The Power points about MV Bukoba Ferry, the built date, capacity, it's movement in Lake Victoria, the date sank, numbers of people killed, events for sinking, causes for sinking, replacement and the government ways forward.
This document discusses cytologic staining techniques, focusing on the Papanicolaou stain. It describes the multi-step Pap stain process including fixation, nuclear staining with hematoxylin, cytoplasmic staining with orange G and EA counterstains, clearing, and mounting. The document provides details on hematoxylin and the factors that influence its staining properties. It also discusses the cytoplasmic counterstains orange G and EA and the purpose of clearing in the staining process.
This document provides information about blood donation. It discusses the history of blood donation dating back to 1628. It defines blood donation as the process of collecting, testing, preparing, and storing blood from voluntary donors. The main components of donated blood that are collected are red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. Donating blood is important as it can save lives and meets the high demand for blood. The blood donation procedure involves screening donors, collecting about 450ml of blood through venipuncture, testing the blood, and storing the blood components in a fridge.
The document describes different types of crystals that can be observed microscopically in urine samples, including amorphous urates, uric acid crystals, calcium oxalate crystals, amorphous phosphates, triple phosphate crystals, and ammonium biurates. It provides details on their appearance, most common forms, characteristics when viewed under polarized light, and associations with urine pH.
This document summarizes information about hematology and hemoglobin. It discusses:
- Hematology is the study of blood and blood coagulation.
- Blood is composed of plasma and blood cells suspended in plasma. Hemoglobin is the oxygen-carrying pigment in red blood cells.
- There are several derivatives of hemoglobin including oxyhemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin, sulfhemoglobin, and cyanomethemoglobin.
- Hemoglobinometry is the technique of estimating blood hemoglobin concentration after conversion to cyanomethemoglobin. There are colorimetric and other methods for measuring hemoglobin concentration.
- The cyanomethemoglobin method is the internationally recommended color
Haemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. It is composed of heme and globin. There are several methods to estimate haemoglobin levels, including physical, chemical, gasometric, and colorimetric techniques. The cyanmeth haemoglobin method is recommended, as it is accurate and converts haemoglobin to stable cyanmethemoglobin that can be read photometrically. This involves mixing blood with Drabkin's reagent containing potassium cyanide and ferricyanide to form cyanmethemoglobin, which is then measured colorimetrically at 540nm and quantified against a standard curve.
This document discusses the constituents of blood, including erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and thrombocytes (platelets). It describes the structure and functions of each constituent in detail. Red blood cells carry oxygen and carbon dioxide, leukocytes help defend the body against infection, and platelets help with hemostasis and prevent bleeding. The document also provides examples of previous year exam questions related to blood constituents.
Romanowsky Stain /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academyIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses cytologic staining techniques, focusing on the Papanicolaou stain. It describes the multi-step Pap stain process including fixation, nuclear staining with hematoxylin, cytoplasmic staining with orange G and EA counterstains, clearing, and mounting. The document provides details on hematoxylin and the factors that influence its staining properties. It also discusses the cytoplasmic counterstains orange G and EA and the purpose of clearing in the staining process.
This document provides information about blood donation. It discusses the history of blood donation dating back to 1628. It defines blood donation as the process of collecting, testing, preparing, and storing blood from voluntary donors. The main components of donated blood that are collected are red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. Donating blood is important as it can save lives and meets the high demand for blood. The blood donation procedure involves screening donors, collecting about 450ml of blood through venipuncture, testing the blood, and storing the blood components in a fridge.
The document describes different types of crystals that can be observed microscopically in urine samples, including amorphous urates, uric acid crystals, calcium oxalate crystals, amorphous phosphates, triple phosphate crystals, and ammonium biurates. It provides details on their appearance, most common forms, characteristics when viewed under polarized light, and associations with urine pH.
This document summarizes information about hematology and hemoglobin. It discusses:
- Hematology is the study of blood and blood coagulation.
- Blood is composed of plasma and blood cells suspended in plasma. Hemoglobin is the oxygen-carrying pigment in red blood cells.
- There are several derivatives of hemoglobin including oxyhemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin, sulfhemoglobin, and cyanomethemoglobin.
