Assistance, assessments and interventions that can be performed for benefit of any person suffering from a sudden illness or injury to preserve his/her life, prevent the conditionfrom worsening, and/or promote recovery by an eyewitness or by the victim with minimal or no medical equipment is termed as First Aid.
First aid can be performed by the victim or byany individual near to the victim.
TEST BANK For Little and Falace's Dental Management of the Medically Compromi...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Little and Falace's Dental Management of the Medically Compromised Patient, 10th Edition by Craig Miller, Verified Chapters 1 - 30, Complete Newest Version
Assistance, assessments and interventions that can be performed for benefit of any person suffering from a sudden illness or injury to preserve his/her life, prevent the conditionfrom worsening, and/or promote recovery by an eyewitness or by the victim with minimal or no medical equipment is termed as First Aid.
First aid can be performed by the victim or byany individual near to the victim.
TEST BANK For Little and Falace's Dental Management of the Medically Compromi...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Little and Falace's Dental Management of the Medically Compromised Patient, 10th Edition by Craig Miller, Verified Chapters 1 - 30, Complete Newest Version
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
1. PRESENTATION ON “DEHYDRATION”
PRESENTED BY: RAJESH CHHETRI(18) & RAHAMAT
KHAN(17)
ROLL NO: EIGHTEEN(18) & SEVENTEEN(17)
SUBJECT: PUBLIC HEALTH PHARMACY
FACULTY: B.PHARM
LEVEL: BACHELOR
COLLEGE: SHREE MEDICAL AND TECHNICAL COLLEGE
PRESENTED TO: JIWAN POUDYAL
3. CONTENTS
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OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL FEATURES
CAUSES/DETERMINANTS/RISK FACTOR
NEPALESE CONTEXT
-NEPALESE CONTEXT DATA PRESENTATION
FIRST AIDMANAGEMENT ABCD
5. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
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Define dehydration
Identify causes and risk factors
Become familiar with medications that may exacerbate
dehydration
Identify signs and symptoms of dehydration
Understand measures to prevent dehydration
Treatment of the dehydration
6. INTRODUCTION
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Dehydration is a condition that occurs when an individual has
lost so much fluid that the body can no longer function normally
and develops signs and symptoms due to the loss of fluid.
Mostly water, exceeds the amount that is taken in. With
dehydration
More water is moving out of individual cells and then out of the
body than the amount of water that is taken in through drinking.
9. CLINICAL FEATURES
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Signs & Symptoms of dehydration in children:
Signs of Dehydration:
1. Sunken eyes
2. Decreased frequency of urination or dry nappies
3. Sunken soft spot on the top of the head in babies (called the
fontanels)
4. No tears when the child cries
5. Dry or sticky mucous membranes (the lining of the mouth or
tongue)
6. Lethargy (less activity than normal)
7. Irritability (more crying, fussiness)
8. Abnormal capillary refill time
13. CLINICAL FEATURES CONTINUE…..
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The first symptoms of dehydration include thirst, darker urine, and
decreased urine production. In fact, urine color is one of the best
indicators of a person’s hydration level – clear urine means you are well
hydrated and darker urine means you are dehydrated.
However, it is important to note that, particularly in older adults,
dehydration can occur without thirst. This is why it is important to drink
more water when ill, or during hotter weather.
As the condition progresses to moderate dehydration, symptoms include:
15. CLINICAL FEATURES CONTINUE….
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Severe dehydration (loss of 10-15 percent of the body’s water)
may be characterized by extreme versions of the symptoms
above as well as:
lack of sweating
sunken eyes
shriveled and dry skin
low blood pressure
increased heart rate
fever
delirium
unconsciousness
16. CAUSES/DETERMINANTS/RISK FACTOR
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Some of the following causes are listed below:
Excessive fluid loss
Reduced fluid intake
Other causes of fluid loss include:
Hemorrhage
Excessive perspiration
Acute renal failure with polyuria
Abdominal surgery
19. NEPALESE CONTEXT
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In 2072/73, 1,248,093 cases of diarrhoea were reported
of which 0.2 percent suffered from severe dehydration (a
decrease from 0.3 percent the previous year).
% of children under five years with diarrhoea suffering
from dehydration (facility, outreach & community level)
-2070/2071: Not defined
-2071/72: 21
-2072/73: 20
21. FIRST AIDMANAGEMENT ABCD
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First aid treatment for dehydration
There are some simple first aid steps you can take if you
suspect someone is suffering from dehydration.
Assist the casualty into a cool, shaded place
Encourage them to sit down and stop any physical activity
Provide plenty of water or Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS) to
drink
If the patient is suffering from cramp, stretch and massage the
affected muscles
Monitor and record vital signs (eg: pulse / respiratory rate) if
trained
22. EVALUATION THE DEGREE OF
DEHYDRATION
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Mild dehydration (<5% in an infant; <3% in an older child or adult):
Normal or increased pulse
decreased urine output
Thirsty
Normal Physical findings
Moderate dehydration (5-10% in an infant; 3-6 in an older child or adult):
Tachycardia, little or no urine output, irritable/lethargic, sunken eyes and fontanel,
decreased tears, dry mucous membranes, mild delay in elasticity (skin turgor)
23. EVALUATION THE DEGREE OF
DEHYDRATION CONTINUE…..
