The document describes a novel nanoscale communication technique called Nanoscale Magneto-Inductive (NMI) communication. NMI communication uses magnetic coupling between nanocoils to establish a wireless communication channel at the nanoscale. It has advantages over electromagnetic communication at nanoscale which encounters high absorption losses and frequency selective channels. The document presents physical models of point-to-point NMI communication and a waveguide model using passive relay nodes to increase communication range. Performance is evaluated through analytical path loss expressions which show waveguides can significantly reduce path loss compared to point-to-point NMI communication.
B.tech Seminar on NANO SCALE MAGNETO INDUCTIVE COMMUNICATIONAswin Dev
B.tech Seminar on NANO SCALE MAGNETO-INDUCTIVE COMM,seminar idea inspired by an IEEE paper
link:http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?reload=true&arnumber=6810454
ESTABLISHING A MOLECULAR COMMUNICATION CHANNEL FOR NANO NETWORKSVLSICS Design
This document summarizes research on establishing molecular communication channels for nano networks. Molecular communication provides a practical way for nano machines to communicate by using encoded molecules as information carriers. Researchers have modeled molecular propagation using Brownian motion and Fick's laws of diffusion. Channel characterization involves estimating parameters like channel capacity, gain, and delay. Simulations show molecular channels exhibit properties like linearity and time-invariance. Open issues remain around negative molecular drift, synchronization, and inter-symbol interference mitigation. Higher network layer functions for molecular communication also require further investigation.
The Performance Analysis Fiber Optic Dispersion on OFDM-QAM Systemnadia abd
This document analyzes the performance of an OFDM-QAM system in the presence of fiber optic dispersion. It finds that dispersion causes broadening of the OFDM spectrum and inter-channel interference. The power penalty of the system is evaluated at a bit error rate of 10-9 for a single mode fiber operating at 1.55 micrometers. The results show that an OFDM-QAM system is less influenced by dispersion compared to single bit transmission with the same bandwidth. Dispersion in optical fibers is caused by multiple factors like intermodal, material and waveguide dispersion and causes pulses to spread out, making detection of signals difficult.
This document summarizes a research article about a capacitance-to-digital converter (CDC) designed for capacitive MEMS sensors. The CDC uses a two-step process: 1) A switched-capacitor preamplifier converts the capacitance to a voltage. 2) A self-oscillated noise-shaping integrating dual-slope converter digitizes the output into a multi-bit digital stream by using time resolution rather than amplitude resolution. Experimental results on a prototype show the CDC achieves 17-bit resolution while consuming 146 μA from a 1.5V power supply, allowing pressure sensing at 1 Pa resolution.
Microwave photonics is the study of high-speed photonic devices operating at microwave or millimeter wave frequencies and their use in microwave or photonic systems. This paper provides an overview of this multidisciplinary field, including typical investigations such as signal generation, processing, and transmission via optical links. It discusses key components such as traveling wave electroabsorption modulators and detectors, and how microwave technologies can improve photonic bandwidth. Broad applications are presented, including photonic signal generation, EMC sensing, testing, hybrid fiber-coax systems, fiber-radio, and antenna remoting.
FUTURE TRENDS IN FIBER OPTICS COMMUNICATIONIJCI JOURNAL
This document discusses future trends in fiber optic communication. It begins with an introduction to fiber optic communication and how advances in technology have increased data transmission capacity through optical fibers. The document then discusses several potential future trends, including all optical communication networks that process data entirely in the optical domain, multi-terabit optical networks enabled by dense wavelength division multiplexing, and intelligent optical transmission networks that can dynamically allocate resources. Overall, the document outlines how fiber optic communication is expected to continue advancing to support higher data rates, more advanced switching techniques, and smarter network architectures.
This paper deals with different loss mechanisms within the single mode fiber (SMF) in optical fiber communication. A number of mechanisms are responsible for the signal attenuation within optical fibers. As the optical signal propagates over long stretch of fiber, it becomes attenuated because of absorption,
scattering, fiber bends by material impurities, and other effects. The transmission using high bandwidth
can handle vast amounts of information, which can be further improved by reduction in fiber losses,
increase in data rates and distances, and using appropriate operating wavelength in optical fiber communication. The recent development in the area of fiber optic communication as well as the advances in different fiber types and their properties such as attenuation or loss and bandwidth are also discussed in this paper. The performance improvement of the proposed different loss, such as Rayleigh scattering, Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS), Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS), and bending loss within the various loss mechanisms in fiber optic communication is shown through simulations.
B.tech Seminar on NANO SCALE MAGNETO INDUCTIVE COMMUNICATIONAswin Dev
B.tech Seminar on NANO SCALE MAGNETO-INDUCTIVE COMM,seminar idea inspired by an IEEE paper
link:http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?reload=true&arnumber=6810454
ESTABLISHING A MOLECULAR COMMUNICATION CHANNEL FOR NANO NETWORKSVLSICS Design
This document summarizes research on establishing molecular communication channels for nano networks. Molecular communication provides a practical way for nano machines to communicate by using encoded molecules as information carriers. Researchers have modeled molecular propagation using Brownian motion and Fick's laws of diffusion. Channel characterization involves estimating parameters like channel capacity, gain, and delay. Simulations show molecular channels exhibit properties like linearity and time-invariance. Open issues remain around negative molecular drift, synchronization, and inter-symbol interference mitigation. Higher network layer functions for molecular communication also require further investigation.
The Performance Analysis Fiber Optic Dispersion on OFDM-QAM Systemnadia abd
This document analyzes the performance of an OFDM-QAM system in the presence of fiber optic dispersion. It finds that dispersion causes broadening of the OFDM spectrum and inter-channel interference. The power penalty of the system is evaluated at a bit error rate of 10-9 for a single mode fiber operating at 1.55 micrometers. The results show that an OFDM-QAM system is less influenced by dispersion compared to single bit transmission with the same bandwidth. Dispersion in optical fibers is caused by multiple factors like intermodal, material and waveguide dispersion and causes pulses to spread out, making detection of signals difficult.
This document summarizes a research article about a capacitance-to-digital converter (CDC) designed for capacitive MEMS sensors. The CDC uses a two-step process: 1) A switched-capacitor preamplifier converts the capacitance to a voltage. 2) A self-oscillated noise-shaping integrating dual-slope converter digitizes the output into a multi-bit digital stream by using time resolution rather than amplitude resolution. Experimental results on a prototype show the CDC achieves 17-bit resolution while consuming 146 μA from a 1.5V power supply, allowing pressure sensing at 1 Pa resolution.