- Hemoglobinometry is the technique of estimating blood hemoglobin concentration after conversion to cyanomethemoglobin. There are colorimetric and other methods for measuring hemoglobin concentration.
- The cyanomethemoglobin method is the internationally recommended color
Haemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. It is composed of heme and globin. There are several methods to estimate haemoglobin levels, including physical, chemical, gasometric, and colorimetric techniques. The cyanmeth haemoglobin method is recommended, as it is accurate and converts haemoglobin to stable cyanmethemoglobin that can be read photometrically. This involves mixing blood with Drabkin's reagent containing potassium cyanide and ferricyanide to form cyanmethemoglobin, which is then measured colorimetrically at 540nm and quantified against a standard curve.
This document discusses the constituents of blood, including erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and thrombocytes (platelets). It describes the structure and functions of each constituent in detail. Red blood cells carry oxygen and carbon dioxide, leukocytes help defend the body against infection, and platelets help with hemostasis and prevent bleeding. The document also provides examples of previous year exam questions related to blood constituents.
Romanowsky Stain /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academyIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Papanicolaou staining, also known as a Pap smear, is a screening technique used to detect cervical cancer. It involves differentially staining cell components using multiple dyes. George Papanicolaou first developed the Pap stain technique in 1942 to distinguish cell types under a microscope. The stain uses basic and acidic dyes that bind to different cell components, allowing nuclei, cytoplasm, and cell types to be identified by their colors. A Pap smear can detect pre-cancerous changes in the cervix so that cancer treatment can begin early. It has significantly reduced cervical cancer rates in countries with widespread screening programs.
The document provides instructions for drawing blood from donors. It states that donors must be healthy and comfortable, and the skin where blood will be drawn must be thoroughly cleaned. It also notes that blood is drawn into bottles or bags containing an anticoagulant solution to prevent clotting, and several safety and quality control procedures are followed before and after drawing blood.
This document provides information on obtaining a blood sample through skin puncture. It outlines that skin puncture is preferred for pediatric patients and can be used for adults with obesity, burns, or thrombotic tendencies. The finger tip, heel, great toe, or ear lobe are suitable sites and the technique involves cleaning the site, making a puncture with a sterile lancet, collecting the blood sample, applying pressure until bleeding stops, and disposing of supplies properly. While convenient for some patients, skin puncture only provides a small sample and results can be affected by dilution from tissue fluid.
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical School’s M2 Hematology / Oncology sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan: openmi.ch/med-M2Hematology
Preparation and fixation of cytological specimen.pptxOlaOmerAli
This document provides guidelines for the proper preparation, labeling, and processing of cytological specimens in a cytopathology laboratory. It states that each specimen must be clearly labeled with patient information and accompanied by a requisition form containing clinical history. Specimens can be rejected if improperly labeled or containing leaked contents. Smears are prepared and fixed depending on the staining method, such as air drying for quick stains or alcohol fixation for Pap staining. The type of fixative used varies according to the specimen type and volume. Proper fixation and staining are important to avoid artifacts and allow for clear visualization of cells.
Hematoxylin and eosin staining is a common histological technique that uses hematoxylin, which stains cell nuclei blue, and eosin, which stains cytoplasm and connective tissue pink. The document describes the full H&E staining procedure, including dewaxing, hydration, staining, differentiation, dehydration, clearing and mounting of tissue sections. It also discusses the principles and properties of hematoxylin, including how it is extracted from logwood and requires oxidation or "ripening" to become an effective nuclear stain. Commonly used hematoxylin formulations including Harris's, Mayer's, and Ehrlich's are compared.
This document discusses the history of anticoagulants used for blood transfusion and storage. It describes some of the key developments including:
- Early attempts in the 1800s using defibrinated blood or direct transfusion before anticoagulants were discovered.
- The first chemical anticoagulant experimented with was sodium phosphate by John Braxton Hicks in 1868.
- Important early anticoagulants developed were sodium citrate in 1914 and acid-citrate-dextrose solution in 1943 which allowed blood to be stored for longer periods.