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Severe dehydration (>10% in an infant, >6% in an older
child or adult):
Peripheral pulses either rapid and weak or absent
Decreased blood pressure
No urine output
Very sunken eyes and fontanel , no tears,
24. EVALUATION THE DEGREE OF
DEHYDRATION CONTINUE
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The ABCDE Approach Treatment Chart (Chart 2)
This gives practical advice on emergency management of unwell patients.
Using the ABCDE approach
Airway assessment is always the first as it is imperative that the airway is not
obstructed. For detailed advice on management of the airway see the WHO
ETAT course (1).
Breathing should be adequate; if breathing assistance is required use a bag
valve mask device or give oxygen if available. Only when problems with
airway and breathing are addressed should the clinician move onto
circulation.
25. EVALUATION THE DEGREE OF
DEHYDRATION CONTINUE
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Circulation. The chart gives guidance on the use of
fluids. It is important to recognise malnutrition at this
stage, as rapid infusion of intravenous fluids to a
malnourished child can be very dangerous. Depending
upon measurement of capillary refill, heart rate and
blood pressure, give fluids: rapidly IV, slowly IV, or
orally.
26. EVALUATION THE DEGREE OF
DEHYDRATION CONTINUE
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Disability. If the patient shows signs of disability (either coma or
convulsion) airway and breathing management are top priority. It
is then appropriate to insert an IV cannual and measure the
blood sugar if possible. These patients are at risk of low blood
sugar and often it is safer to give glucose as soon as possible.
Dehydration - is so common in tropical countries that checking
for signs of dehydration should be routine. The signs of shock
have already been looked for while assessing circulation but
specific examination for loose skin, lethargy and sunken eyes
should occur.
Exposure. Finally it is important to look at the whole patient, to
look for signs of a rash, trauma or swollen abdomen.
27. THE ABCDE APPROACH – TRIAGE
TREAT FIRST WHAT KILLS FIRST
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Emergency Priority Queue
Airway Obstructed At risk Clear
Breathing
Rate
>40 or <10 30 -40 10-30
Breathing
Colour
Blue (Cyanosis) Pink or Pale Pink
Breathing
Effort
Distressed using accessory
muscles
Mild distress No distress
Circulation
Capillary Refill
>3 second (shock) >2 seconds <2 seconds
Circulation
Pulse rate
>150 (<40) >130 (<60) 60-100
Circulation
Temperature
Low (Shock) Normal or High Normal or High
28. THE ABCDE APPROACH – TRIAGE
TREAT FIRST WHAT KILLS FIRST
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Disability
Coma
Unresponsive Pain
response
Voice Response Alert
Disability
Blood sugar
<2 2-3 >3
Dehydration Skin pinch
>2 seconds
Lethargic
Skin pinch
<2 seconds,
Alert Malnourished
Mild
Alert and well
nourished
Exposure Major Trauma
Florid total skin rash
Minor injury
Mild total skin rash
Nothing evident or
limited rash
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The ABCDE Approach - Treatment
Emergency Treatment of Children
and Adults
Airway – (Care with
Cervical Spine in Trauma)
Clear airway
Suction – If necessary
Breathing
Give assisted ventilation if
not breathing adequately
Use oxygen if available
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Malnourished Well Nourished
Capillary Refill
>3 seconds
Fluids IV Slowly Fluids IV rapidly
Capillary Refill
2-3 seconds
Oral Fluids Fluids IV
HR >150 Fluids IV Slowly Fluids IV Rapidly
HR 130-150 Oral Fluids Fluids IV
Low Blood Pressure Fluids IV Slowly Fluids IV Rapidly
Circulation – Child
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A B C D
Coma Clear/support Recovery
Position
IV Cannula Blood sugar
Convulsion Clear/support Recovery
Position
IV Cannula Blood
sugar/Drugs
Circulation – Adult – Unwell.
If Blood pressure <100 and Pulse > 100 give Normal Saline 500 mls.
Reasses and Repeat if still abnormal and patient unwell
Disability
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Malnourished Well nourished
Signs of Shock Fluids IV Slowly Fluids IV Rapidly
Skin Pinch >2 seconds Fluids IV Slowly Fluids IV Rapidly
Lethargic Try oral fluids first IV Fluids
Sunken Eyes Try oral fluids first IV Fluids
Dehydration
33. CALCULATIONS
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Calculation of the deficit:
Determining the fluid deficit necessitates clinically
determining the percent dehydration and multiplying this
percentage by the patient’s weight; a child who weights
10kg and is 10% dehydrated has a fluid deficit of 1L.
10kg×10/100=1L
CALCULATION OF MAINTENANCE:
100 ml/kg for the first 10 kg body wt. = 1000 ml
50 ml/kg for the second 10 kg body wt. = 500 ml
25 ml/kg for the third 10 kg body wt. = 250 ml
TOTAL FLUID REQUIREMENT: equal to
Fluid deficit + maintenance within 24 hrs.
43. COMPLICATION
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Complications include:
1. Hypotension
2. Risk of falls related to hypotension
3. Decreased cardiac output and perfusion to tissues and
organs
4. Severe dehydration can progress to hypovolemic shock
Other complications include :
Renal failure & Death
44. PROGNOSIS
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What Is the Prognosis of Dehydration in Adults?
When dehydration is treated and the underlying cause
identified, most people will recover normally.
Dehydration caused by heat exposure, too much exercise,
or decreased water intake is generally easy to manage,
and the outcome is usually excellent. However, the
prognosis worsens as the severity of dehydration
increases and also depends on how well the underlying
cause responds to appropriate treatment.