Plant viruses are transmitted from plant to plant in a number of ways.
Transmission of viruses by vegetative propagation.
Mechanical transmission of viruses through sap.
Transmission of viruses by seed.
Transmission of viruses by Pollen.
Transmission of viruses by dodder.
Transmission by vectors.
Ecto and endomycorrhizae and their significanceRitaSomPaul
A part of Botany (Hons) syllabus in Mycopathology illustrates the basic differnces in ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae as well as their significance
Fungi in Agriculture and Forestry: A Boon to Human Welfare by Dr. Pampi GhoshPampi Ghosh
One day National webinar on " Fungi in human welfare".
Invited Talk
Speaker 2: Dr. Pampi Ghosh
Assistant Prof (SSS), Dept. of Botany, SBM, Kapgari, Jhargram, W.B.
You tube link: Presentation of P. Ghosh: https://youtu.be/2jTXnxv3WiY
on 05/01/2022 (12:30 to 1:20 p.m)
Thank to the convenor of this webinar committee Dr. Chhya K. Bhalsankar, HOD, Botany Dept. , AJMVP's New Arts, Commerce and Science college Shevgaon, Ahmednagar
vice Principal Sir
Dr. YS sudake, AJMVP's New Arts, Commerce and Science college Shevgaon, Ahmednagar
and
Principal Sir Dr. PR Kunde, AJMVP's New Arts, Commerce and Science college Shevgaon, Ahmednagar, M.S.
FUNGI - ROLE IN AGRICULTURE,MEDICINE & COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS. ChhanKumarkalita
TOPIC: FUNGI - ROLE IN AGRICULTURE,MEDICINE & COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS.
Presented By: Chhan kumar kalita
B.Sc. in Botany, Dept of Botany, B.P. Chaliha College, Nagarbera
M.Sc. in Botany, Dept of Botany, Nowgown College (Autonomous)
Organisms are classified by humans for convenience of reference. In the scheme of classification, mycologists may not give equal importance to the criteria available. And therefore, we find different schemes of classification
Heterothallic species have sexes that reside in different individuals. . The term is applied particularly to distinguish heterothallic fungi, which require two compatible partners to produce sexual spores, from homothallic ones, which are capable of sexual reproduction from a single organism.
Effect of environment and nutrition on plant disease developmentparnavi kadam
BRIEF AND PRECISE POINTS ON PLANT DISEASE DEVELOPMENT. IT MOSTLY FOCUSES ON HOW THE FACTORS AFFECT THE MICROBES AND THEN THEIR MICROBIAL EFFECT ON DISEASE DEVELOPMENT.
Fungi get their nutrition by absorbing organic compounds from the environment. Fungi are heterotrophic: they rely solely on carbon obtained from other organisms for their metabolism and nutrition. Fungi have evolved in a way that allows many of them to use a large variety of organic substrates for growth, including simple compounds such as nitrate, ammonia, acetate, or ethanol. Their mode of nutrition defines the role of fungi in their environment.
Fungi obtain nutrients in three different ways:
They decompose dead organic matter. A saprotroph is an organism that obtains its nutrients from non-living organic matter, usually dead and decaying plant or animal matter, by absorbing soluble organic compounds. Saprotrophic fungi play very important roles as recyclers in ecosystem energy flow and biogeochemical cycles. Saprophytic fungi, such as shiitake (Lentinula edodes) and oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus), decompose dead plant and animal tissue by releasing enzymes from hyphal tips. In this way, they recycle organic materials back into the surrounding environment. Because of these abilities, fungi are the primary decomposers in forests.
They feed on living hosts. As parasites, fungi live in or on other organisms and get their nutrients from their host. Parasitic fungi use enzymes to break down living tissue, which may cause illness in the host. Disease-causing fungi are parasitic. Recall that parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship between organisms of different species in which one, the parasite, benefits from a close association with the other, the host, which is harmed.
They live mutualistically with other organisms. Mutualistic fungi live harmlessly with other living organisms. Recall that mutualism is an interaction between individuals of two different species, in which both individuals benefit.
Plant viruses are transmitted from plant to plant in a number of ways.
Transmission of viruses by vegetative propagation.
Mechanical transmission of viruses through sap.
Transmission of viruses by seed.
Transmission of viruses by Pollen.
Transmission of viruses by dodder.
Transmission by vectors.
Ecto and endomycorrhizae and their significanceRitaSomPaul
A part of Botany (Hons) syllabus in Mycopathology illustrates the basic differnces in ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae as well as their significance
Fungi in Agriculture and Forestry: A Boon to Human Welfare by Dr. Pampi GhoshPampi Ghosh
One day National webinar on " Fungi in human welfare".