- Common anticoagulants now used include sodium citrate, heparin, EDTA, and oxalates
This document discusses red blood cell indices and methods for estimating haemoglobin. Red blood cell indices provide information about the size, shape and quality of red blood cells by measuring metrics like MCV, MCH and MCHC. Abnormal values can indicate different types of anaemia. Haemoglobin estimation is important for diagnosing anaemia. Common methods discussed are the Sahli's method (visual colorimetric), cyanmethemoglobin method (photoelectric) and specific gravity method. Modern analyzers are now commonly used to estimate blood components and parameters like haemoglobin.
Phlebotomy for Medical Laboratory Professionals Ravi Kumudesh
SELECTING SITES
Antecubital area most often accessed
Hand or wrist
Remember: 2 arms
Use tip of index finger on non-dominant hand to palpate area to feel for the vein
COLLECTION SITE PROBLEMS
Indwelling lines:
Hickman catheters
Heparin locks
Used to administer medication
Only nurse may access these lines
Can obtain blood: called a ‘line draw’
Must clear line of heparin contamination by discarding first 5-10 cc of blood
The Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR or "sed rate") test measures the rate at which red blood cells settle in a tube of blood over one hour. A faster settlement rate indicates inflammation in the body from conditions like arthritis, infections, or cancers. The ESR is affected by many factors including plasma proteins, red blood cell properties, temperature, and technical variables. While not diagnostic on its own, an increased ESR can suggest an ongoing disease process and guide further investigation and monitoring of inflammatory conditions.
This document discusses thalassemias and hemoglobinopathies. It begins by outlining the objectives and topics to be covered, which include pathophysiology, classification, laboratory testing correlations, and treatment. The main types and classifications of alpha and beta thalassemias are then defined. Characteristics, demographics, genetics, terminology and classifications of hemoglobinopathies are also introduced. Details on primary and secondary laboratory investigations and correlations are provided. The document closes with descriptions of treatment approaches and management considerations for thalassemias and hemoglobinopathies.
This document provides an overview of anticoagulants. It discusses the history of anticoagulant development beginning in the late 19th century. Common anticoagulants used for blood collection and storage are described, including their mechanisms of action and uses. EDTA, citrate, and heparin are highlighted. The coagulation cascade and numbered coagulation factors are also summarized. Changes that occur in stored blood over time are reviewed at both the physical and biochemical levels. Finally, therapeutic uses of anticoagulants like heparin and warfarin are mentioned.
This document describes methods for estimating haemoglobin levels, including automated and manual methods. The cyanmethaemoglobin and acid haematin methods are described in detail. The cyanmethaemoglobin method is accurate and commonly used, involving converting haemoglobin to cyanmethaemoglobin which is then measured spectrophotometrically. The acid haematin method involves mixing blood with acid and comparing the color to a reference strip on a haemoglobinometer. Reference ranges for haemoglobin are provided for adults and children. Clinical significance and causes of abnormal haemoglobin levels are also summarized.
This document discusses effusion cytology, including the types and sampling of serous effusions. Serous effusions can occur in the pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial cavities and can be transudates or exudates. Transudates have little protein and few cells while exudates are rich in protein and cells. Effusions are usually sampled via thoracentesis, paracentesis, or pericardiocentesis. Normal components in effusions include mesothelial cells, histiocytes, lymphocytes, and collagen balls. Neoplastic effusions may contain malignant cells and have a more sudden onset than non-neoplastic effusions which are devoid of cancer cells.
All about blood collection and handling, lecture notes to Medical Laboratory Students at Medical Laboratory Technology, Middle Technical University, Baqubah, Iraq
This document provides information on methods for performing a complete blood count (CBC), including white blood cell (WBC) count, corrected WBC count, and differential leukocyte count (DLC). The WBC count involves using a counting chamber, pipettes, and diluting fluids to count WBCs under a microscope. The DLC involves making a blood smear, staining it, counting different types of WBCs, and reporting results as relative or absolute counts. Normal ranges are provided for WBC subtype percentages and counts.
This document summarizes various types of gambling and games of chance in the Philippines, including sugal, tong-its, pusoy dos, perya games like color game and number roulette, and jueteng. Sugal refers to legal and illegal forms of wagering. Tong-its is a shedding card game originated in northern Philippines that was introduced to the US in the late 1990s. Perya usually accompany local festivals and feature rides, games and toys. Jueteng is an illegal numbers game that originated from China.
