This document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It defines a PLC as a digital computer used for industrial control systems. The document outlines the history of PLCs, their major components including the processor, power supply, and I/O modules. It describes the operational sequence of a PLC including input scan, logic solve, and output scan. Programming methods like ladder logic and functional block diagrams are discussed. Examples are provided of ladder logic programs for starting and stopping a motor. Advantages of PLCs include reliability, flexibility, and cost effectiveness. The document concludes by listing some common industrial applications of PLCs.

1. Presented By
Veenita Rao More
B.Tech (EC) III yr
Banasthali University
(Programmable Logic Controller)
Banasthali University

2. Contents
What is PLC?
History of PLC
Major components of PLC
Operational sequence of PLC
Ladder logic
Example of starting and stopping of a motor
Advantages
Disadvantages
Application

3. What is PLC?
PLC is a digital computer designed for
multiple inputs and output
arrangements, extended temperature
ranges, immunity to electrical noise, and
resistance to vibration and impact. A
PLC is an example of a real time system.

4. PLC was introduced in late 1960’s
First commercial & successful Programmable Logic
Controllers was designed and developed by Modicon as a
relay replacer for General Motors.
Earlier, it was a machine with thousands of electronic parts.
Later ,in late 1970’s,the microprocessor became reality &
greatly enhanced the role of PLC permitting it to evolve form
simply relay to the sophisticated system as it is today.

5. 5
Major Components of a Common PLC
PROCESSOR
POWER
SUPPLY
I M
N O
P D
U U
T L
E
O M
U O
T D
P U
U L
T E
PROGRAMMING
DEVICE
From
SENSORS
Pushbuttons,
contacts,
limit switches,
etc.
To
OUTPUT
Solenoids,
contactors,
alarms
etc.

6. 6
Major Components of a Common PLC
POWER SUPPLY
Provides the voltage needed to run the primary PLC components
I/O MODULES
Provides signal conversion and isolation between the internal logic-
level signals inside the PLC and the field’s high level signal.
PROCESSOR
Provides intelligence to command and govern the activities of the entire
PLC systems.
PROGRAMMING DEVICE
Used to enter the desired program that will determine the sequence of
operation and control of process equipment or driven machine.

7. PLC operation sequence
1)Self test: Testing of its own hardware and
software for faults.
2)Input scan: If there are no problems, PLC
will copy all the inputs and copy their values
into memory.
3)Logic solve/scan: Using inputs, the ladder
logic program is solved once and outputs are
updated.
4)Output scan: While solving logic the output
values are updated only in memory when
ladder scan is done, the outputs will be
updated using temporary values in memory.
Self test
Input scan
Logic scan
Output
scan

8. Programming Languages of PLC
Most common languages encountered in PLC
programming are:
1) Ladder Logic
2) Functional Block Diagram
3) Sequential Function Chart
4) Boolean mnemonics

9. Ladder Logic
 The ladder logic is the oldest programming
language for PLC.
 It is well suited to express Combinational
logic.
The main ladder logic symbols represent the
elements :
make contact
break contact
relay coil

10. A B Logic(Y)
OFF
OFF
ON
ON
OFF
ON
OFF
ON
OFF
OFF
OFF
ON
AND Gate
A B Y
A B Logic(Y)
OFF
OFF
ON
ON
OFF
ON
OFF
ON
OFF
ON
ON
ON
OR Gate
A
B
Y

11. NOR Gate
A B Y
A B Logic(Y)
OFF
OFF
ON
ON
OFF
ON
OFF
ON
ON
ON
ON
OFF
A B Logic(Y)
OFF
OFF
ON
ON
OFF
ON
OFF
ON
ON
OFF
OFF
OFF
NAND Gate
B
Y
A

12. Block diagram of a PLC
Outputs
LEDs
Inputs

13. Ladder Logic Program for Start/Stop of Motor :
X2X1
Y1
Y1

14. Programming PLC:

15. Starting of Motor:

16. Continuous Running of motor when Start Button is
released:

17. To Stop the Motor :

18.  Reliability.
 Flexibility in programming and reprogramming.
 Cost effective for controlling complex systems.
 Small physical size, shorter project time.
 High speed of operation.
 Ability to communicate with computer systems in the
plant.
 Ease of maintenance /troubleshooting.
 Reduced space.
 Energy saving.

19. Disadvantages of PLCs
PLC devices are proprietary it means that part or
software of one manufacturer can’t be used in
combination with parts of another manufacturer.
Limited design and cost option
Fixed Circuit Operations.
PLCs manufacturers offer only closed architectures.

20. Wherever automation is desired the PLCs are best
suited to meet the task.
Few examples of industries where PLCs are used :
1) Robots manufacturing and control
2) Car park control
3) Train control station system
4) Food processing
5) Materials handling
6)Machine tools
7)Conveyer system etc.

21. Thank You!!!