This document provides an overview of the muscles and topography of the upper and lower limbs. It begins with an outline listing the topics to be covered, including the muscles of the shoulder girdle, upper arm, forearm, hand, and fasciae of the upper limb. Similar structures of the lower limb are also listed. The document then describes the muscles of the upper limb in more detail, covering the muscles of the shoulder joint, upper arm, forearm, and hand. It also discusses the anatomy of relevant areas like the axillary cavity, cubital fossa, and topography of the forearm and hand. Synovial bursae of the upper limb are defined. In closing, clinical applications relating to

1. Department of Human Anatomy KNMU
MUSCLES AND TOPOGRAPHY
OF THE UPPER AND LOWER
LIMBS
Slide-lecture for students of the 6 Faculty of Medicine
Lector – associate professor Zharova Nataliya
2015

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PLAN
Muscles of the upper limb.
Muscles and topography of the shoulder girdle.
Muscles and topography of the upper arm.
Muscles and topography of the forearm.
Muscles and topography of the hand.
Fasciae of the upper limb.
The synovial bursae of the upper limb.
The muscles of the lower limb.
Muscles and topography of the pelvic girdle.
Muscles and topography of the thigh.
Muscles and topography of the leg.
Muscles and topography of the foot.
The synovial bursae of the lower limb.

3. MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LIMB
The muscles of the upper limb can be classified into the muscles of the
shoulder joint, the muscles of the arm, the muscles of the forearm and the
muscles of the hand.
Muscles of the Shoulder joint
The Dorsal group The Ventral group
1.The deltoid muscle
2.The supraspinatus muscle
3.The infraspinatus muscle
4.The teres minor muscle
5. The teres major muscle
1.The subscapular muscle

8. The axillary cavity
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Walls. The axillary cavity has four
walls formed by the following
muscles:
anterior — pectoralis major and
minor;
posterior — subscapularis, teres
major, and latissimus dorsi;
medial — serratus anterior;
lateral — short head of the
biceps brachii, coracobrachialis,
and humerus.
On the posterior wall are 2
openings:
quadrangular opening bounded
by the teres major (below),
subscapularis (above), long
head of the triceps brachii
(medially), and humerus
(laterally);
triangular opening bounded by
the teres major (below),
subscapularis (above), and long
head of the triceps brachii
(laterally).

9. Triangles of the anterior
wall of the axillary cavity.
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For better orientation, three
triangles are distinguished
on the anterior wall of the
axillary cavity:
clavipectoral triangle
resides between the
clavicle and the upper
border of the pectoralis
minor;
pectoral triangle
corresponds to the
projection of the pectoralis
minor;
subpectoral triangle
located between the
inferior borders of the
pectoralis minor (above)
and pectoralis major
(below); laterally it is
bounded by the deltoid.
Between the pectoralis
major and deltoid there is
a deep deltoidopectoral
groove.

10. Muscles of the Upper Arm
The muscles of the upper arm are concerned with the movements at the
shoulder and elbow joints on the frontal axis and, therefore, are situated on the
anterior (two flexors) and posterior (two extensors) surfaces of the upper arm
and attach to the bones of the forearm.
Anterior muscles
of the Upper Arm
(flexors)
Posterior muscles of the Upper Arm
(extensors)
1.The biceps brachii muscle
2.The coracobrachial muscle
1.The triceps brachii muscle
2.Elbow’s muscle

14. The topography of the upper arm
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Radial canal is located behind the humerus. It is bounded by
the radial groove of the humerus in the front and by the triceps
brachii in the back. The canal has a spiral path. The radial canal
begins on the medial surface of the arm between the medial
and lateral heads of the triceps brachii and exits on the lateral
surface of the arm between the brachialis and brachio-radialis.
The canal gives passage to the radial nerve and a. profunda
brachii.
Medial bicipital groove lies medially between the biceps brachii
and brachialis; it transmits the main neurovascular bundle of
the upper arm.
Lateral bicipital groove resides laterally between the biceps
brachii and brachialis; it gives passage to the cephalic vein.

15. Muscles of the Forearm
The muscles of the forearm are separated into two groups according to position
and function: the anterior group is composed of flexors and pronators, the
posterior group is composed of extensors and supinator.
Each group consists of a superficial and deep layers.
The Anterior group, Superficial layer
(flexors)
The Anterior Group,
Deep layer (flexors)
1. The round pronator muscle
2.The radial flexor of the wrist
3.The long palmar muscle
4.The ulnar flexor of the wrist
5.The superficial flexor of the fingers
6.The long flexors of the thumb
7.The deep flexor of the fingers
8.The square pronator muscle

20. The Posterior group
The muscles of the posterior group of the forearm are divided into two
subgroups: radial and ulnar. The first occupies the anterolateral surface of the
forearm, while the second occupies the posterior surface and is formed by the
superficial and deep layers.
The Posterior Radial Group The Posterior Ulnar group
1.The brachioradial muscle
2.The long radial extensor of the wrist 3.
The short radial extensor of the wrist
Superficial layer
4.The common extensor of the fingers
5.The extensor of the little finger
6.The ulnar extensor of the wrist
Deep layer
7. The supinator muscle
8. The long abductor of the thumb
9. The short extensor of the thumb
10. The long extensor of the thumb
11. The extensor of the index

24. The
topography
of the
forearm
• The cubital fossa is bounded by the brachialis above; below it is
bounded by the brachioradialis (laterally) and pronator teres (medially).
Within the borders of the cubital fossa there are two grooves located
on each side from the brachialis — medial cubital groove and lateral
cubital groove.