The document discusses mounting media used to embed specimens on microscope slides under a coverslip. There are two main categories of mounting media: resinous (organic) media, which are dissolved in solvents like xylene and harden through evaporation, and aqueous media for specimens mounted in water. The ideal mounting medium is transparent, colorless, protects specimens from damage, and has a refractive index close to that of glass. Common mounting media include Canada balsam, Euparal, glycerin jelly, and aqueous solutions. Proper mounting techniques help prevent air bubbles between the specimen and coverslip.
Hematopoiesis: Formation of Blood Cells - An OverviewStudyFriend
Hematopoiesis or haemopoiesis is a process of formation of blood cellular components, i.e. formation, development, and differentiation of blood cells, which are derived from haematopoietic stem cells (HSC).
What is Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)?
Procedures for FGM
Prevalence of FGM globally
Types of FGM
Reasons for FGM
The possible consequences of the procedure
The potential impacts of FGM on labor and childbirth
The international organizations response to End FGM practice.
The PPT is about the meaning of the war, causes of the war (why wars), the effects of the war, how to prevent war, and examples of different previous wars in the world 🌎.
Papanicolaou staining, also known as a Pap smear, is a screening technique used to detect cervical cancer. It involves differentially staining cell components using multiple dyes. George Papanicolaou first developed the Pap stain technique in 1942 to distinguish cell types under a microscope. The stain uses basic and acidic dyes that bind to different cell components, allowing nuclei, cytoplasm, and cell types to be identified by their colors. A Pap smear can detect pre-cancerous changes in the cervix so that cancer treatment can begin early. It has significantly reduced cervical cancer rates in countries with widespread screening programs.
The document provides instructions for drawing blood from donors. It states that donors must be healthy and comfortable, and the skin where blood will be drawn must be thoroughly cleaned. It also notes that blood is drawn into bottles or bags containing an anticoagulant solution to prevent clotting, and several safety and quality control procedures are followed before and after drawing blood.
This document provides information on obtaining a blood sample through skin puncture. It outlines that skin puncture is preferred for pediatric patients and can be used for adults with obesity, burns, or thrombotic tendencies. The finger tip, heel, great toe, or ear lobe are suitable sites and the technique involves cleaning the site, making a puncture with a sterile lancet, collecting the blood sample, applying pressure until bleeding stops, and disposing of supplies properly. While convenient for some patients, skin puncture only provides a small sample and results can be affected by dilution from tissue fluid.
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical School’s M2 Hematology / Oncology sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan: openmi.ch/med-M2Hematology
Preparation and fixation of cytological specimen.pptxOlaOmerAli
This document provides guidelines for the proper preparation, labeling, and processing of cytological specimens in a cytopathology laboratory. It states that each specimen must be clearly labeled with patient information and accompanied by a requisition form containing clinical history. Specimens can be rejected if improperly labeled or containing leaked contents. Smears are prepared and fixed depending on the staining method, such as air drying for quick stains or alcohol fixation for Pap staining. The type of fixative used varies according to the specimen type and volume. Proper fixation and staining are important to avoid artifacts and allow for clear visualization of cells.
Hematoxylin and eosin staining is a common histological technique that uses hematoxylin, which stains cell nuclei blue, and eosin, which stains cytoplasm and connective tissue pink. The document describes the full H&E staining procedure, including dewaxing, hydration, staining, differentiation, dehydration, clearing and mounting of tissue sections. It also discusses the principles and properties of hematoxylin, including how it is extracted from logwood and requires oxidation or "ripening" to become an effective nuclear stain. Commonly used hematoxylin formulations including Harris's, Mayer's, and Ehrlich's are compared.
This document discusses the history of anticoagulants used for blood transfusion and storage. It describes some of the key developments including:
- Early attempts in the 1800s using defibrinated blood or direct transfusion before anticoagulants were discovered.
- The first chemical anticoagulant experimented with was sodium phosphate by John Braxton Hicks in 1868.
- Important early anticoagulants developed were sodium citrate in 1914 and acid-citrate-dextrose solution in 1943 which allowed blood to be stored for longer periods.
