in the dry zones where the soil is not wetted
The benefits of irrigation will not be expressed
Therefore, correctly fertigation is the only method
1 December 2016
PFDC, AgFE Department, IIT Kharagpur12
to apply fertilizers to irrigated crops
13. Nitrogenous Fertilizers
F tili N t t ( % ) S l bilit ( /lit )Fertilizer N content ( % ) Solubility (g/liter)
Ammonium sulphate 21 750
Urea 46 1100
Ammonium nitrate 34 1920
Calcium nitrate 15.5 1290
Potassic Fertilizers
Fertilizer K content ( % ) Solubility (g/liter)
P t i l h t 50 110Potassium sulphate 50 110
Potassium chloride 60 340
1 December 2016PFDC, AgFE Department, IIT Kharagpur13
Potassium nitrate 44 133
14. Phosphoric Fertilizers
P+C =C l i h h t (i l bl ) P+Ca=Calcium phosphate (insoluble)
Single super Phosphate
P+Ammonium+Magnesium=Magnesium ammonium P+Ammonium+Magnesium=Magnesium ammonium
phosphate(Insoluble)
P+Iron=Iron phosphate (insoluble)P Iron Iron phosphate (insoluble)
Even good P sources like poly phosphates gets
precipitated if Ca+Mgin water is >50 ppm and
Bicarbonate>150ppm. If Bicarbonate content is
<100ppm, the Ca+ Mg content can go upto 75ppm
15. Micronutrient Fertilizers
Fertilizer content ( % ) Solubility (g/liter)
Solubor 20 B 220
Copper sulphate 25 Cu 320
Iron sulphate 20 Fe 160
Magnesium
sulphate
10 710
A i 54 430Ammonium
molybdate
54 430
Zinc sulphate 36 965
Manganese sulphate 27 1050
1 December 2016PFDC, AgFE Department, IIT Kharagpur15
17. FERTIGATION METHODSFERTIGATION METHODS
Fertilizer Tank (ByFertilizer Tank (By--Pass System)Pass System) Venturi InjectorVenturi Injector Fertigation pumpFertigation pumpFertilizer Tank (ByFertilizer Tank (By--Pass System)Pass System) Venturi InjectorVenturi Injector Fertigation pumpFertigation pump
18. Response of Fertigation on Banana
Crop / Variety : Banana Grand NaineCrop / Variety : Banana, Grand Naine
Treatment: 8 Replication: 3 Design: RBD; No. of Plants per Treatment: 15
Yield Response of BananaYield Response of Banana
Treatment Yield t ha-1
FC RC
T 62 66 47 50
Treatments
T1 62.66 47.50
T2 54.28 45.80
T3 64.49 50.07
T 50 26 42 13
T1– RDF + PM
T2 – RDF
T3 – 0.8 RDF + PM
T4 – 0.8 RDF
T4 50.26 42.13
T5 38.30 40.67
T6 35.12 40.90
T 28 16 39 83
T5– 0.6 RDF + PM
T6 – 0.6 RDF
T7 – 0.4 RDF + PM
T8 – 0.4 RDF
T7 28.16 39.83
T8 24.47 38.57
CD(0.05) 9.27 6.73
18
• Maximum yield : 64.49 t/ha for first crop & 50.07 t/ha for ratoon crop in T3 (0.8 RDF + PM)
• Daily WR: WRInitial 3.13 L/d, WRPeak 12.26 L/d Total WR: 1236 mm with drip irrigation alone 1115 mm for drip irrigation with
plastic mulch; Fertilizer : (160:48:240 N:P205:K20 g plant-1)
• B.C. ratio : 2.56 - T3 (0.8 RDF + PM); 1.07 – for conventional method; Pay back period : 1 years (0.8 RDF + PM)
19. Crop / variety : Guava/ Allahabad Safeda
Response of Fertigation on Guava
Treatment: 6; Replication: 3; Design : RBD; No. of Plants per Treatment: 4
Treatments : T1 – RDF, T2 – 0.80 RDF, T3 – 0.60 RDF, T4 – 0.40 RDF, T5 – FCM & T6 – FC
Yield Response of GuavaYield Response of Guava
Treatment Average fruit
weight (g)
Average no. of
fruits/plant
yield
(t/ha)
T1 134 33 439 33 32 37T1 134.33 439.33 32.37
T2 147.67 456.67 35.66
T3 152.00 382.00 31.25
T4 138 67 303 33 27 86T4 138.67 303.33 27.86
T5 119.33 324.67 25.30
T6 116.67 261.33 22.44
CD(0.05) 18.09 21.64 4.9
• Daily WR: Min - 13.5 L D-1 in winter and Max–26.82 L D-1 in summer season
• Total WR: 1126 mm; Fertilizer : Water soluble fertilizer 290:384:290 g/plant N:P2O5:K2O (80 % of RDF)
• Maximum yield : 35.66 t/ha in T2 (0.8 RDF + PM) where (State avg. 12.8 t/ha)
19
• B.C. ratio : 2.78 – T2 (0.8 RDF + PM); 1.58 – for conventional method
• Pay back period : 3+1 years (0.8 RDF + PM)
20. Response of Fertigation on Dutch roses under greenhouse and open fieldResponse of Fertigation on Dutch roses under greenhouse and open field
conditions.