Microwave photonics is the study of high-speed photonic devices operating at microwave or millimeter wave frequencies and their use in microwave or photonic systems. This paper provides an overview of this multidisciplinary field, including typical investigations such as signal generation, processing, and transmission via optical links. It discusses key components such as traveling wave electroabsorption modulators and detectors, and how microwave technologies can improve photonic bandwidth. Broad applications are presented, including photonic signal generation, EMC sensing, testing, hybrid fiber-coax systems, fiber-radio, and antenna remoting.
FUTURE TRENDS IN FIBER OPTICS COMMUNICATIONIJCI JOURNAL
This document discusses future trends in fiber optic communication. It begins with an introduction to fiber optic communication and how advances in technology have increased data transmission capacity through optical fibers. The document then discusses several potential future trends, including all optical communication networks that process data entirely in the optical domain, multi-terabit optical networks enabled by dense wavelength division multiplexing, and intelligent optical transmission networks that can dynamically allocate resources. Overall, the document outlines how fiber optic communication is expected to continue advancing to support higher data rates, more advanced switching techniques, and smarter network architectures.
This paper deals with different loss mechanisms within the single mode fiber (SMF) in optical fiber communication. A number of mechanisms are responsible for the signal attenuation within optical fibers. As the optical signal propagates over long stretch of fiber, it becomes attenuated because of absorption,
scattering, fiber bends by material impurities, and other effects. The transmission using high bandwidth
can handle vast amounts of information, which can be further improved by reduction in fiber losses,
increase in data rates and distances, and using appropriate operating wavelength in optical fiber communication. The recent development in the area of fiber optic communication as well as the advances in different fiber types and their properties such as attenuation or loss and bandwidth are also discussed in this paper. The performance improvement of the proposed different loss, such as Rayleigh scattering, Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS), Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS), and bending loss within the various loss mechanisms in fiber optic communication is shown through simulations.
This document summarizes research on channel modeling for millimeter wave MIMO communications. It discusses two scenarios: 1) An outdoor deployment using lampposts, where reflections from walls and the ground can cause fading that MIMO techniques can help mitigate. 2) An indoor link where spatial multiplexing is possible even in line-of-sight environments due to the compact sizes of antennas at millimeter wavelengths, though blockages significantly impact performance. The key differences in millimeter wave propagation compared to lower frequencies include higher path losses mitigated by high antenna directivity, sparser multipath environments, and greater sensitivity to blockages.
SHADOWING EFFECTS ON ROUTING PROTOCOL OF MULTIHOP AD HOC NETWORKSijasuc
Two-ray ground reflection model has been widely used as the propagation model to investigate the
performance of an ad hoc network. But two-ray model is too simple to represent a real world network. A
more realistic model namely shadowing propagation model has been used in this investigation. Under
shadowing propagation model, a mobile node may receive a packet at a signal level that is below a
required threshold level. This low signal level affects the routing protocol as well as the medium access
control protocol of a network. An analytical model has been presented in this paper to investigate the
shadowing effects on the network performance. The analytical model has been verified via simulation
results. Simulation results show that the performance of a network becomes very poor if shadowing
propagation model is used in compare to the simple two-ray model. Two solutions have also been proposed
in this paper to overcome the effects of shadowing. One solution is a physical layer solution and the other
one is a Medium Access Control (MAC) layer solution. Simulation results show that these two solutions
reduce the shadowing effect and improve network performance.
This document discusses different types of photonic sensors including surface plasmon resonance sensors, whispering gallery mode sensors, and photonic crystal sensors.
Surface plasmon resonance sensors detect changes at a metal-dielectric interface and are used for ultrasensitive immunoassays. Whispering gallery mode sensors can detect nanoparticles smaller than 100 nm by measuring changes in resonant frequencies as particles deposit inside an optical cavity. Photonic crystal sensors use a photonic band gap to selectively reflect certain wavelengths of light. Changes in materials deposited on the photonic crystal surface cause shifts in the reflected wavelengths that can be measured.
About Quality of Optical Channels in Wavelength Division Multiplexing Systems...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Researches and the analysis of factors of the systems influencing quality with division according to radiation wavelength are given in article. Especially the communication quality in systems with wave division of channels is influenced by hindrances from Four Wave Mixing. In this regard the technique of definition of number of products of nonlinear effect of Four Wave Mixing getting to ranges of working channels, results of calculation of combinational products for the different number of channels in systems with division according to radiation wavelength is given. Power of a hindrance of Four Wave Mixing in systems with wave division of channels is calculated. Methods of reduction of influences of these nonlinear effects are considered. Conclusions and recommendations on ensuring quality of optical channels are provided in systems with wave division.
The document discusses communication and optical fiber communication. It defines communication as the exchange of information between a source and receiver. Optical fiber communication uses glass or plastic threads called optical fibers to transmit data in the form of light pulses. Fiber optic cables have several advantages over traditional copper cables including very high bandwidth, low signal loss, immunity to electromagnetic interference, and resistance to tapping. The document discusses the basic principles of optical fiber communication including total internal reflection and modulation techniques. It also covers topics such as fiber splicing, optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR) for fault detection, and applications of optical fiber communication.
Advances in optical fiber communicationHarsh Patel
This document provides an overview of advances in optical fiber communication systems, including WDM, DWDM, SONET, and OTNs. It describes the basic principles and components of each technology. WDM and DWDM increase bandwidth by transmitting multiple wavelengths of light simultaneously over the same fiber. SONET provides a standard for fiber transmission and synchronization. OTNs were designed to transport IP and Ethernet traffic over optical networks.
This document discusses modes in optical fibers. It begins with an introduction to the basic principles of light propagation and numerical aperture. It then covers mode theory, modes in planar waveguides, the mode condition, and TE and TM modes. Finally, it discusses single-mode and multi-mode fibers, including their properties and light propagation characteristics. Single-mode fibers only support one mode and allow for higher capacity transmission over longer distances without modal dispersion. Multi-mode fibers have larger cores and support multiple modes, making them suited for shorter transmission lengths.
Reduction of Topology Control Using Cooperative Communications in ManetsIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
This senior design project report describes the design of a microstrip antenna to operate at multiple frequency bands for GSM, Wi-Fi, and GPS. The report includes an introduction to basic antenna theory and properties. It discusses the design objectives of achieving multi-band operation. Software simulations were used to design and optimize a rectangular patch geometry microstrip antenna. The antenna was then manufactured and test results were presented that showed operation at desired frequency bands. The project demonstrated the feasibility of integrating wireless applications using a single multiband microstrip antenna design.