- Common anticoagulants now used include sodium citrate, heparin, EDTA, and oxalates
This document discusses red blood cell indices and methods for estimating haemoglobin. Red blood cell indices provide information about the size, shape and quality of red blood cells by measuring metrics like MCV, MCH and MCHC. Abnormal values can indicate different types of anaemia. Haemoglobin estimation is important for diagnosing anaemia. Common methods discussed are the Sahli's method (visual colorimetric), cyanmethemoglobin method (photoelectric) and specific gravity method. Modern analyzers are now commonly used to estimate blood components and parameters like haemoglobin.
Phlebotomy for Medical Laboratory Professionals Ravi Kumudesh
SELECTING SITES
Antecubital area most often accessed
Hand or wrist
Remember: 2 arms
Use tip of index finger on non-dominant hand to palpate area to feel for the vein
COLLECTION SITE PROBLEMS
Indwelling lines:
Hickman catheters
Heparin locks
Used to administer medication
Only nurse may access these lines
Can obtain blood: called a ‘line draw’
Must clear line of heparin contamination by discarding first 5-10 cc of blood
The Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR or "sed rate") test measures the rate at which red blood cells settle in a tube of blood over one hour. A faster settlement rate indicates inflammation in the body from conditions like arthritis, infections, or cancers. The ESR is affected by many factors including plasma proteins, red blood cell properties, temperature, and technical variables. While not diagnostic on its own, an increased ESR can suggest an ongoing disease process and guide further investigation and monitoring of inflammatory conditions.
This document discusses thalassemias and hemoglobinopathies. It begins by outlining the objectives and topics to be covered, which include pathophysiology, classification, laboratory testing correlations, and treatment. The main types and classifications of alpha and beta thalassemias are then defined. Characteristics, demographics, genetics, terminology and classifications of hemoglobinopathies are also introduced. Details on primary and secondary laboratory investigations and correlations are provided. The document closes with descriptions of treatment approaches and management considerations for thalassemias and hemoglobinopathies.
This document provides an overview of anticoagulants. It discusses the history of anticoagulant development beginning in the late 19th century. Common anticoagulants used for blood collection and storage are described, including their mechanisms of action and uses. EDTA, citrate, and heparin are highlighted. The coagulation cascade and numbered coagulation factors are also summarized. Changes that occur in stored blood over time are reviewed at both the physical and biochemical levels. Finally, therapeutic uses of anticoagulants like heparin and warfarin are mentioned.
This document describes methods for estimating haemoglobin levels, including automated and manual methods. The cyanmethaemoglobin and acid haematin methods are described in detail. The cyanmethaemoglobin method is accurate and commonly used, involving converting haemoglobin to cyanmethaemoglobin which is then measured spectrophotometrically. The acid haematin method involves mixing blood with acid and comparing the color to a reference strip on a haemoglobinometer. Reference ranges for haemoglobin are provided for adults and children. Clinical significance and causes of abnormal haemoglobin levels are also summarized.
This document discusses effusion cytology, including the types and sampling of serous effusions. Serous effusions can occur in the pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial cavities and can be transudates or exudates. Transudates have little protein and few cells while exudates are rich in protein and cells. Effusions are usually sampled via thoracentesis, paracentesis, or pericardiocentesis. Normal components in effusions include mesothelial cells, histiocytes, lymphocytes, and collagen balls. Neoplastic effusions may contain malignant cells and have a more sudden onset than non-neoplastic effusions which are devoid of cancer cells.
All about blood collection and handling, lecture notes to Medical Laboratory Students at Medical Laboratory Technology, Middle Technical University, Baqubah, Iraq
This document provides information on methods for performing a complete blood count (CBC), including white blood cell (WBC) count, corrected WBC count, and differential leukocyte count (DLC). The WBC count involves using a counting chamber, pipettes, and diluting fluids to count WBCs under a microscope. The DLC involves making a blood smear, staining it, counting different types of WBCs, and reporting results as relative or absolute counts. Normal ranges are provided for WBC subtype percentages and counts.