Crop : Dutch Rose (Var First Red Gold Strike) No of treatments : 10Crop : Dutch Rose (Var. First Red, Gold Strike)
Crop geometry: 50 cm x 30 cm (RR x PP)
No. of treatments : 10
No. of replications : 3
Experimental design: Strip Plot
Treatments :
T (F V ) 140% RDF i h Fi R d d h
Recommended Dose of Fertilizer (RDF) : 30:60:25 g NPK/plant/year
T1 (F1V1): 140% RDF with First Red under greenhouse
T2 (F1V2): 140% RDF with Gold Strike under greenhouse
T3 (F2V1): 120% RDF with First Red under greenhouse
T4 (F2V2): 120% RDF with Gold Strike under greenhouse4 ( 2 2) g
T5 (F3V1): 100% RDF with First Red under greenhouse (Control)
T6 (F3V2): 100% RDF with Gold Strike under greenhouse (Control)
T7 (F4V1): 80% RDF with First Red under greenhouse
T (F V ) 80% RDF ith G ld St ik d hT8 (F4V2): 80% RDF with Gold Strike under greenhouse
T9 (Conventional): 100% RDF with First Red in open field
T10 (Conventional): 100% RDF with Gold Strike in open field
21. Response of fertigation on Dutch rosesResponse of fertigation on Dutch roses
30
60
70
meter
Height (cm) Shoot length (cm) Flower diameter (cm)
No. of shoots/plant No. of flowers/plant No. of petals/flower
Maximum yield (301.2
flowers per m2) under T4
(120 % RDF + Gold strike)
,NOF,
15
20
25
30
40
50
60
ngth, Flower diam
(cm)
Greater Fertilizer use
efficiency (205.7 No. of
flowers/ kg fertilizer used/
NOS,
NOP
0
5
10
0
10
20
1 2 3 4 6 8 9 10
Height, Shoot len
flowers/ kg fertilizer used/
year)under T4 (120 % RDF
+ Gold strike)
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10
Treatments
22. Fertigation Studies for Vegetable crops
Researchers Research FindingsResearchers Research Findings
Malik and Kumar, 1996 • Peas on a sandy loam soil in Himachal Pradesh.
• Drip irrigation level of 75 per cent pan evaporation with 25 kg N ha-1 fertigation best
for maximizing the water use efficiency and yields of peas.
Dalvi et al., 1999 • Tomato on sandy loam soil., y
• The study revealed that drip fertigation at 96% of RDF resulted in higher yield of
tomato.
Patel and Rajput, 2002 • Okra at IARI New Delhi
• 40% saving of fertilizer may be achieved, if applied through fertigation without
affecting the okra yields.
Singandhupe et al., 2003 • Tomato crop clay loam soils of Rahuri (Maharashtra).
• Application of nitrogen through the drip irrigation in ten equal splits at 8-days interval
saved 20-40% nitrogen as compared to the furrow irrigation when nitrogen was
li d i t l litapplied in two equal splits.
• The maximum tomato fruit yield of 35.2 t ha-1 was recorded for 120 kg N ha-1 through
drip.
• Total nitrogen uptake in drip irrigation was 8-11% higher than that of furrow irrigation.
Romic et al 2003 • Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L ) in the Vrana Valley (Mediterranean region ofRomic et al., 2003 • Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in the Vrana Valley (Mediterranean region of
Croatia).
• Nitrate –N leaching from the root zone of bell pepper control without mulch, with
black polyethylene (PE) mulch and with biodegradable cellulose mulch.