Optical fiber communication uses total internal reflection to transmit light signals through fiber optic cables for telecommunication. There are two types of optical fibers - single mode fibers which transmit one signal per fiber through a small 9 micron diameter core, used for long distance communication, and multi-mode fibers which have a larger core and can transmit multiple signals simultaneously over shorter distances. An optical fiber consists of a thin glass core that guides the light signal, surrounded by a plastic buffer coating for protection. At the transmitter, an electrical signal is converted to an optical signal launched into the fiber for transmission to the receiver.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses the past, present, and future of fiber optic communication technology. It provides an overview of the basic principles and evolution of fiber optic systems over multiple generations. Future trends discussed include all optical networks, multi-terabit transmission using dense wavelength division multiplexing, intelligent optical networks, ultra-long haul transmission, improvements in laser and amplification technologies, advancement of submarine network configurations, and continued miniaturization of components. Fiber optic communication capacity and capabilities are expected to continue growing to meet rising bandwidth demands.
Transmission media can be guided or unguided. Guided media include twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable which direct signals along a conduit. Unguided media transmit electromagnetic waves wirelessly. Common unguided media are radio waves, microwaves, and infrared which propagate through the air. Each media has characteristics that determine its applications such as short or long-distance communication.
Optical fiber is the technology associated with data transmission using light pulses travelling along with a long fiber which is usually made of plastic or glass. Metal wires are preferred for transmission in optical fiber communication as signals travel with fewer damages. Optical fibers are also unaffected by electromagnetic interference. The fiber optical cable uses the application of total internal reflection of light. The fibers are designed such that they facilitate the propagation of light along with the optical fiber depending on the requirement of power and distance of transmission. Single-mode fiber is used for long-distance transmission, while multimode fiber is used for shorter distances. The outer cladding of these fibers needs better protection than metal wires.
Scattering Regimes for Underwater Optical Wireless Communications using Monte...IJECEIAES
Optical wireless communications has shown tremendous potential for underwater applications as it can provide higher bandwidth and better security compared to acoustic technologies. In this paper, an investigation on scattering regimes for underwater links using Monte Carlo simulation has been presented.While the focus of this paper is on diffuse links, the simulation results of collimated links is also provided for comparison purpose. Three types of water namely clear, coastal and turbid water are being used in the simulation. It is shown that the effect of scattering on the path loss cannot be accurately modeled by the existing channel model; ie. Beers-Lambert (BL) law. It has been shown that the distance at which the unscattered light drops to zero can be used to estimate the transition point for the scattering regimes in case of diffuse links. The transition point for diffuse links in coastal water and turbid water can be estimated to be around 22 m and 4 m respectively. Further analysis on the scattering order probability at different scattering regimes illustrates how scattering is affected by beam size, water turbidity and distance. From the frequency response plot, it is estimated that the bandwidth of several order of GHz can be achieved when the links are operating in the minimal scattering region and will reduce to several hundreds of MHz when the link is operating in multiple scattering region.
Optical fibers carry information in the form of light. They have several advantages over metallic wires including much higher bandwidth, immunity to electromagnetic interference, lighter weight and smaller size. Optical fibers have a core made of glass or plastic surrounded by a cladding layer. They transmit light using either single mode or multimode transmission. Common applications of optical fibers include telecommunications, local area networks, sensors and computer networks due to their high information carrying capacity and low signal attenuation.
Nanotechnologies promise new solutions for several applications in biomedical, industrial
and military fields. At nano-scale, a nano-machine can be considered as the most basic functional
unit. Nano-machines are tiny components consisting of an arranged set of molecules,
which are able to perform very simple tasks. Nanonetworks.
Community Policing Intiatives to Combat Gangs_10222009🔹Samuel D. Stulo 🔹
This document outlines a neighborhood partnership program developed by Officers Stulo and Jungbluth to address youth violence and gun violence on Racine's south side. The program utilized neighborhood partnerships, link analysis of offenders and crimes, and the SARA problem-solving model. Key aspects included informing neighbors about offenders, developing relationships with victims' families, strictly enforcing loitering laws, and partnering with other agencies. This comprehensive approach helped apprehend a suspect following a gang-related shooting.
This short document promotes creating presentations using Haiku Deck on SlideShare. It encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation by providing a button to click to begin the process. In just one sentence, it pitches the idea of using Haiku Deck on SlideShare to create presentations.
Evaluation Q2 - How effective is the combination of your main product and anc...beckadyer97
The document discusses how ancillary products were designed to create synergy with the band's music video and promote brand recognition. A digipak was created using stills from the video and the same color filters to match the video's look. Individual photos from the video were used on the inside covers along with lyrics. Advertisements also featured merged stills from the video in black and white to maintain synergy with the video and digipak branding.
This document is a curriculum vitae for Robert C. Roberts, a philosopher and professor. It outlines his personal details, education history, teaching positions, awards, publications, and areas of research expertise over his career. Key details include that he received his PhD from Yale University in philosophical theology in 1974. He has held teaching positions at several universities from 1973-2000 and has been a Distinguished Professor of Ethics at Baylor University since 2000. He has published extensively in journals and books on philosophical and Christian ethics.
This document summarizes research on channel modeling for millimeter wave MIMO communications. It discusses two scenarios: 1) An outdoor deployment using lampposts, where reflections from walls and the ground can cause fading that MIMO techniques can help mitigate. 2) An indoor link where spatial multiplexing is possible even in line-of-sight environments due to the compact sizes of antennas at millimeter wavelengths, though blockages significantly impact performance. The key differences in millimeter wave propagation compared to lower frequencies include higher path losses mitigated by high antenna directivity, sparser multipath environments, and greater sensitivity to blockages.
SHADOWING EFFECTS ON ROUTING PROTOCOL OF MULTIHOP AD HOC NETWORKSijasuc
Two-ray ground reflection model has been widely used as the propagation model to investigate the
performance of an ad hoc network. But two-ray model is too simple to represent a real world network. A
more realistic model namely shadowing propagation model has been used in this investigation. Under
shadowing propagation model, a mobile node may receive a packet at a signal level that is below a
required threshold level. This low signal level affects the routing protocol as well as the medium access
control protocol of a network. An analytical model has been presented in this paper to investigate the
shadowing effects on the network performance. The analytical model has been verified via simulation
results. Simulation results show that the performance of a network becomes very poor if shadowing
propagation model is used in compare to the simple two-ray model. Two solutions have also been proposed
in this paper to overcome the effects of shadowing. One solution is a physical layer solution and the other
one is a Medium Access Control (MAC) layer solution. Simulation results show that these two solutions
reduce the shadowing effect and improve network performance.