This document summarizes various types of gambling and games of chance in the Philippines, including sugal, tong-its, pusoy dos, perya games like color game and number roulette, and jueteng. Sugal refers to legal and illegal forms of wagering. Tong-its is a shedding card game originated in northern Philippines that was introduced to the US in the late 1990s. Perya usually accompany local festivals and feature rides, games and toys. Jueteng is an illegal numbers game that originated from China.
The document discusses mounting media used to embed specimens on microscope slides under a coverslip. There are two main categories of mounting media: resinous (organic) media, which are dissolved in solvents like xylene and harden through evaporation, and aqueous media for specimens mounted in water. The ideal mounting medium is transparent, colorless, protects specimens from damage, and has a refractive index close to that of glass. Common mounting media include Canada balsam, Euparal, glycerin jelly, and aqueous solutions. Proper mounting techniques help prevent air bubbles between the specimen and coverslip.
Hematopoiesis: Formation of Blood Cells - An OverviewStudyFriend
Hematopoiesis or haemopoiesis is a process of formation of blood cellular components, i.e. formation, development, and differentiation of blood cells, which are derived from haematopoietic stem cells (HSC).
What is Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)?
Procedures for FGM
Prevalence of FGM globally
Types of FGM
Reasons for FGM
The possible consequences of the procedure
The potential impacts of FGM on labor and childbirth
The international organizations response to End FGM practice.
The PPT is about the meaning of the war, causes of the war (why wars), the effects of the war, how to prevent war, and examples of different previous wars in the world 🌎.
The Battle of Hydaspes was a decisive battle between Alexander the Great and King Porus in 326 BC on the banks of the Jhelum River in modern-day Pakistan. Porus had assembled a large army to defend the river crossing, but Alexander outmaneuvered Porus by crossing further upstream. In the ensuing battle, Alexander used clever tactics to defeat Porus's war elephants and encircle his cavalry, resulting in a victory for Alexander and allowing him to continue his conquest of India. Though wounded, Porus surrendered bravely and was allowed to remain king under Alexander's rule.
The document discusses the patient referral system in Tanzania's health care system. It describes the hierarchical structure of the health care system, with dispensaries, health centers, district hospitals, regional hospitals, and national hospitals. Patients are typically referred from lower to higher levels of care. The referral system aims to promote access to appropriate care. However, it faces challenges like lack of transportation and delays. Improving transportation infrastructure and ensuring adequate funding for facilities could help strengthen the patient referral system.
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary in Sarajevo in 1914 is presented as the immediate cause of World War I. Ferdinand was heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne and was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist during a visit to Sarajevo. Austria-Hungary responded by preparing to invade Serbia, drawing protests from Serbia's ally Russia and engulfing Europe in a series of military alliances that led to global war.
Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that primarily affects the lungs. While most children infected with M. tuberculosis do not develop active TB, young children and those with compromised immune systems are at higher risk. The document discusses the types, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of TB in children. Diagnosis is difficult due to difficulty obtaining sputum samples, so it relies on clinical evaluation, tuberculin skin testing, chest x-rays, and exposure history. Treatment involves a combination of antibiotics administered for 6-12 months.
1) Field trials evaluate prevention strategies by testing interventions on healthy individuals at risk of disease. They aim to determine if an agent or procedure reduces disease risk.
2) Field trials are generally conducted in real-world settings rather than clinical settings and can involve individuals, groups, or entire communities.
3) Random allocation of participants to intervention and control groups is important to reduce bias and ensure groups are comparable outside of the intervention being tested.
Emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs) can prevent pregnancy when taken within 5 days of unprotected sex. ECPs work primarily by preventing or delaying ovulation and may also affect egg and sperm transport. The levonorgestrel regimen is most common and involves taking one or two pills depending on the specific medication. ECPs are not intended for regular use and are meant only for emergency situations when unprotected sex occurred. While side effects can include changes to the menstrual cycle or nausea, ECPs are considered safe and effective for preventing pregnancy when used correctly.
This document outlines guidelines for assessing a postpartum patient, including examining the breasts, uterus, incision site if a C-section was performed, lochia, episiotomy site, bladder and bowel elimination, legs, providing teaching, and assessing psychosocial factors and postural hypotension. The assessment involves a head-to-toe examination and expands to include breast and uterine exams, evaluating the lochia, checking incision sites, and ensuring bladder and bowel elimination among other factors.
