This document summarizes a student's paper on nanomagnetosols. It introduces magnetic drug delivery using magnetic nanoparticles and discusses properties of magnetic materials and their applications. Recent research has explored using nanomagnetosols - drug-loaded magnetic aerosol droplets - for targeted delivery to lungs. Studies in mice have successfully guided nanomagnetosols to cancerous lung regions using external magnetic fields. While promising for localized treatment, challenges remain in generating strong enough magnetic fields and penetrating deeper lung tissues.
Nanobiomaterials are very effective components for several biomedical and pharmaceutical studies. Among the metallic, organic, ceramic and polymeric nanomaterials, metallic nanomaterials have shown certain prominent biomedical applications. Enormous works have been done to synthesize, analyse and administer the metallic nanoparticles for various kinds of medical and therapeutic applications, during the last forty years. In these analyses, the prominent biomedical applications of ten metallic nanobiomaterials have been reviewed from various sources and works. It has been found that almost nine of them are used in a very wide spectrum of medical and theranostic applications.
Nanobiomaterials are very effective components for several biomedical and pharmaceutical studies. Among the metallic, organic, ceramic and polymeric nanomaterials, metallic nanomaterials have shown certain prominent biomedical applications. Enormous works have been done to synthesize, analyse and administer the metallic nanoparticles for various kinds of medical and therapeutic applications, during the last forty years. In these analyses, the prominent biomedical applications of ten metallic nanobiomaterials have been reviewed from various sources and works. It has been found that almost nine of them are used in a very wide spectrum of medical and theranostic applications.
Use of nanotechnology in medical science (pros and cons)Vikram Kataria
here in this presentation I had shared the basic information regarding use of nanotechnology in medical science and what wonders and improvements that nano technology did in the field of medical science.
Nanoparticle of plant extract: A Novel approach for cancer therapyroshan telrandhe
Presented in NATIONAL CONFERENCE ;A Phytomedicine : A Novel Approach For Cancer Treatment. Sponsered By Indian Councial Of Medical Research, Delhi. OrganisedBy KamlaNehru College Of Pharmacy, Butibori, Nagpur441108, Maharastra, India. ON 25 & 26 March 2017
Survey of emf emitted by lab equipments in pharmacy labs of southeast univers...eSAT Journals
Abstract The aim of this survey is to investigate whether the Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) emitted by various lab equipments affects the students. There is a standard threshold value recommended by WHO for both electric and magnetic fields. Electro-Magnetic Fields commonly known as Non Ionizing Radiation is emitted from high power transmission lines, computer monitor/video display unit, radio waves of different frequencies (extremely low frequency to microwaves), telecommunication, satellite, radar etc. which causes health hazards to living system and environment. The WHO/ International Agency for Research in Cancer (IARC) has classified radio frequency electromagnetic field as possibly carcinogenic to humans. There has been no such study performed in Bangladesh. The data were collected from various labs of department of pharmacy at Southeast University in Dhaka, Bangladesh. These labs are Pharmaceutical, Cosmetology and Biopharmaceutical Lab, Pharmacology Lab, Organic Pharmacy and Pharmacognosy Lab, Inorganic Pharmacy Lab and Microbiology Research Lab. Both threshold values of Electric and Magnetic fields were measured for various electronic equipments. Also the maximum value of the magnetic field results showed that in many cases the magnetic field radiated from the different sources are greater than the threshold limit which are the main point of our findings. As a result of the long time efforts of world scientist community WHO formed ICNIRP in 1969. Key Words: EMF, NIR, DNA, EMC, AML and ICNIRP
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The term biophotonics denotes a combination of biology and photonics, with photonics being the science and technology of generation, manipulation, and detection of photons, quantum units of light. Photonics is related to electronics and photons. Photons play a central role in information technologies such as fiber optics the way electrons do in electronics.
Biophotonics can also be described as the "development and application of optical techniques, particularly imaging, to the study of biological molecules, cells and tissue". One of the main benefits of using optical techniques which make up biophotonics is that they preserve the integrity of the biological cells being examined.
Use of nanotechnology in medical science (pros and cons)Vikram Kataria
here in this presentation I had shared the basic information regarding use of nanotechnology in medical science and what wonders and improvements that nano technology did in the field of medical science.