This document discusses different types of photonic sensors including surface plasmon resonance sensors, whispering gallery mode sensors, and photonic crystal sensors.
Surface plasmon resonance sensors detect changes at a metal-dielectric interface and are used for ultrasensitive immunoassays. Whispering gallery mode sensors can detect nanoparticles smaller than 100 nm by measuring changes in resonant frequencies as particles deposit inside an optical cavity. Photonic crystal sensors use a photonic band gap to selectively reflect certain wavelengths of light. Changes in materials deposited on the photonic crystal surface cause shifts in the reflected wavelengths that can be measured.
About Quality of Optical Channels in Wavelength Division Multiplexing Systems...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Researches and the analysis of factors of the systems influencing quality with division according to radiation wavelength are given in article. Especially the communication quality in systems with wave division of channels is influenced by hindrances from Four Wave Mixing. In this regard the technique of definition of number of products of nonlinear effect of Four Wave Mixing getting to ranges of working channels, results of calculation of combinational products for the different number of channels in systems with division according to radiation wavelength is given. Power of a hindrance of Four Wave Mixing in systems with wave division of channels is calculated. Methods of reduction of influences of these nonlinear effects are considered. Conclusions and recommendations on ensuring quality of optical channels are provided in systems with wave division.
The document discusses communication and optical fiber communication. It defines communication as the exchange of information between a source and receiver. Optical fiber communication uses glass or plastic threads called optical fibers to transmit data in the form of light pulses. Fiber optic cables have several advantages over traditional copper cables including very high bandwidth, low signal loss, immunity to electromagnetic interference, and resistance to tapping. The document discusses the basic principles of optical fiber communication including total internal reflection and modulation techniques. It also covers topics such as fiber splicing, optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR) for fault detection, and applications of optical fiber communication.
Advances in optical fiber communicationHarsh Patel
This document provides an overview of advances in optical fiber communication systems, including WDM, DWDM, SONET, and OTNs. It describes the basic principles and components of each technology. WDM and DWDM increase bandwidth by transmitting multiple wavelengths of light simultaneously over the same fiber. SONET provides a standard for fiber transmission and synchronization. OTNs were designed to transport IP and Ethernet traffic over optical networks.
This document discusses modes in optical fibers. It begins with an introduction to the basic principles of light propagation and numerical aperture. It then covers mode theory, modes in planar waveguides, the mode condition, and TE and TM modes. Finally, it discusses single-mode and multi-mode fibers, including their properties and light propagation characteristics. Single-mode fibers only support one mode and allow for higher capacity transmission over longer distances without modal dispersion. Multi-mode fibers have larger cores and support multiple modes, making them suited for shorter transmission lengths.
Reduction of Topology Control Using Cooperative Communications in ManetsIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
This senior design project report describes the design of a microstrip antenna to operate at multiple frequency bands for GSM, Wi-Fi, and GPS. The report includes an introduction to basic antenna theory and properties. It discusses the design objectives of achieving multi-band operation. Software simulations were used to design and optimize a rectangular patch geometry microstrip antenna. The antenna was then manufactured and test results were presented that showed operation at desired frequency bands. The project demonstrated the feasibility of integrating wireless applications using a single multiband microstrip antenna design.
Optical fiber communication uses total internal reflection to transmit light signals through fiber optic cables for telecommunication. There are two types of optical fibers - single mode fibers which transmit one signal per fiber through a small 9 micron diameter core, used for long distance communication, and multi-mode fibers which have a larger core and can transmit multiple signals simultaneously over shorter distances. An optical fiber consists of a thin glass core that guides the light signal, surrounded by a plastic buffer coating for protection. At the transmitter, an electrical signal is converted to an optical signal launched into the fiber for transmission to the receiver.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses the past, present, and future of fiber optic communication technology. It provides an overview of the basic principles and evolution of fiber optic systems over multiple generations. Future trends discussed include all optical networks, multi-terabit transmission using dense wavelength division multiplexing, intelligent optical networks, ultra-long haul transmission, improvements in laser and amplification technologies, advancement of submarine network configurations, and continued miniaturization of components. Fiber optic communication capacity and capabilities are expected to continue growing to meet rising bandwidth demands.
Transmission media can be guided or unguided. Guided media include twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable which direct signals along a conduit. Unguided media transmit electromagnetic waves wirelessly. Common unguided media are radio waves, microwaves, and infrared which propagate through the air. Each media has characteristics that determine its applications such as short or long-distance communication.
Optical fiber is the technology associated with data transmission using light pulses travelling along with a long fiber which is usually made of plastic or glass. Metal wires are preferred for transmission in optical fiber communication as signals travel with fewer damages. Optical fibers are also unaffected by electromagnetic interference. The fiber optical cable uses the application of total internal reflection of light. The fibers are designed such that they facilitate the propagation of light along with the optical fiber depending on the requirement of power and distance of transmission. Single-mode fiber is used for long-distance transmission, while multimode fiber is used for shorter distances. The outer cladding of these fibers needs better protection than metal wires.
Scattering Regimes for Underwater Optical Wireless Communications using Monte...IJECEIAES
Optical wireless communications has shown tremendous potential for underwater applications as it can provide higher bandwidth and better security compared to acoustic technologies. In this paper, an investigation on scattering regimes for underwater links using Monte Carlo simulation has been presented.While the focus of this paper is on diffuse links, the simulation results of collimated links is also provided for comparison purpose. Three types of water namely clear, coastal and turbid water are being used in the simulation. It is shown that the effect of scattering on the path loss cannot be accurately modeled by the existing channel model; ie. Beers-Lambert (BL) law. It has been shown that the distance at which the unscattered light drops to zero can be used to estimate the transition point for the scattering regimes in case of diffuse links. The transition point for diffuse links in coastal water and turbid water can be estimated to be around 22 m and 4 m respectively. Further analysis on the scattering order probability at different scattering regimes illustrates how scattering is affected by beam size, water turbidity and distance. From the frequency response plot, it is estimated that the bandwidth of several order of GHz can be achieved when the links are operating in the minimal scattering region and will reduce to several hundreds of MHz when the link is operating in multiple scattering region.