The document provides details from a newborn assessment of Elisha Jr. It includes sections on Apgar scoring, birthweight measurements, vital signs measurements, physical exam findings for various body systems, and developmental assessments. Key findings included normal Apgar scores, appropriate birthweight, clear lung sounds, normal heart rate, no dysmorphic features or abnormalities detected.
Zika virus is spread by daytime-active Aedes mosquitoes and often causes mild or no symptoms. It was isolated in Uganda in 1947 and has recently spread to areas in the Americas. The virus is associated with microcephaly in fetuses when the mother is infected during pregnancy and Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults. While medications and vaccines are currently unavailable, health organizations recommend precautions for pregnant women such as postponing travel to affected areas.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
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বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
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2. INTRODUCTION
MV Bukoba was a Lake Victoria ferry that carried
passengers and cargo between the Tanzanian ports
of Bukoba and Mwanza
MV Bukoba was built in about 1979 and had
capacity for 850 tons of cargo and 430 passengers
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4. On 21 May 1996, MV Bukoba sank 30 nautical
miles (56 km) off Mwanza in 25 meters (14
fathoms) of water, killing up to 1,000 people
The official deaths record is 894 and only 114
were survived
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5. Among the dead were some 40 children returning
from their final exams in a government school in
Bukoba
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7. EVENTS FOR SINKING OF MV BUKOBA
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The manifest for her final voyage showed 443
passengers in her first and second class cabins, but
her cheaper third class accommodation had no
manifest
8. But several hundred bodies were extracted with
great difficulty by divers – people in the packed
third class compartment of the ship had linked
arms in solidarity before they died and it proved
extremely difficult to break them free
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9. The government was overwhelmed by the crisis
and sought assistance from neighboring Kenya and
South Africa for concerted effort to remove the
bodies of those trapped in the sunken ship
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10. Most of the bodies of the dead were buried in
mass graves in Mwanza
A tower of memories was built at Igoma on the
outskirts of Mwanza town where victims were
buried in a mass grave
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13. On June 2 President Mkapa halted any further
recovery of decomposed bodies from the wreck as
this posed a health hazard to divers who had come
from South Africa, Kenya and Zanzibar
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14. At a joint service of remembrance on June 3 Chief
Justice Nyalali spread a handful of soil on the lake
as a burial symbol
The wreckage, which lies 27 metres below lake
level, became a permanent tomb for those whose
bodies could not be recovered
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15. President Benjamin Mkapa declared three days of
national mourning
Criminal charges were brought against nine
Tanzania Railway Corporation officials, including the
captain of the MV Bukoba and the manager of
TRC's Marine Division
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16. Prime Minister Frederick Sumaye announced the
appointment of a Commission of Enquiry under
Judge Robert Kisanga which included five other
Tanzanians and six foreign experts
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17. CAUSES FOR SINKING OF MV BUKOBA
Possible causes were identified by Captain Joseph
Muguthi, formerly of the Kenya Navy, and writing in
the pages of the Daily Nation as a marine
navigation consultant
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18. He labelled it an accident waiting to happen, as
Lake Victoria ferries disregarded safety regulations
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23. The vessels are not regularly dry docked for
routine maintenance and repairs
The vessels are not regularly inspected
The coxswains are not licensed to navigate
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24. In additions, Muguthi blamed the incident on
governments' marine departments being staffed by
civil servants and politicians who have no
understanding of ships and marine decisions
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25. The lack of equipment and divers were partially to
blame for slowness in the salvage operation
Rescue teams from South Africa, including Navy
divers, were flown in to salvage the ship and
retrieve bodies
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26. REPLACEMENT
Replacement of the new ship is on construction at
89.7 bn/-, with the capacity of carrying around
1200 passengers, 20 vehicles and 400 tonnes of
cargo
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27. CONCLUSION
Due to sinking of Mv Bukoba, the government of
Tanzania now ensure regular inspection on all
marine vessels, constructing new vessels and
employing competent personnel who are familiar
with maritime and ship knowledge so as to avoid
more maritime accidents
5-Jul-23 27