Invited Talk
Speaker 2: Dr. Pampi Ghosh
Assistant Prof (SSS), Dept. of Botany, SBM, Kapgari, Jhargram, W.B.
You tube link: Presentation of P. Ghosh: https://youtu.be/2jTXnxv3WiY
on 05/01/2022 (12:30 to 1:20 p.m)
Thank to the convenor of this webinar committee Dr. Chhya K. Bhalsankar, HOD, Botany Dept. , AJMVP's New Arts, Commerce and Science college Shevgaon, Ahmednagar
vice Principal Sir
Dr. YS sudake, AJMVP's New Arts, Commerce and Science college Shevgaon, Ahmednagar
and
Principal Sir Dr. PR Kunde, AJMVP's New Arts, Commerce and Science college Shevgaon, Ahmednagar, M.S.
FUNGI - ROLE IN AGRICULTURE,MEDICINE & COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS. ChhanKumarkalita
TOPIC: FUNGI - ROLE IN AGRICULTURE,MEDICINE & COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS.
Presented By: Chhan kumar kalita
B.Sc. in Botany, Dept of Botany, B.P. Chaliha College, Nagarbera
M.Sc. in Botany, Dept of Botany, Nowgown College (Autonomous)
Organisms are classified by humans for convenience of reference. In the scheme of classification, mycologists may not give equal importance to the criteria available. And therefore, we find different schemes of classification
Heterothallic species have sexes that reside in different individuals. . The term is applied particularly to distinguish heterothallic fungi, which require two compatible partners to produce sexual spores, from homothallic ones, which are capable of sexual reproduction from a single organism.
Effect of environment and nutrition on plant disease developmentparnavi kadam
BRIEF AND PRECISE POINTS ON PLANT DISEASE DEVELOPMENT. IT MOSTLY FOCUSES ON HOW THE FACTORS AFFECT THE MICROBES AND THEN THEIR MICROBIAL EFFECT ON DISEASE DEVELOPMENT.
Fungi get their nutrition by absorbing organic compounds from the environment. Fungi are heterotrophic: they rely solely on carbon obtained from other organisms for their metabolism and nutrition. Fungi have evolved in a way that allows many of them to use a large variety of organic substrates for growth, including simple compounds such as nitrate, ammonia, acetate, or ethanol. Their mode of nutrition defines the role of fungi in their environment.
Fungi obtain nutrients in three different ways:
They decompose dead organic matter. A saprotroph is an organism that obtains its nutrients from non-living organic matter, usually dead and decaying plant or animal matter, by absorbing soluble organic compounds. Saprotrophic fungi play very important roles as recyclers in ecosystem energy flow and biogeochemical cycles. Saprophytic fungi, such as shiitake (Lentinula edodes) and oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus), decompose dead plant and animal tissue by releasing enzymes from hyphal tips. In this way, they recycle organic materials back into the surrounding environment. Because of these abilities, fungi are the primary decomposers in forests.
They feed on living hosts. As parasites, fungi live in or on other organisms and get their nutrients from their host. Parasitic fungi use enzymes to break down living tissue, which may cause illness in the host. Disease-causing fungi are parasitic. Recall that parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship between organisms of different species in which one, the parasite, benefits from a close association with the other, the host, which is harmed.
They live mutualistically with other organisms. Mutualistic fungi live harmlessly with other living organisms. Recall that mutualism is an interaction between individuals of two different species, in which both individuals benefit.
this presentation is about mycorrhiza. it is a benefitial association between fungi and roots of higher plants. in this presentation we will study about mycorrhiza and its types etc.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
2. Content
● Introduction
● Types of mycorrhiza
● Ecto mycorrhiza a) Monotropoid b) Arbutoid c) Orchid d) Ericoid
● Endomycorrhiza Or vascular arbascular mycorrhiza (VAM)
● Comparative diagram
● Benefits of arbuscular mycorrhizal association
● Research paper related to disease Control through mycorrhiza
● References
3. Introduction
● The term mycorrhiza, meaning fungi to the root.
● It was used for the first time in the year 1885 by A. B. Frank.
● Mycorrhizas are symbiotic associations essential for one or both partners,
between a fungus (specialized for life in soils and plants) and a root (or other
substrate-contacting organ) of a living plant, that is primarily responsible for
nutrient transfer.
