The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses various approaches for reducing fractures of the zygomatic arch. It describes the temporal (Gillies) approach which involves a temporal incision to access the arch. The trans-oral (Keen) approach uses a lateral maxillary vestibular incision for a more direct approach. Quinn's approach and the towel clip technique are also indirect approaches described for reducing depressed zygomatic arch fractures. A bi-coronal incision provides direct visualization of fractures involving multiple facial bones.
This document describes various extraoral approaches to the mandible, including the submandibular approach. The submandibular approach involves making an incision 1-2 cm below the mandible. Key anatomical structures like the facial artery and vein and marginal mandibular nerve are discussed. The technique involves incising skin and platysma muscle before dissecting through layers to expose the mandible. Care must be taken to protect important nerves and vessels during the dissection.
Fibro-osseous lesions of the jaws
Fibrous dysplasia
Cemento-osseous dysplasia
Focal cemento-osseous dysplasia
Periapical cemento-osseous dysplasia
Florid cemento-osseous dysplasia
Ossifying fibroma
Juvenile aggressive ossifying fibroma
Cherubism
Fibro-osseous lesions (FOL) are characterized by replacement of normal bone architecture by collagen fibers and fibroblasts containing calcified tissue.
They include a wide variety of lesions of developmental, dysplastic and neoplastic origins with clinical and radiographic presentation and behavior.
Because of the histological similarities between diverse diseases, proper diagnosis requires correlation of history, clinical and radiographic findings.Fibrous Dysplasia
2. Reactive (dysplastic lesions arising in the tooth-bearing area (presumably of periodontal origin).
a. Periapical cemento-osseous dysplasia
b. Focal cemento-osseous dysplasia
c. Florid cemento-osseous dysplasia
3. Fibro-osseous neoplasms (widely designated as cementifying fibroma, ossifying fibroma or cemento-ossifying fibroma.Bone dysplasias
a. Fibrous dyspla i. Monostoticii. Polyostotic
iii. Polyostotic with endocrinopathy (McCune-Albright)
iv Osteofibrous dysplasia
b. Osteitis deformansc. Pagetoid heritable bone dysplasias of childhood
d. Segmental odontomaxillary dysplasia
2. Cemento-osseous dysplasias
a. Focal cemento-osseous dysplasia b. Florid cemento-osseous dysplasia
3.Inflammatory/reactive processes
a. Focal sclerosing osteomyelitisb. Diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis
c. Proliferative periostitis
4. Metabolic Disease: hyperparathyroidism
5. Neoplastic lesions (Ossifying fibromas)
a. Ossifying fibromab. Hyperparathyroidism jaw lesion syndrome
c. Juvenile ossifying fibroma i. Trabecular typeii. Psammomatoid type
d. Gigantiform cementomas
This document provides an overview of internal derangements of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). It defines internal derangement as an abnormal relationship between the articular disc and condyle. The most common type is anterior disc displacement, which can be with or without reduction. Causes include trauma, functional overloading, joint laxity, and muscle spasms. Symptoms vary depending on the type but may include clicking, limited opening, and pain. Diagnosis involves clinical exams and MRI imaging. Treatment ranges from splint therapy to arthrocentesis or arthroscopy for lavage and relief of adhesions. Arthrocentesis is shown to improve opening and reduce pain by removing inflammatory factors from the
This document provides an outline for a presentation on corticosteroids. It begins with an introduction section defining hormones and their functions. It then covers the classification, biosynthesis, physiological actions, and major regulating hormones of the body. The document discusses the adrenal cortex and its secretion of corticosteroids like cortisol and aldosterone. It outlines the history, pharmacokinetics, indications, adverse effects and contraindications of corticosteroid use. The conclusion section suggests the presentation will cover these topics in more depth.
Upload By : Ahmed Ali Abbas
Babylon University College of Dentistry
download this file from Website on google theoptimalsmile.wix.com/dentistry
Oral histology
The document discusses naso-orbito-ethmoidal (NOE) fractures, which involve the central upper midface region. It describes the anatomy and classification of NOE fractures. Markowitz classification system categorizes NOE fractures into 5 types based on the status of the central bony fragment and involvement of the medial canthal tendon. Type I and II fractures involve a single or displaced central fragment with an intact tendon. Type III fractures have comminution beneath the tendon. Imaging such as CT is important for diagnosis.