Nanoparticle of plant extract: A Novel approach for cancer therapyroshan telrandhe
Presented in NATIONAL CONFERENCE ;A Phytomedicine : A Novel Approach For Cancer Treatment. Sponsered By Indian Councial Of Medical Research, Delhi. OrganisedBy KamlaNehru College Of Pharmacy, Butibori, Nagpur441108, Maharastra, India. ON 25 & 26 March 2017
Survey of emf emitted by lab equipments in pharmacy labs of southeast univers...eSAT Journals
Abstract The aim of this survey is to investigate whether the Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) emitted by various lab equipments affects the students. There is a standard threshold value recommended by WHO for both electric and magnetic fields. Electro-Magnetic Fields commonly known as Non Ionizing Radiation is emitted from high power transmission lines, computer monitor/video display unit, radio waves of different frequencies (extremely low frequency to microwaves), telecommunication, satellite, radar etc. which causes health hazards to living system and environment. The WHO/ International Agency for Research in Cancer (IARC) has classified radio frequency electromagnetic field as possibly carcinogenic to humans. There has been no such study performed in Bangladesh. The data were collected from various labs of department of pharmacy at Southeast University in Dhaka, Bangladesh. These labs are Pharmaceutical, Cosmetology and Biopharmaceutical Lab, Pharmacology Lab, Organic Pharmacy and Pharmacognosy Lab, Inorganic Pharmacy Lab and Microbiology Research Lab. Both threshold values of Electric and Magnetic fields were measured for various electronic equipments. Also the maximum value of the magnetic field results showed that in many cases the magnetic field radiated from the different sources are greater than the threshold limit which are the main point of our findings. As a result of the long time efforts of world scientist community WHO formed ICNIRP in 1969. Key Words: EMF, NIR, DNA, EMC, AML and ICNIRP
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The term biophotonics denotes a combination of biology and photonics, with photonics being the science and technology of generation, manipulation, and detection of photons, quantum units of light. Photonics is related to electronics and photons. Photons play a central role in information technologies such as fiber optics the way electrons do in electronics.
Biophotonics can also be described as the "development and application of optical techniques, particularly imaging, to the study of biological molecules, cells and tissue". One of the main benefits of using optical techniques which make up biophotonics is that they preserve the integrity of the biological cells being examined.
Nanotechnology refers to research and technology development at the atomic, molecular, and macromolecular scale, leading to the controlled manipulation and study of structures and devices with length scales in the 1- to 100-nanometers range.
Simultaneous loading of 5-florouracil and SPIONs in HSA nanoparticles: Optimi...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s): Over the past two decades, considerable interest has been focused on utilizing biocompatible magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) for biomedical applications. In this study, production of human serum albumin (HSA) nanoparticles using desolvation technique that were simultaneous loaded with high amounts of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) and 5-flourouracil (5-FU) was investigated.
Materials and Methods: 5-FU loading (%) and SPIONs entrapment efficiency (%) were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). The design expert software used to analyse the interactive effects of pH, 5-FU and SPIONs concentrations.
Results:The optimum conditions found to be pH of 8.2, drug concentration of 1.5 mg/ml and SPIONs concentration of 2.79 mg/ml. Under the mentioned optimum conditions, particles with the size of 111.8 nm, zeta potential of -37.1 mV, 5-FU loading of 15.8% and SPIONs entrapment efficiency of 41.1% were obtained. In vitro cumulative release of 5-FU from the nanoparticles was evaluated in phosphate buffer saline (pH 7.4, 37 °C). Results indicated that 85% of the 5-FU released during 95 h, which revealed a sustained release profile. In addition, Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) analyses confirmed the superparamagnetic properties of magnetic albumin nanoparticles manufactured under the optimum conditions.
Conclusion: According to the findings,SPIONs and 5-FU loaded HAS nanoparticles arepromising for use as novel targeted delivery system due to proper magnetic and drug release behaviours.
Acta Biomaterialia 49 (2017) 402–413
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Acta Biomaterialia
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/actabiomat
Full length article
Programmed near-infrared light-responsive drug delivery system for
combined magnetic tumor-targeting magnetic resonance imaging and
chemo-phototherapy
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2016.11.035
1742-7061/� 2016 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
⇑ Corresponding authors at: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou
University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (L. Hou), [email protected]
(Z. Zhang).