4. Types of Mycorrhiza
1 Ectomycorrhiza
a) Monotropoid
b) Arbutoid
c) Orchid
d) Ericoid
2) Endomycorrhiza Or vascular arbascular mycorrhiza (VAM)
5. Ectomycorrhiza
Based on its penetration within the roots, Frank classified Mycorrhiza into two major class
Ectomycorrhiza :
● Ectomycorrhizas (ECM) are associations where fungi
form a mantle( sheath) around roots and a Hartig
net between root cells.
● These associations are defined by Hartig net hyphae
which grow around cells in the epidermis or cortex of
short swollen lateral roots.
● Fungal association : Higher fungi
(ascomycetes ,basidiomycetes and zygomycetes)
Cortical Hartig net of Pinus ECM
root.
6. Figure: Short roots coated with white hyphal net.
Digrammatic representation of EcM colonization in plant root
Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Ectomycorrhizae_001.jpg
Source: http://www.scivit.de/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/quer.jpg
7. Figure: Colonization of Ectomycorrhiza in plant root
Source:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Ectomycorrhiza_illustration.j
8. Monotropoid mycorrhiza
Monotropoid mycorrhizas are ECM associations of a few genera of myco-
heterotrophic plants in the Ericaceae.
These associations are characterised by limited hyphal penetration into epidermal
cells. Information on structure of associations and the identity of mycorrhizal fungi
in Monotropa, Pterospora, Sarcodes, etc. is provided by Robertson & Robertson
(1982), Castellano & Trappe (1985) and Bidartondo et al. (2000).
Fungi - BASIDIOMYCETES
9. Figure : Monotropa root with epidermal Hartig net (H) and
mantle (M) in a cross-section viewed with UV light. Roll-over -
hypha projecting into an epidermal cell (arrow) in stained root
section.
Monotropa uniflora is a myco-
heterotrophic plant lacking chlorophyll
that is entirely dependant on ECM fungi
linked to nearby trees.
10. Orchid Mycorrhizas
Orchid mycorrhizas consist of coils of hyphae within roots or stems of
orchidaceous plants.
Hyphal coils from orchid mycorrhizas
in Epipactis helleborine root.
Coils are white to brown fuzzy balls. This rhizome
of the Western Underground Orchid (Rhizanthella
gardneri)
11. Ericoid mycorrhiza
Ericoid mycorrhizas have hyphal coils in outer cells of the narrow "hair roots" of
plants in the family Ericaceae
Fungi associated -
Mostly ascomycetes
Fig : Ericoid mycorrhizas with hyphal coils in hair roots of
Leucopogon verticillatus.
( Source: http://mycorrhizas.info/ )
12. Endomycorrhiza or Vesicular-Arbuscular
Mycorrhiza (VAM)
Arbuscular mycorrhizas (Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizas, VAM or AM) are
associations where Glomeromycete fungi produce arbuscules, hyphae, and
vesicles within root cortex cells.
These associations are defined by the presence of arbuscules.
Fungi in roots spread by linear hyphae or coiled hyphae.
13. Figure: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the roots of weeds (A) Arbuscule (ar ) in Amaranthus retroflexus; (B)
Vesicle (vs) and hyphae (hy) in Sinapsis arvense; (C) Leonurus sibiricus; (D) Leonitis neptaefolia; (E) Spore
(sp) in Paniculum maximum; (F) Hyphal coils (hc) in Sorghum arundaceum.
Source:http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1807-86212013000100006&script=sci_arttext (CC)
14. Arbescules and vesicles
AM hyphae do not in fact penetrate the protoplast, but invaginate the cell
membrane.
They have two types of mycelium systems: external and internal
External mycelium grows and spreads inside the soil, and is able to ease into the
tiny pores of the soil where plant roots are normally out of reach.
Internal mycelium grows in between and inside the parenchymatous cells of the
host plant roots and create many branches known as arbuscules within the plant
root cells.
15.
16. Benefits of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Association
1. Absorption of nutrients
2. Protection against pathogen
3. Protection against abiotic stres like ;
I. Salinity stress - by enhancing selective uptake of nutrients
II. Drought stress- ability to alter plant water status
III. Heavy Metal- selects between essential and non essential metals
17.
18. References :
Himaya SMMS1*, Sivasubramaniam N2, and Afreen SMMS3
A Review on Role of Mycorrhizal Fungi in Plant Disease Management
http://seu.ac.lk/sljot/publication/v1n2/sljot2
Smith S.E. and. D.J. Read. 1997. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis (second Ed.). Academic
Press, San Diego and London.
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00572-013-0486-y/fulltext.html
http://mycorrhizalsymbiotics.com/plantlist