Optical fibers carry information in the form of light. They have several advantages over metallic wires including much higher bandwidth, immunity to electromagnetic interference, lighter weight and smaller size. Optical fibers have a core made of glass or plastic surrounded by a cladding layer. They transmit light using either single mode or multimode transmission. Common applications of optical fibers include telecommunications, local area networks, sensors and computer networks due to their high information carrying capacity and low signal attenuation.
Nanotechnologies promise new solutions for several applications in biomedical, industrial
and military fields. At nano-scale, a nano-machine can be considered as the most basic functional
unit. Nano-machines are tiny components consisting of an arranged set of molecules,
which are able to perform very simple tasks. Nanonetworks.
Community Policing Intiatives to Combat Gangs_10222009🔹Samuel D. Stulo 🔹
This document outlines a neighborhood partnership program developed by Officers Stulo and Jungbluth to address youth violence and gun violence on Racine's south side. The program utilized neighborhood partnerships, link analysis of offenders and crimes, and the SARA problem-solving model. Key aspects included informing neighbors about offenders, developing relationships with victims' families, strictly enforcing loitering laws, and partnering with other agencies. This comprehensive approach helped apprehend a suspect following a gang-related shooting.
This short document promotes creating presentations using Haiku Deck on SlideShare. It encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation by providing a button to click to begin the process. In just one sentence, it pitches the idea of using Haiku Deck on SlideShare to create presentations.
Evaluation Q2 - How effective is the combination of your main product and anc...beckadyer97
The document discusses how ancillary products were designed to create synergy with the band's music video and promote brand recognition. A digipak was created using stills from the video and the same color filters to match the video's look. Individual photos from the video were used on the inside covers along with lyrics. Advertisements also featured merged stills from the video in black and white to maintain synergy with the video and digipak branding.
This document is a curriculum vitae for Robert C. Roberts, a philosopher and professor. It outlines his personal details, education history, teaching positions, awards, publications, and areas of research expertise over his career. Key details include that he received his PhD from Yale University in philosophical theology in 1974. He has held teaching positions at several universities from 1973-2000 and has been a Distinguished Professor of Ethics at Baylor University since 2000. He has published extensively in journals and books on philosophical and Christian ethics.
Jeff Verhoff received positive reviews in his 2011 performance evaluation. He exceeded expectations in effective decision making, leadership skills, and process thinking. While customer focus and achieving results met expectations, reducing damages and improving load quality will remain areas of focus. Jeff contributed to meeting financial and operational goals, though non-conveyable picking results were disappointing. He was a high contributor in reducing turnover and effectively managing labor. Jeff will work on safety involvement and developing his management team in 2012.
Sociobizz is an app that allows users to take photos during rescue operations and share them with family and friends. It was developed using free technology as initial quotes to build it as a commercial app were as high as $2 million Australian dollars. The app aims to have a huge positive impact by enabling quick and easy sharing of photos during rescues of people in situations like marine accidents, fires, floods, storms, crashes and more. It encourages users to keep their phones charged and on hand at all times so they can document and spread awareness of any rescue operations they come across.
This document discusses ways to improve primary education by leveraging technology. It suggests that teachers are under pressure but could access prepared lesson plans and materials through online videos and streaming sites to make teaching more engaging. This would require computers and internet access, which could be provided through bulk purchasing of new or refurbished devices. Parents would be more likely to support purchasing computers if educators demonstrated how it could save them money by reducing costs of things like printed materials and enhancing students' learning experience. Overall the document argues that technology could help improve education if implemented effectively.
Role play - The internet of things - NanotechnologyNANOYOU
Role play to engage students on a dialogue about the ethical, legal and social aspects of nanotechnologies.
For more resources on nanotechnologies visit: www.nanoyou.eu
Internet of things and nanothings workshop may 2014Marios Kyriazis
This document provides an overview of the Internet of Things (IoT). It begins with motivation for the IoT, discussing how physical objects are becoming connected to the internet through embedded sensors and the convergence of the physical and digital worlds. Examples of application domains for the IoT are then described, such as smart homes, cities, transportation and health. Challenges and future directions are also discussed, such as privacy concerns and the potential for the IoT to extend to nanotechnology and more intelligent systems.
This document discusses realizing an Internet of Nano Things (IoNT) by connecting physical objects at the nano scale. It outlines challenges like developing nano communication methods. Two approaches are electromagnetic nano communications between devices 2-6 micrometers in size using nano antennas and processors. Molecular communications transmit information using biomolecules between nano machines. Potential applications include new healthcare monitoring with nano sensors embedded on clothing communicating via nano networks and electromagnetic or molecular means. Realizing an IoNT could help address problems in fields like healthcare and building smart cities.
Computational Investigation of Asymmetric Coplanar Waveguides Using Neural Ne...Konstantinos Karamichalis
In order to compute the characteristic impedance and the relative effective dielectric constant of an
asymmetric coplanar waveguide with infinite or finite dielectric thickness, the use of artificial neural networks
is valuable. The method of neural computing presented in this paper uses only one neural model for both
parameters, for this specific waveguide type. The BFGS quasi-Newton back-propagation algorithm was used to
train the developed neural network. Numerical results are given for several configurations along with
comparisons with previously published data.
This document summarizes research characterizing ohmic and Schottky contacts on single ZnO nanowires. Current-voltage and Kelvin probe force microscopy measurements were performed on nanowires with different contact geometries. Nanowires with linear I-V behavior exhibited ohmic contacts and a uniform potential along the wire. Nanowires with non-linear I-V curves exhibited Schottky behavior at one contact, shown by a sharp potential drop. Schottky behavior was more likely for thinner nanowires where the depletion region could extend across the entire wire width under the contact.
HFSS ANTENNA FOR KU BAND WITH DEFECTED GROUND STRUCTURESAKSHAT GANGWAR
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1. Nanoscale Magneto-Inductive Communication
Deniz Kilinc Ozgur B. Akan
Next-generation and Wireless Communications Laboratory (NWCL)
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
Email: dkilinc, akan@ku.edu.tr
Abstract—The nanonetworks constructed by interconnecting
nanodevices using wireless communication allow nanodevices
to perform more complex functions by means of cooperation
between them. For the first time in the literature, we introduce a
novel nanoscale communication technique: Nanoscale Magneto-
Inductive (NMI) communication. The magnetic coupling between
nanocoils establishes a communication channel between them.
