The document discusses the differences between two popular JavaScript presentation frameworks, Backbone.js and Knockout.js, focusing on their architectural patterns: MVC and MVVM. It highlights their strengths, weaknesses, and suitability for various web application development scenarios, as well as historical context and evolution of presentation design patterns. The session also emphasizes the importance of structured organization, maintainability, and testing in client-side development.

1. MV* presentation frameworks in
Javascript: en garde, pret, allez!
Knockout JS vs Backbone JS
Roberto Messora / robymes

2. Thanks to the sponsors

3. Poll
• How many expert Javascript developers?
• How many new to Javascript?
• How many, at least once, did use a Javascript
Presentation Framework (not plain jQuery)?
• How many did come from server side
development and switched to client side
because of HTML5 new wave?

4. Foreword
• Session goals:
– Why choose a client Presentation Framework
when building a web application
– Clarify how Presentation Patterns are
implemented in Javascript
– Show the differences between an MVC(*) and a
MVVM Javascript Framework
• Many thanks to the great TodoMVC project
and its contributors (http://todomvc.com/)

5. Summary
• Presentation frameworks: why and when
• Inside presentation patterns
• BackboneJS: is it really MVC? Aka: where is my
controller?
• KnockoutJS: the emerging MVVM pattern that
"shifted its strategy" (reinterpreting Muglia…)
• BackboneJS vs KnockoutJS: the bad and the
good parts

6. Without a Presentation Fx
TodoMVC: the plain jQuery implementation
– Classical jQuery DOM management using direct
tag reference + HTML templating engine
– Simple DOM element event binding
implementation
– Monolithic single code file solution with "utilities"
object containers (prone to spaghetti code)
– Very difficult to test and maintain, nearly
impossibile when app size scales up

7. With a Presentation Fx
TodoMVC: an MV* implementation (BackboneJS
or KnockoutJS)
– Structured DOM/element event management and
binding + HTML templating engine
– Structured solution organization in terms of object
responsabilities and interactions (is more difficult
to write spaghetti code)
– It's possibile to adopt a unit testing strategy and
manage complexity when app size scales up

8. Presentation Fxs: a brief history
A long time ago in a galaxy far, far away....
• 1979: Trygve Reenskaug designed the original
pattern called Model-View-Controller-Editor in
Smalltalk-80, its objective was to decouple
data (Model) from UI (View) using a
coordinator (Controller), enforcing separation
of concerns (and accordingly single
responsibilities)

9. Presentation Fxs: a brief history
• Over the years many other presentation
design patterns came to light delivering the
same main principle: decouple Model from
the View
– Refined versions of Model-View-Controller (MVC)
– Variations of Model-View-Presenter (MVP)
– Model-View-ViewModel (MVVM)
• We can talk about an MV* presentation
design patterns family

10. Presentation Fxs: a brief history
• MV* presentation design patterns
– Originally designed for desktop applications and
then implemented also for enterprise server side
web applications
– Only in recent years implemented for client side
web development
– Javascript implementations often differ from the
original "pure" vision, maintaining the basic
principles (they can be considered more "flexible")

11. MVC pattern
• A classical MVC pattern interpratation:
– A Model: a business (or domain) object that
doesn't have any knowledge about presentation
– A View: the UI representation of one or more
models, also contains widgets for user interactions
– A Controller: the key element that reacts to user
inputs doing something with model objects
– A Publish/Subscribe system: an Observer pattern
implementation that handles model state updates

12. BackboneJS: Javascript MVC
• Is one of the most used Jascript MVC
Presentation Frameworks (others are
EmberJS, JavascriptMVC, Spine, …)
• It's more than an MVC implementation: it
offers features like RESTful
services, pagination, support for multiple
DOM templating libraries, support for key-
value observing libraries (KVO)

13. BackboneJS: the Model
• Business data representation: properties +
operations, it doesn't have any UI knowledge
• It extends Backbone.Model base object:
– get and set methods to access properties
– on method to listen to model changes or errors
defined in the initialize method
– validate method for properties validation logic
– toJSON utility method for JSON serialization

14. BackboneJS: the Model
var MyModel = Backbone.Model.extend({
defaults: { property_01: ..., ... },
validate: function(attribs){
if (attribs.property_01 ...){...}
},
initialize: function(){
this.on("error", function(model, error){ ... };
this.on("change:property_01", function(){ ... };
...
}
});
var myModel = new MyModel();
var prop = myModel.get("property_01");
myModel.set({"propery_01": ...);

15. BackboneJS: the View
• It doesn't contain any DOM informations, it's
an object that manages Model UI
representation
• It extends Backbone.View base object:
– el attribute to define DOM related element
– render method to define DOM rendering using a
templating library
(HandlebarsJS, Mustache, …), called on model
changes
– events attribute to listen to DOM events (el
element and childrens)