• The highest quantities of nitrogen were leached in without mulch (26 kg ha-1)
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e g est qua t t es o t oge we e eac ed w t out u c ( 6 g a )
treatment following by the treatment with cellulose mulch (18 kg ha-1) and the lowest
nitrogen leaching (10 kg ha-1) in the treatment with black PE mulch.
23. Continued…
Researchers Research FindingsResearchers Research Findings
Patel and Rajput, 2006 • Determined the suitable fertigation interval for Onion.
• The highest yield was recorded in daily fertigation, followed by alternate day fertigation,
while the lowest yield was obtained in monthly fertigation frequency.
Tolga et. al., 2010 • Broccoli in clay soil of Turkey.
• The effect of four nitrogen levels (0 kg ha-1, 150 kg ha-1, 200 kg ha-1 and 250 kg ha-1) was
compared with each treatment.
• Broccoli yield and head weight and the maximum Broccoli yield was obtained from the
treatment 150 kg ha-1 N application.
B d t l 2011 Diff t N t (200 d 300 k N h 1) d f f ti ti f i (1 2 7 d 14Badr et al, 2011 • Different N rates (200 and 300 kg N ha-1) and four fertigation frequencies (1, 2, 7, and 14
days) on potato crop grown in sandy soils of Egypt.
• Total potato yield and yield components were responsive to increase N rate and to decrease
fertigation frequency.
• Highest potato yield of 67 75 t ha-1 was recorded in weekly drip fertigation compared to daily• Highest potato yield of 67.75 t ha was recorded in weekly drip fertigation compared to daily
fertigation (65.13 t ha-1) and fertigation once in three days (63.29 t ha-1).
Zhang et al., 2011 • Cucumber fruit, in the solar greenhouse in Southwest China.
• Three nitrogen fertilization levels (N1, 300 kg ha-1; N2, 450 kg ha-1; and N3, 600 kg ha-1).
• NUE significantly decreased with the increase in dose of N application.g y pp
• The quality of cucumber fruit decreased with the improvement nitrogen fertilization.
Krishnamoorthy, 2011 • Turmeric was carried out in clay loamy soils of Coimbatore.
• The leaf N and K concentrations were higher with the fertigation treatments irrespective of
the stages compared to fertilizer application in the soil.
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• Fertigation using water soluble fertilizers registered higher concentration of leaf NPK than
solid fertilizers.
24. Fertigation Studies for Field crops
Researchers Research Findings
Aujla et al, 2005 • Cotton crop in sandy clay loam texture soils of Syria.
• Increased in cotton yield to 2144 from 1624 kg ha-1 (an increase of 32 per cent)
when N applied through drip irrigation system, compared to manual
fertilization.
Gurusamy et. al.,
2011
• Sugarcane crop in red loam soils of Madurai, Tamil Nadu.
• 100 per cent RDF (275:62.5:112.5 kg NPK ha-1) as WSF registered higher cane
and sugar yield but it was comparable with 75 per cent RDF as WSF.g y p p
• Surface irrigation with soil application of fertilizers recorded lower cane and
sugar yield when compared with fertigation treatments.
Kumar et. al., 2011 • Hybrid rice in red loam soils of Madurai, Tamil Nadu.
• Drip fertigation of 100 % RD of P and K (50 % P and K as basal remaining• Drip fertigation of 100 % RD of P and K (50 % P and K as basal, remaining
NPK as WSF) enhanced the growth parameters, yield attributes and yield of
hybrid rice.
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25. Fertigation Studies for Fruit crops
Researchers Research FindingsResearchers Research Findings
Agarwal et al., 2004 • Pomegranate cultivated in sandy loam soils of Ranchi
• The economic yield of 52.5 q ha-1 and highest benefit cost ratio of 3.21 under 80 per cent of
fertigation with water soluble fertilizers.
Ravi et. al., 2007 • Arecanut at Vittal, Karnataka.
• Fertigation of 75% NPK at 10 days frequency registered maximum yield (4017 kg ha-1).
• The yield increase with 75% NPK fertigated at 10 days interval was 100% over control
1(2008 kg ha-1).
Rao and Subramanyam,
2009
• Pomegranate was conducted in Shallow red soils of Anantpur district of Andhra Pradesh.
50% d d d (250 / l ) f i f i h i l h d i ld i2009 • 50% recommended dose (250 g /plant) of nitrogen at fortnight intervals enhanced yield in
pomegranate/tree under low rain fall zone.
• It also saved 50 % nitrogen fertilizers cost and labour cost.