The electromagnetic (EM) waves at nanoscale encounter two
problems: high molecular absorption rates and frequency se-
lective channel characteristics. The novel NMI communication
solves these problems by introducing low absorption losses and
flat channel characteristics. In the paper, we first present the
physical model of the point-to-point NMI communication. Then,
we introduce the waveguide technique for the NMI commu-
nication. To assess the performance of the point-to-point and
the waveguide NMI communication methods, we derive path
loss expressions for both methods. The results show that using
waveguide technique in the NMI communication significantly
reduces the path loss and increases feasible communication
range. Based on the numerical performance evaluation, the
NMI communication stands as a promising solution to nanoscale
communication between nanodevices.
I. INTRODUCTION
Nanoscale communication between nanodevices is a quite
novel and interdisciplinary concept which includes nanotech-
nology, biotechnology, and communication technology [1].
The nanonetworks constructed by interconnecting nanodevices
expands the capabilities of single nanodevices by means
of cooperation between them [2]. Several techniques in the
literature are presented for the realization of the nanoscale
communication namely electromagnetic, acoustic, or molec-
ular communication [3], [4], [5], [6]. However, for the first
time in the literature, we introduce a novel nanoscale wireless
communication concept: Nanoscale Magneto-Inductive (NMI)
communication in which the magnetic coupling between
nanocoils is used for wireless communication at the nanoscale.
Using electromagnetic (EM) waves for wireless communi-
cation at nanoscale has several disadvantages which are high
absorption losses due to molecular absorption and frequency
selective characteristics of the channel [7]. The molecular
The authors are with the Next-generation and Wireless Communications
Laboratory (NWCL), Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
Koc University, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey (e-mail: {dkilinc, akan}@ku.edu.tr).
This work was supported in part by the Turkish Scientific and Technical
Research Council under grant #109E257, by the Turkish National Academy
of Sciences Distinguished Young Scientist Award Program (TUBA-GEBIP),
and by IBM through IBM Faculty Award.
absorption loss is caused by the process by which part of the
transmitted EM wave is converted into internal kinetic energy
of some of the molecules in the communication medium
[8]. Since different molecule types have different resonant
frequencies and the absorption at each resonance spreads over
a range of frequencies, the nanoscale EM communication
channel is very frequency-selective [7].
The NMI communication stands as a promising alterna-
tive method for nanoscale wireless communication because
it solves the problems associated with the nanoscale EM
communication. Since EM waves are not used, the NMI
communication overcomes the high absorption losses because
of molecular absorption. Furthermore, in the NMI commu-
nication, the channel conditions depend on the magnetic
permeability of the medium [11]. Thus, having a commu-
nication medium with uniform permeability enables constant
channel conditions for the NMI communication. However, the
point-to-point NMI communication is a short-range nanoscale
communication because the strength of the magnetic field
falls off much faster than the EM waves [9], [10]. That is,
whereas the molecular absorption in the NMI communication
is much less than the EM waves, the path loss of the NMI
communication may be higher than the EM communication.
However, in the NMI communication, the path loss can be
reduced by forming a waveguide structure with passive relay
nodes similar to waveguides used in Magneto-Inductive (MI)
communication [10].
The MI communication has recently been introduced for
wireless underground [10] and underwater communication
[11]. Communication with EM waves in these mediums is
not feasible due to high attenuation rates. Since the magnetic
permeability characteristics of underground and underwater
environments are uniform and similar to air [10], the MI
communication is a promising method to communicate in
dense mediums such as soil and water. Therefore, the NMI
communication can be successfully utilized in solid, liquid
or gas medium. Furthermore, for nanomedicine applications,
the NMI communication can be employed in blood or tissue
liquid without having very high attenuation rates. For example,
in [12], a MI communication network is used to provide both
a communication link between implanted small devices inside
the human body and a communication link between an outer
device and the implanted devices. Moreover, in the same study,
the power for the implanted devices is provided using the MI
2. communication.
In this paper, we first present the model of the point-to-
point NMI communication in which a single transmitter and
a single receiver nanocoils are used. Since the geometry of
planar nanocoils is suitable for the manufacturing processes
of integrated circuit production, we employ planar nanocoils
in our model. The equivalent circuit of the transmitter and
receiver nanocoils are used to derive the analytical expression
for the path loss in the NMI communication channel. Using a
waveguide structure greatly reduces the path loss and increases
the communication range of the MI communication [11].
Then, we introduce the waveguide model for the NMI commu-
nication by employing passive relay nanonodes between the
transmitter and receiver. The analytical expression for the path
loss in the NMI communication waveguide is also obtained.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section
II, we present the physical model of the point-to-point NMI
communication channel and underline the governing physical
laws and mathematical formulations. In Section III, we in-
troduce the waveguide model of the NMI communication. In
Section IV, we discuss the performance evaluations of both the
point-to-point and the waveguide NMI communication based
on numerical analyses. Finally, Section V concludes the paper.
II. PHYSICAL MODEL OF POINT-TO-POINT NMI
COMMUNICATION
In this section, we present the physical model of the
Nanoscale Magneto-Inductive (NMI) communication between
a single transmitter nanodevice (TN) and a single receiver
nanodevice (RN). In NMI communication, the information
transmission and reception is achieved using a planar nanocoil
as shown in Fig 1(a). The magnetic coupling between the
transmitter and receiver nanocoils establishes the NMI com-
munication channel.
A sinusoidal voltage source is used in TN, i.e., vT (t) =
V0 cos(ωt), where ω and V0 are the angle frequency and
amplitude of the voltage source, respectively. The sinusoidal
voltage source causes a sinusoidal current to pass through the
nanocoil. This current induces another sinusoidal current in the
receiver nanocoil and it is used to accomplish the magneto-
inductive communication between TN and RN. In Fig 1(c),
the transformer model of the NMI communication is shown.
The mutual inductance M between transmitter and receiver
nanocoils represents the coupling between these coils. L1 and
L2 are the self-inductances of the transmitter and receiver
nanocoils, respectively. R1 and R2 are the resistances, and
C1 and C2 are the parasitic capacitances of the nanocoils.
ZL is the load impedance which represents the current con-
sumption of the nanochip included in RN. I1 is the sinusoidal
current passing through the transmitter nanocoil caused by
the transmitter voltage source and I2 is the sinusoidal current
induced in the receiver nanocoil by I1. The voltage on the
load resistor is denoted by vR(t). According to the transformer
model illustrated in Fig 1(c), the phasor analysis is given by
Fig. 1. The NMI communication model and circuit models of the NMI
communication. (a) The model of the NMI communication. (b) The side
view of a square planar nanocoil. (c) The transformer model of the NMI
communication. (d) The equivalent circuit of the transformer model.