Qianhua Feng a,b,c, Yuanyuan Zhang a, Wanxia Zhang a, Yongwei Hao a,b,c, Yongchao Wang a,b,c,
Hongling Zhang a,b,c, Lin Hou a,b,c,⇑, Zhenzhong Zhang a,b,c,⇑
a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
b Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, China
c Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, China
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 15 July 2016
Received in revised form 3 November 2016
Accepted 15 November 2016
Available online 24 November 2016
Keywords:
Hollow mesoporous copper sulfide
Magnetic targeting
Controlled release
Theranostics
a b s t r a c t
In this study, an intelligent drug delivery system was developed by capping doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded
hollow mesoporous CuS nanoparticles (HMCuS NPs) with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles
(IONPs). Under near infrared (NIR) light irradiation, the versatile HMCuS NPs could exploit the merits
of both photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) simultaneously. Herein, the mul-
tifunctional IONPs as gatekeeper with the enhanced capping efficiency were supposed to realize ‘‘zero
premature release” and minimize the adverse side effects during the drug delivery in vivo. More impor-
tantly, the hybrid metal nanoplatform (HMCuS/[email protected]) allowed several emerging exceptional
characteristics. Our studies have substantiated the hybrid nanoparticles possessed an enhanced PTT
effect due to coupled plasmonic resonances with an elevated heat-generating capacity. Notably, an effec-
tive removal of IONP-caps occurred after NIR-induced photo-hyperthermia via weakening of the coordi-
nation interactions between HMCuS-NH2 and IONPs, which suggested the feasibility of sophisticated
controlled on-demand drug release upon exposing to NIR stimulus with spatial/temporal resolution.
Benefiting from the favorable magnetic tumor targeting efficacy, the in vitro and in vivo experiments indi-
cated a remarkable anti-tumor therapeutic efficacy under NIR irradiation, resulting from the synergistic
combination of chemo-phototherapy. In addition, T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) con-
trast performance of IONPs provided the identifica.
Atomic Force Microscopy: 3 Modes, Applications & Future | The Lifesciences Ma...The Lifesciences Magazine
Atomic force microscopy, or AFM, is a potent instrument in the rapidly developing field of nanotechnology that allows scientists to explore the complex worlds of atoms and molecules.
During the last decades a large effort has been invested in the development of a new
discipline devoted to benefit from optical excitations in materials where metals are
key element (Plasmonics). We will make an introduction on this topic below, but let’s
anticipate that two application areas are sensing and information technologies.
The following height extended abstracts, presented during the one-day NANOMAGMA
Symposium (Bilbao, Spain – April 13, 2011 reflects some of the latest developments on magneto-plasmonics.
In 2010 and 2011, the nanoICT project (EU/ICT/FET Coordination Action) launched
two calls for exchange visits for PhD students with the following main objectives: 1.
To perform joint work or to be trained in the leading European industrial and academic research institutions; 2. To enhance long-term collaborations within the ERA; 3. To
generate high-skilled personnel and to facilitate technology transfer;
The first outcome report was published in the issue 22 (August 2011) and this edition
contains four new articles providing insights in relevant fi elds for nanoICT.
We would like to thank all the authors who contributed to this issue as well as the European Commission for the financial support (projects nanoICT No. 216165 and NANOMAGMA No. FP7-214107-2).
Dr. Antonio Correia Editor - Phantoms Foundation
The Invention of the Mid-Infrared Generating Atomizer and its Human and Veter...semualkaira
In the current scenario, there
are different therapies for different diseases of human and animals. The existed therapies are associated with hurdles like drug
resistance, less sensitivity, side effects, uneconomical, etc. However, none of the therapies provide multi-disease management on
a molecular basis. Every disease originates due to inter and/or intra-molecular (cell/ tissue) changes, which changes their respective chemical bonds. Therapies focusing to rectify the molecular
changes (molecular medicine) are growing slowly, which could
act as a single remedy, but needs extensive multi-faculty research.
The Invention of the Mid-Infrared Generating Atomizer and its Human and Veter...semualkaira
In the current scenario, there
are different therapies for different diseases of human and animals. The existed therapies are associated with hurdles like drug
resistance, less sensitivity, side effects, uneconomical, etc. However, none of the therapies provide multi-disease management on
a molecular basis. Every disease originates due to inter and/or intra-molecular (cell/ tissue) changes, which changes their respective chemical bonds. Therapies focusing to rectify the molecular
changes (molecular medicine) are growing slowly, which could
act as a single remedy, but needs extensive multi-faculty research.
The Invention of the Mid-Infrared Generating Atomizer and its Human and Veter...semualkaira
In the current scenario, there
are different therapies for different diseases of human and animals. The existed therapies are associated with hurdles like drug
resistance, less sensitivity, side effects, uneconomical, etc. However, none of the therapies provide multi-disease management on
a molecular basis. Every disease originates due to inter and/or intra-molecular (cell/ tissue) changes, which changes their respective chemical bonds. Therapies focusing to rectify the molecular
changes (molecular medicine) are growing slowly, which could
act as a single remedy, but needs extensive multi-faculty research.