25. The topography of the forearm
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The ulnar groove of the forearm lies
between the flexor carpi ulnaris and
flexor digitorum superficialis.
It transmits the ulnar nerve, artery,
and vein.
The median groove of the forearm
resides in the lower part of the
forearm between the flexor carpi
radialis and flexor digitorum
superficialis.
It contains the median nerve.
The radial groove runs between
the flexor carpi radialis and
brachioradialis. It transmits the
radial artery, vein, and nerve.

26. Muscles of the Hand
The Thenar muscles of
theHand
The Hypothenar muscles
of the Hand
Muscles of the Hollow of
the Hand
1.The short abductor of
the thumb
2.The short flexor of the
thumb
3.The opponens muscle
of the thumb
4.The adductor muscle of
the thumb
1.The short palmar
muscle
2.The abductor of the
little finger
3.The short flexor of the
little finger
4.The opponens muscle
of the little finger
1.The lumbrical (worm-
like) muscles
2. The interossei muscles
The palmar interossei
muscles
- The dorsal interossei
muscles
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30. The topography of the hand
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The carpal canal is located in the region of the carpus underneath the flexor
retinaculum. It gives passage to the tendons of the flexor digitorum
superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus, and the
median nerve.
On both sides from the carpal canal, the flexor retinaculum splits and forms
another two canals — the radial carpal canal and ulnar carpal.
The radial carpal canal gives passage to the tendon of the flexor carpi
radialis, while the ulnar carpal canal transmits the ulnar artery, vein, and
nerve.
The fibrous sheaths of the digits of the hand are formed by the dense fibrous
lamina, which fuse with the bones. As a result, osteofibrous canals are
formed, which contain tendons of the flexors covered by the synovial sheath.
Each fibrous sheath consists of the anular part and cruciform part, the less
dense cruciform part is situated in the joint region.

31. Six canals on the dorsal surface of the wrist joint are counted from the radial to
the ulnar border and transmit following tendons:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
the first canal transmits the
tendons of the m. abductor
pollicis longus and m.
extensor pollicis brevis;
the second canal transmits
the tendons of the m.m.
extensor carpi radialis
longus and brevis;
the third canal transmits the
tendon of the m. extensor
pollicis longus, and crosses
the preceding canal
obliquely;
the fourth canal transmits
the tendons of the m.
extensor digitorum and m.
extensor indicis;
the fifth canal transmits the
tendon of the m. extensor
digiti minimi;
the sixth canal transmits the
tendon of the m. extensor
carpi ulnaris.

32. FASCIAE OF THE UPPER LIMB
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1. The deltoid fascia
2. The supraspinous fascia
3. The infraspinous fascia
4. The brachial fascia
5. The antebrachial fascia
6. The palmar aponeurosis
7. The deep palmar fascia
8. The dorsal fascia of the hand
9. flexor retinaculum
10.extensor retinaculum

33. THE SYNOVIAL BURSAE OF THE UPPER LIMB
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subdeltoid bursa resides between the deltoid and greater
tubercle of the humerus;
subacromial bursa lies under the acromion of the scapula;
subcutaneous acromial bursa lies superficially under the skin
in the region of the acromion of the scapula;
subtendinous bursa of subscapularis is located near the
attachment point of the subscapularis; the bursa
communicates with the cavity of the shoulder joint;
subtendinous bursa of latissimus dorsi resides under the
tendon near the point of attachment of the muscle on the
humerus; there is also another small bursa under the tendon
of the teres major. In the region of the elbow joint the
following bursae are found:
bicipitoradial bursa resides between the tendon of the biceps
brachii and the tuberosity of the radius;
subcutaneous olecranon bursa wide, lies under the skin of
the olecranon.

36. • Clinical applications. The inflammatory diseases of the synovial
bursae (bursitis) can be acute or chronic. In acute bursitis, pus can
accumulate in the bursa, which requires surgical intervention. Chronic
bursitis (gygroma) is often an occupational disease. In the shoulder
girdle area, inflammatory processes are most common in the
subcutaneous acromial bursa and in the subdeltoid bursa (among
porters). In the region of the elbow joint, the subcutaneous olecranon
bursa may become inflamed (among tanners and etchers).