V0 = I1(R1 + jωL1 +
1
jωC1
) − jωMI2
0 = I2 R2 + jωL2 +
1
jωC2
+ ZL − jωMI1.
(1)
Then, the equivalent circuit of the NMI communication model
can be derived as shown in Fig 1(d) where
Z1 = R1 + jωL1 + 1/jωC1
Z21 =
ω2
M2
ZL + R2 + jωL2 + 1/jωC2
Z2 = R2 + jωL2 + 1/jωC2
Z12 =
ω2
M2
R1 + jωL1 + 1/jωC1
VM = −jωM
V0
R1 + jωL1 + 1/jωC1
.
(2)
According to the equivalent circuit of the NMI communication
model, the transmitted power, denoted by Pt, and the received
power, denoted by Pr, are given as
Pt =
1
2
Re
|V0|2
Z1 + Z21
Pr =
1
2
Re
ZL|VM |2
|Z2 + Z12 + ZL|2
(3)
3. where Re denotes the real part. The transmitted power Pt is
defined as the power consumed in the transmitter nanocoil and
the received power Pr is defined as the power consumed in
the load impedance ZL. To maximize the received power Pr,
the load impedance is adjusted to be equal with the complex
conjugate of the total impedance of the receiver nanocoil, i.e.,
ZL = Z∗
2 + Z∗
12. Hence, the received power becomes half
of the total power consumed in the receiver nanocoil, i.e.,
Pr = Re{|VM |2
/4(Z2 + Z12 + ZL)}. After some algebraic
manipulations, the path loss in the NMI communication chan-
nel is found as
Pt
Pr
= 2 + 4
R1R2
ω2M2
. (4)
We assume that the transmitter and receiver nanocoils are
identical. Thus, R1 = R2 = R, C1 = C2 = C, and
L1 = L2 = L. In [13], the self-inductance of a square planar
nanocoil having a magnetic core is given by
L = 1.17μ
N2
(ao
+ ai
)
1 + 2.75
ao
− ai
ao + ai
(5)
where ao
and ai
are the lengths of the inner and outer sides of
the square planar nanocoil, respectively, as illustrated in Fig.
1(b), N is the number of turns of the nanocoil, and μ is the
magnetic permeability of the magnetic core of the nanocoil.
The mutual inductance M between the transmitter and receiver
nanocoils is expressed as
M = k L1L2 = kL (6)
where k is the coupling coefficient between the nanocoils. The
coupling coefficient can be approximated as [9]
k =
a3
avg
8 d2 + a2
avg/4
3 cos(α) (7)
where d is the communication distance, i.e., the distance
between transmitter and receiver nanocoils, α is the angle
between the axes of the coupled coils, and aavg is the average
conductor side length of the square planar nanocoils, expressed
as aavg = (ai
+ ao
)/2. The resistance R of the nanocoils is
found as follows
R = 4aavgR0N (8)
where R0 is the resistance of the unit length of the conductor
wire and it is given by R0 = ρ/(wt) where ρ is the resistivity
of the conductor wire, w and t are the width and thickness
of the conductor wire, respectively, as shown in Fig 1(b).
Assuming d aavg, the path loss expression becomes
Pt
Pr
≈
748R2
0(1 + 2.75Γ)2
d6
ω2a6
avgμ2N2 cos2(α)
(9)
where Γ = (ao
− ai
)/(ao
+ ai
). The path loss is 6th
-order
function of d. Thus, an increase in the communication distance
greatly reduces the received power. On the other hand, the
received power can be increased by using a large signal
frequency w, a large number of turns N, a large average
Fig. 2. The waveguide model for the NMI communication. and circuit
models of the NMI communication. (a) The model of the NMI waveguide
communication. (b) The transformer model. (c) The equivalent circuit of the
transformer model.
nanocoil side length aavg, a large permeability of the magnetic
core μ, and a small unit length resistance R0.
III. WAVEGUIDE MODEL FOR NMI COMMUNICATION
In the previous section, the NMI communication channel
was modeled for a point-to-point communication network.
In the NMI communication, the received power falls off
proportionally with d−6
in (9). Therefore, the communication
distance d has a severe effect on the received power and
this effect limits the NMI communication range. In this
section, to increase the range of the NMI communication, we
employ relay nanonodes between the transmitter and receiver
nanocoils to form a magneto-inductive waveguide.
For the NMI communication, the relay nanonodes are
assumed to be passive devices; that is, a relay nanonode
includes only a nanocoil and does not have a power source
or processing circuitry. The signal propagation through the
relay nanonodes is achieved by the magnetic coupling between
nanocoils. That is, the sinusoidal current passing in the trans-
mitter nanocoil induces a sinusoidal current in the nanocoil of
the first relay nanonode. Then, the induced sinusoidal current
in the first relay nanocoil also induces a sinusoidal current in
the second relay nanocoil and the transmitted signal propagates
in a similar manner until the induced current reaches the
receiver nanodevice.
The waveguide model for the NMI communication is shown
in Fig. 2(a). In the waveguide, there are n nanocoils equally
spaced including the nanocoils in the transmitter and receiver
nanodevices. Therefore, if the distance between transmitter and
4. receiver nanocoils is r, the distance between two successive
nanocoil is given by d = r/(n − 1). Furthermore, we assume
that only the adjacent nanocoils are magnetically coupled;
hence, we only use the mutual inductance between the adjacent
nanocoils.
The multi-stage transformer model for the NMI communi-
cation waveguide is demonstrated in Fig 2(b). The nanocoils
in all nodes are assumed to be identical, and L, M, and R are
given in (5), (6), and (8), respectively. The equivalent circuit
for the transmitter and receiver nanocoils can be seen in Fig
2(c) where
Z = R + jωL + 1/jωC
ZL = Z∗
+ Z∗
(n−1)n
Zi(i−1) =
ω2
M2
Z + Z(i+1)i
; i = 2, . . . , n and Z(n+1)n = ZL
Z(i−1)i =
ω2
M2
Z + Z(i−2)(i−1)
; i = 3, . . . , n and Z12 =
ω2
M2
Z
VMi = −jωM
VM(i−1)
Z + Z(i−2)(i−1)
; i = 2, . . . , n and VM1 = V0
(10)
where Zij denotes the reflected impedance of the ith
nanocoil
into the jth
nanocoil, and VMi denotes the induced voltage
on the ith
nanocoil. According to the equivalent circuit of the
NMI communication waveguide, the transmitted power Pt and
the received power Pr are expressed as
Pt =
1
2
Re
|V0|2
Z + Z21
Pr =
1
2
Re
|VMn|2
2(ZL + Z + Z(n−1)n)
.