Aquasomes are nanoparticulate carrier system but instead of being simple nanoparticles these are three layered self assembled structures, comprised of a solid phase nanocrystalline core coated with oligomeric film to which biochemically active molecules are adsorbed with or without modification.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
3. INTRODUCTION
A drug or therapeutic radionuclide is bound to or
co-incorporated along with magnetic compound and introduced
in to human body, then concentrated in the target area by
means of a magnetic field (using an internally implanted
permanent magnet or an externally applied field) is called as
magnetic drug delivery.
Drug release can proceed by simple diffusion or take place
through mechanisms requiring enzymatic activity or changes in
physiological conditions such as pH, osmolality, or temperature.
Drug release can also be magnetically triggered from the drugconjugated magnetic nanoparticles.
Magnetic targeting is of active targeting with the application of
physical force(magnetic force).
4.
The magnetic nanoparticles can be used for hyperthermia
applications, due to the heat they produce in an alternating
magnetic field The resulting temperature increase can be used
to modify or inhibit specific cell activities locally, or even to
release drugs in a precisely controlled, temperature-increase
activated manner.
Magnetic nanoparticles can also serve as contrast agents for
diagnostic applications such as magnetic resonance imaging.
Magnetic nanoparticles possess many characteristics that make
them promising as drug carriers and for use in biomedical
applications.
5.
Few of biochemical applications are summarized as below
The accumulation of magnetic nanoparticles can be used on its
own to starve the target tissue of oxygen, produce hypoxia and
induce necrosis in tumor cells (Gkiozos I et al ., 2007).
6.
With respect to lung disease, aerosol delivery of drugs by
inhalation represents the most straight forward strategy for
targeting the diseased tissue (Patton JS et al., 2005).This
approach of ‘targeted dose intensification’ for human lung cancer
therapy has been attempted in only a few previous studies.
Dames et al. in their study have brought aerosol delivery to an
advanced level of specificity by using magnetism to direct
magnetizable aerosol droplets specifically to desired regions of
the lungs.
To date, magnetic drug targeting has been explored mostly in
pre-clinical models for cancer therapy with intravascular
administration of ‘magnetic’ drug formulations.
7.
A schematic presentation of the concept of magnetic drug
targeting to tumor tissue on intravascular administration is
shown below.
Magnetic drug targeting with intravascular administration
8.
‘Nanomagnetosols’, as Dames et al. call their compositions for
magnetic drug targeting via the airways, can be generated easily
with state-of-the-art nebulizers that are in clinical use and contain
an appropriate quantity of iron oxide nanoparticles. These make
them susceptible to magnetic field guidance.
Targeted delivery of magnetic aerosol droplets
9.
The nanomagnetosol approach might allow more-specific targeting
of diseased lung areas not only in cancer but also in the case of
infectious lung diseases (Sharma S et al., 2001) .
The fact that plasmid DNA can be magnetically targeted to specific
regions of the lung via nanomagnetosols generates an interesting
link to a method known as ‘magnetofection’, (Plank C et al., 2005)
is a method of magnetic drug targeting applied to nucleic acids.
This would be an exciting extension to the current options for
In vivo gene delivery.
The amount of magnetic nanoparticles per aerosol droplet that
would be required to deflect nanomagnetosols sufficiently by
‘reasonable’ magnetic force in the force-field of an aerosol stream
under the constraints of lung anatomy. ‘Reasonable’ means that
such fields can be generated with affordable equipment with field
strengths that are compatible with clinical application.
10. PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS
OF PURPOSE.
Superparamagnetic , ferro- and ferri magnetic particles.
Should be deflected in low magnetic field application.
Appropriate surface chemistries and functionalizations is also
important.
High thermal energy.
Non bio-interactive.
Biocompatible.
Nontoxic.
11. MAGNETIC MATERIALS IN USE
Iron oxide based magnetic nanoparticles
1)
superparamagnetic magnetite (Fe304)
2) maghemite (Fe203).
less deflection to magnetic strength at low magnetic field
applications
Cobalt based magnetic nanoparticles
toxicity
Iron based magnetic particles
sensitivity to oxidation
12. ADVANTAGES
Overcomes the natural deposition mechanism of inhaled
aerosol droplets in the lungs that only allows targeting of
the central airways or lung periphery but not local regions
in the lungs.
Offer a degree of flexibility in terms of magnetic drug
formulation that has not previously been possible.