Ashokraja, 2011 • Muscat Grapes on clay loam soils of Coimbatore.
• Greater response for enhanced fertilizer dose with Muscat grapes for maximum production.
• Maximum Muscat grape fruit yield (27.5 tons/ha) was possible with WSF at 125% dose.
Liang-zhi et. al., 2011 • Sweet orange(Citrus sinensis Osbeck)in calcareous purple soil in Zhongxian County of
China.China.
• Fertigation frequencies(4 times/year,10 times/year,16 times/year).
• The fertigation treatments showed significant effects on increasing fruit yield with 29.4%–
36.5% more cumulative yield than the control (10 times/year),
• They recommended citrus growing in calcareous purple soil should be fertigated 4 times a
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year with drip system.
26. Continued…Continued…
Researchers Research FindingsResearchers Research Findings
Krishnamoorthy and
Rajamani, 2013
• Cocoa on silty loam soils of Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu.
• Fertigation with 125% RDF (125:50:175 plant year-1) as water soluble fertilizers through drip
increased all vegetative parameters like trunk girth increment, Canopy spread increment, leaf
fresh weight and yield of Cocoa.
Husameldin et al., 2013 • Banana main crops cv. Grand Naine (Musa AAA) in clay loam soils of Rahuri (Maharashtra).
• 80 per cent of the recommended fertigation dose (160:32:192 N:P:K g plant-1 year-1)
performed well in respect of growth parameters and shortened the total crop duration.
• Hence, fertigation with 80 per cent of the recommended dose was found to be optimum and
i leconomical.
Upreti , 2013 • Guava crop under drip fertigation and plastic mulc at PFDC, IIT Kharagpur.
• The highest yield, plant height, plant girth, canopy diameter, FUE and net income were
obtained for 80 % of soluble fertilizers applied through with plastic mulch treatment as
compared to other treatment.
Sharma and Mursaleen,
2014
• Guava on silty loam soils of Udaipur, Rajasthan.
• 100% (60:30:30 NPK g/plant/year) water soluble fertilizers gave maximum plant height (2.07
m), canopy volume (1.24 m3), girth of primary branches (2.48 cm), leaf area (66.08 cm2),
f i di 6 69 ( l ) d 5 97 ( i l) f i i h (182 17 ) i ld/ lfruit diameter 6.69 cm (polar) and 5.97 cm (equatorial), fruit weight (182.17 g), yield/plant
(6.59 kg) compare other doses of fertilizers.
Dinesh and Ahmed,
2014
• Almond (Prunus dulcis) on silty loam soils of Srinagar.
• The results indicated that the maximum tree height (3.56 m), nut weight (2.73 g), nut yield
(5 98 kg/tree; 6 64 t/ha) and leaf nutrient content (2 38% N; 0 17% P; 1 41% K) were
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(5.98 kg/tree; 6.64 t/ha), and leaf nutrient content (2.38% N; 0.17% P; 1.41% K) were
recorded in 75% RDF (247:33:341 NPK) through fertigation.
27. Adoption of DripWater guzzling crop, rice
Widely spaced Orchards
Widely spaced fruit cropsWidely spaced fruit crops
Closely spaced cereals, wheat
Close spaced row crops Row crops (Vegetables)
Prof. K.N.Tiwari, AgFE Deptt., IIT Kharagpur
28. Conclusions
Micro Irrigation (MI) has great potential in saving water, fertilizers and
energy.
There is a significant increased in the area under micro irrigation in last few
years and it is likely to increase more area due to implementation of “Per
Drop More Crop under PMKSY scheme of Govt. of India.p p
PFDC IIT Kharagpur has conducted experiments on various crops using
micro irrigation and established water requirement of various cropsmicro irrigation and established water requirement of various crops.
When MI system is used , fertigation is not optional but absolutely necessary.
Fertiliser requièrent of Banana, Guava, Dutch Rose crops has been
experimentally established by PFDC IIT Kharagpur which can be
implemented for simmilar agro-climatic conditions.
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29. Recommendations
Studies on dynamics of soil-water-plant-nutrients under point
source and line source drip emitters need to be conducted
experimentally and suitable solute transport models should be
developed .
Design of fertigation system for different crops under different
soil and agro-climatic conditions.g
Automation of Ferti-irrigation system.
Inclusion of Micro electronics in Academic Curriculum of UG-
Agricultural Engineering programmeAgricultural Engineering programme.
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