(11)
To maximize the received power, the angle frequency of the
transmitted signal is chosen the same as the resonant frequency
of the equivalent RLC circuit of the planar nanocoil. The
resonant frequency of the nanocoil is given as ω0 = 1/
√
LC
and hence jω0L + (1/jω0C) = 0. Therefore, the impedance
of a nanocoil becomes Z = R and the path loss in the NMI
communication waveguide is given by
Pt
Pr
=
2V 2
0
|VMn|2
R + Z(n−1)n + ZL
R + Z21
(12)
where
Z(n−1)n =
ω2
0M2
R +
ω2
0M2
R +
ω2
0M2
... + Z12
Z21 =
ω2
0M2
R +
ω2
0M2
R +
ω2
0M2
... + ZL
(13)
and Z12 = ω2
M2
/R, and ZL = R + Z(n−1)n. Since the
expression in (12) is too complicated to simplify, the effect
of the communication distance r on the path loss in the
waveguide is analyzed numerically in the next section.
IV. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
In this section, we present the numerical performance anal-
ysis of both the point-to-point NMI communication and the
NMI communication waveguide. The path loss, i.e., (Pt/Pr),
is used as the performance criterion and evaluated with re-
spect to the communication distance for different magnetic
permeabilities of the magnetic cores in the nanocoils. We
use MATLAB to perform the performance analysis. The path
loss expressions for the point-to-point NMI communication
and the NMI communication waveguide are given in (9) and
(12), respectively. For the dimensions of a nanocoil, we use
ao
= 500nm, w = 40nm, s = 1nm, t = 40nm, with
N = 5 turns and α = 0◦
. For the numerical analysis, we
consider the conductor wire as copper whose resistivity is
ρ = 1.68 × 10−8
Ωm. Furthermore, the angle frequency of
the signal source is assumed to be ω = 1/
√
LC where L is
given in (5) and the capacitance is C = 0.01fF.
For the point-to-point NMI communication, the path loss in
dB with respect to the communication distance d for different
relative magnetic permeabilities μr is illustrated in Fig. 3. The
relative magnetic permeability is defined as μr = μ/μ0 where
μ0 is the magnetic permeability of free space. The path loss
increases with an increase in the communication distance as
seen in (9) and in Fig. 3. For example, for μr = 1000, the
path loss is 63.4dB at d = 10μm and the path loss is 123.0dB
at d = 100μm. As the communication distance increases,
first, the path loss exhibits a fast increase and then, it slowly
increases. As a result, considering the power limitation of the
nanodevices, the practical communication range of the point-
to-point NMI communication is short.
According to the results shown in Fig. 3, a decrease in the
relative permeability μr increases the path loss, which also can
be seen in (9). For d ≥ 5μm, decreasing μr from 1000 to 300
increases the path loss by 5dB. Therefore, using a magnetic
core with large permeability in the nanocoil improves the
achievable communication range of the NMI communication
by decreasing the path loss.
For the NMI waveguide communication, the path loss in dB
with respect to the communication distance between transmit-
ter and receiver r for different relative magnetic permeabilities
μr is demonstrated in Fig. 4. In this analysis, the distance
between adjacent coils is constant and given by d = ao
/2.
The communication distance is increased by increasing the
number of relay coils in the waveguide. In addition, the
relay coils in the waveguide do not require any power. The
results show that an increase in the communication distance
increases the path loss. For instance, for μr = 1000, the path
loss is 3.3dB at r = 10μm and the path loss is 19.0dB
at r = 100μm. Note that, for the same communication
distances, the waveguide technique greatly reduces the path
loss compared with the point-to-point NMI communication.
5. 0 20 40 60 80 100
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
distance ( m)
PathLoss(dB)
r
=1000
r
=300
Point-to-Point
Fig. 3. The path loss for the point-to-point NMI communication with respect
to the communication distance d for different relative permeability values.
Although the path loss in dB abruptly increases in the point-
to-point NMI communication as the communication distance
increases, in the NMI waveguide, the path loss in dB increases
linearly with a small slope compared with the point-to-point
case. Thus, by using the waveguide technique, the range of
the NMI communication is significantly increased. Based on
the results, the NMI waveguide communication stands as a
promising solution to long range nanoscale communication.
The numerical results given in Fig. 4 show that, for the
NMI waveguide communication, a decrease in the relative
permeability μr increases the path loss. As the communication
distance increases, the difference between the path loss values
for μr = 300 and μr = 1000 increases. Even though for
d = 20μm, decreasing μr from 1000 to 300 increases the
path loss by 2.8dB, for d = 100μm, decreasing μr from
1000 to 300 increases the path loss by 15.7dB. Hence, a large
permeability of the core in the nanocoil significantly improves
the feasible communication range of the NMI communication
by decreasing the path loss.
V. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we propose a novel nanoscale communication
technique, i.e., the NMI communication which relies on the
magnetic coupling between nanocoils. We present a realistic
physical communication model for both the point-to-point and
waveguide NMI communication methods. Then, we derive the
closed-form expression of the path loss for both techniques.
The numerical analyses show that using waveguide method in
the NMI communication can significantly reduce the path loss
and increase the achievable communication range of the NMI
communication. Since the relay coils used in the waveguide
do not require power, a single passive nanocoil can serve as
a relay nanonode. In addition, using a magnetic core in the
nanocoils with large permeability also decreases the path loss
in the NMI communication.
The problems that EM waves encounter at nanoscale are
high attenuation rates due to high molecular absorption and
frequency selective channel characteristics. The novel NMI
communication overcomes these problems by introducing low
absorption losses and flat channel characteristics. Although
the path loss is more severe in the NMI communication than
0 20 40 60 80 100
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
distance ( m)
PathLoss(dB)
r
=1000
r
=300
Waveguide
Fig. 4. The path loss for the NMI waveguide communication with respect
to the communication distance r for different relative permeability values.
in nanoscale EM communication, using the waveguide NMI
communication method solves the high path loss problem in
the NMI communication. Therefore, the NMI communication
stands as a promising alternative wireless nanoscale commu-
nication technique.
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