Co-incorporation into aerosol droplets without further
physical association between the drug and nanoparticle.
Achieved
improvements
(magnetofection)
in
nucleic
acid
delivery.
13.
Similar pharmokinetics as would be seen for the drug or gene
vector on its own can be expected.
Used as versatile tools.
Because the magnetic force acting on a magnetic particle is
proportional to the third power of its radius, packaging a
multitude of magnetic nanoparticles in a larger carrier, such as
an aerosol droplet, greatly improves magnetic guidability
Dames et al.
low side effects , low dosing of drug.
14. DISADVANTAGES
Generating sufficient magnetic flux density and field gradient at
the target site, which will be at a distance of at least several
centimeters from the source of the field (e.g. a pole tip)
Even in the presence of higher magnetic force nanomagnetosols
penetration in to deeper lung tissues is limited by inertia for
inhalation nanoparticles.
Exerting sufficient magnetic force on magnetic nanocarriers to
counterbalance hydrodynamic forces has been one of the major
limitations in magnetic drug targeting with intravascular
administration to date.
15.
Particles below 500nm of MMAD are exhaled out (Ally, J. et
al., 2006) .
Iron oxide related toxicity
Accumulation of red blood cells on higher magnetic field
application.
Formation of magnetic agglomerates in case of ferri and ferro
magnetic nanoparticles.
16. RECENT APPLICATIONS
Rudolph C et al., (2005) investigated a novel method
which brings aerosol delivery to an advanced level of
specificity by making use of magnetic gradient fields to
direct
magnetizable
superparamagnetic
iron
aerosol
oxide
droplets
containing
nanoparticles
(SPION)
specifically to desired regions of the lungs in mice.
To target the effected region of cancerous lung in mice
Rudolph C et al., (2005) two independent methods used
to increase and localize aerosol deposition.
SPIONs nebulized through intratracheal aerosol device
and whole-body aerosol device.
17. Representation of the whole-body aerosol device. (a) A plastic box which
houses the mice is connected to the nebulizer via an aerosol spacer placed in
horizontal orientation. The detailed dimensions of the aerosol device are
described in Rudolph et al. . (b) To avoid the mice from adhering together
with their magnets, six small chambers of equal size are inserted into the
box made from a fine non-magnetic mesh. The mesh size should allow
unrestricted aerosol flow.
18. Schematic representation of the FlexiVent respirator(intra tracheal aerosol
device) system used for ventilation and aerosol application.
19. Fixation of a permanent magnet above the thorax of a mouse. The
permanent magnet is fixed on the fur covering the thorax of the
mice by using either tissue glue or any other instant adhesive.
20. CONCLUSION
Magnetic targeting of aerosol streams comprising active
agents could, at the very least, become a valuable research
tool.
In the best case scenario, nanomagnetosols might be
generated entirely from only three clinically approved
components:
approved
drugs,
approved
magnetic
nanoparticles and water or saline. This should greatly
accelerate product development.
21. REFERENCES
Rudolph C et al. Magnetic aerosol targeting of nanoparticles to
cancer: NANOMAGNETOSOLS. Methods Mol Bio. 2010, 624:267-280.
Dames P et al. Targeted delivery of magnetic aerosol droplets to
the lung. Nat. Nano. 2007, 2, 495–499.
Plank C et al. Localized nucleic acid delivery: a discussion of
selected methods. In DNA Pharmaceuticals,2005, pp. 55–116.
Sharma S et al. Development of inhalational agents for oncologic
use. J. Clin. Oncol. 2001, 19, 1839–1847.
Ally, J. et al. Factors affecting magnetic retention of particles in
the upper airways: an in vitro and ex vivo study. J. Aerosol Med.
2006, 19, 491–509
22.
Safarik I et al. Use of magnetic techniques for isolation of cells.
J.Chromatography .1999, B 772:33-53.
Gkiozos I et al. Developments in the treatment of non-small
cell lung cancer. Anticancer Res . 2007, 27(4C), 2823–2827.
Patton JS et al. The lungs as a portal of entry for systemic
drug delivery. Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc. 2004, 1, 338–344.
Ferrari M.et al. Applications of magnetic nanoparticles. Nat.
Rev. Cancer (2005) 5, 161.
Cunningham CH et al. Magnetic resonance imaging. Magn.
Reson. Med. (2005) 53, 999.
23. IF BEING FEASIBLE IS THE ONLY OPTION OF LIFE, THEN THERE
IS NO ‘NO’ FOR ANY WORK. BUT BEING FEASIBLE IS ATYPICAL.