16. BackboneJS: the View
var MyView = Backbone.View.extend({
el: $('#id'),
render: function(event){
var tmpl = ...; //templating
this.$el.html(tmpl(this.model.toJSON()));
return this; //this enables calls to be chained
},
events: { "click #myBtn": "myBtnClick", ... },
myBtnClick: function(event){ ... };
initialize: function(){
this.model.on('change', this.render);
}
});
var myView = new MyView({ model: myModel });

17. BackboneJS: Collections
• There is a special support for Collections of
Models:
– get and set methods to access specfic elements
– on method to listen to elements changes
– fetch method for server REST calls

18. BackboneJS: the Router
• This is a special concept: it handles
– Application state
– Connection between URLs and application events
• It extends Backbone.Router base object and
define a series of URL route pattern/method
pairs
• It needs the special Backbone.history object to
be started to trigger methods when URL
changes

19. BackboneJS: the Router
var MyRouter = Backbone.Router.extend({
routes: {'search/:query': 'search', ... },
// http://www.foo.com/#search/bar
search: function(query){ ... }
});
var myRouter = new MyRouter();
Backbone.history.start();

20. BackboneJS: the Controller
• And the very question is: where is my
controller? There are any Controller man…
• BackboneJS is not a pure MVC
implementation:
– A View can be seen as a Presenter in the MVP
pattern (it contains rendering UI logic)
– A View is also flexible to be a classical MVC view (if
we don't write any UI logic such as DOM events
callbacks)
– Controller role is shared between View and Router

21. MVVM pattern
• It promotes a deeper separation beetween UI
and business logic development:
– Views designed by User Experience and
Interaction experts
– ViewModels and Models developed by sofwtare
developer
– Bridge between View and ViewModels is defined
by declarative View markup data and events
(commands) binding

22. KnockoutJS: Javascript MVVM
• It's the most used Javascript MVVM
Presentation Framework (but there are a few)
• It's a relatively recent library, it doesn't offer
yet much support for anything else but the
presentation functionalities (eg service
communication, data fetching, …)
• it can be used in a nearly exact Silverlight way

23. KnockoutJS: The Model
• Business data anemic representation, it
contains only properties and their validation
logic, it doesn't have any UI knowledge
• It's a plain Javascript object that uses the
special observable Knockout method to
initialize its properties as observable objects
so they can automatically notify their changes
and detect their dependencies

24. KnockoutJS: The Model
var Todo = function(title, completed) {
this.title = ko.observable(title);
this.completed = ko.observable(completed);
this.editing = ko.observable(false);
};

25. KnockoutJS: the View
• It's the concrete UI: it's a portion of the HTML
page DOM
• It's active: it contains data and events binding
so must have Model and ViewModel
knowledge
• It doesn't maintain any state but only the
synchronization with the ViewModel
• It can use DOM templating

26. KnockoutJS: the View
<section id="main" data-bind="visible: todos().length">
<input id="toggle-all" data-bind="checked: allCompleted" type="checkbox">
<label for="toggle-all">Mark all as complete</label>
<ul id="todo-list" data-bind="foreach: filteredTodos">
<li data-bind="css: { completed: completed, editing: editing }">
<div class="view">
<input class="toggle" data-bind="checked: completed" type="checkbox">
<label data-bind="text: title,
event:{dblclick: $root.editItem}"></label>
<button class="destroy" data-bind="click: $root.remove"></button>
</div>
<input class="edit" data-bind="value: title,
valueUpdate:'afterkeydown', enterKey: $root.stopEditing,
selectAndFocus: editing, event: {blur: $root.stopEditing}">
</li>
</ul>
</section>

27. KnockoutJS: the ViewModel
• Can be considered as the bridge between the
View and the Model, it can convert Model
informations to provide the View data in the
correct format
• It handles the View state and reacts to its events
wiring services and Model to orchestrate
application logic
• It's a plain Javascript object that uses the special
observable, computed and observableArray
Knockout methods so it can automatically notify
View about its changes, it also contains methods
that handles View events

28. KnockoutJS: the ViewModel
var ViewModel = function(todos) {
var self = this;
self.todos = ko.observableArray(ko.utils.arrayMap(
todos, function(todo) {
return new Todo(todo.title, todo.completed);
}));
...
self.allCompleted = ko.computed(...);
...
});
var viewModel = new ViewModel(todos || []);
ko.applyBindings(viewModel);

29. KnockoutJS: data bind
• The library core is the notification and data
bind engine:
– The special ko object methods for automatic
notification
– The special data-bind DOM attribute for markup
data-binding with some predefined built-in
bindings (they can be extended using
ko.bindingHandlers to define new ones)

30. BackboneJS vs KnockoutJS
• Really? My answer:
– "You cannot be serious" (quote, Jhon McEnroe)
• They both accomplish the same tasks and
offers the same overall benefits in terms of
– Architecture
– Maintainability
– Testing
• Really: it's a matter of taste and experience
IMHO (I come from Silverlight so I'm more
comfortable with KnockoutJS)

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