The document discusses various approaches for reducing fractures of the zygomatic arch. It describes the temporal (Gillies) approach which involves a temporal incision to access the arch. The trans-oral (Keen) approach uses a lateral maxillary vestibular incision for a more direct approach. Quinn's approach and the towel clip technique are also indirect approaches described for reducing depressed zygomatic arch fractures. A bi-coronal incision provides direct visualization of fractures involving multiple facial bones.
This document describes various extraoral approaches to the mandible, including the submandibular approach. The submandibular approach involves making an incision 1-2 cm below the mandible. Key anatomical structures like the facial artery and vein and marginal mandibular nerve are discussed. The technique involves incising skin and platysma muscle before dissecting through layers to expose the mandible. Care must be taken to protect important nerves and vessels during the dissection.
Fibro-osseous lesions of the jaws
Fibrous dysplasia
Cemento-osseous dysplasia
Focal cemento-osseous dysplasia
Periapical cemento-osseous dysplasia
Florid cemento-osseous dysplasia
Ossifying fibroma
Juvenile aggressive ossifying fibroma
Cherubism
Fibro-osseous lesions (FOL) are characterized by replacement of normal bone architecture by collagen fibers and fibroblasts containing calcified tissue.
They include a wide variety of lesions of developmental, dysplastic and neoplastic origins with clinical and radiographic presentation and behavior.
Because of the histological similarities between diverse diseases, proper diagnosis requires correlation of history, clinical and radiographic findings.Fibrous Dysplasia
2. Reactive (dysplastic lesions arising in the tooth-bearing area (presumably of periodontal origin).
a. Periapical cemento-osseous dysplasia
b. Focal cemento-osseous dysplasia
c. Florid cemento-osseous dysplasia
3. Fibro-osseous neoplasms (widely designated as cementifying fibroma, ossifying fibroma or cemento-ossifying fibroma.Bone dysplasias
a. Fibrous dyspla i. Monostoticii. Polyostotic
iii. Polyostotic with endocrinopathy (McCune-Albright)
iv Osteofibrous dysplasia
b. Osteitis deformansc. Pagetoid heritable bone dysplasias of childhood
d. Segmental odontomaxillary dysplasia
2. Cemento-osseous dysplasias
a. Focal cemento-osseous dysplasia b. Florid cemento-osseous dysplasia
3.Inflammatory/reactive processes
a. Focal sclerosing osteomyelitisb. Diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis
c. Proliferative periostitis
4. Metabolic Disease: hyperparathyroidism
5. Neoplastic lesions (Ossifying fibromas)
a. Ossifying fibromab. Hyperparathyroidism jaw lesion syndrome
c. Juvenile ossifying fibroma i. Trabecular typeii. Psammomatoid type
d. Gigantiform cementomas
This document provides an overview of internal derangements of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). It defines internal derangement as an abnormal relationship between the articular disc and condyle. The most common type is anterior disc displacement, which can be with or without reduction. Causes include trauma, functional overloading, joint laxity, and muscle spasms. Symptoms vary depending on the type but may include clicking, limited opening, and pain. Diagnosis involves clinical exams and MRI imaging. Treatment ranges from splint therapy to arthrocentesis or arthroscopy for lavage and relief of adhesions. Arthrocentesis is shown to improve opening and reduce pain by removing inflammatory factors from the
This document provides an outline for a presentation on corticosteroids. It begins with an introduction section defining hormones and their functions. It then covers the classification, biosynthesis, physiological actions, and major regulating hormones of the body. The document discusses the adrenal cortex and its secretion of corticosteroids like cortisol and aldosterone. It outlines the history, pharmacokinetics, indications, adverse effects and contraindications of corticosteroid use. The conclusion section suggests the presentation will cover these topics in more depth.
Upload By : Ahmed Ali Abbas
Babylon University College of Dentistry
download this file from Website on google theoptimalsmile.wix.com/dentistry
Oral histology
The document discusses naso-orbito-ethmoidal (NOE) fractures, which involve the central upper midface region. It describes the anatomy and classification of NOE fractures. Markowitz classification system categorizes NOE fractures into 5 types based on the status of the central bony fragment and involvement of the medial canthal tendon. Type I and II fractures involve a single or displaced central fragment with an intact tendon. Type III fractures have comminution beneath the tendon. Imaging such as CT is important for diagnosis.
Corticosteroids - Role in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeryanchalag8
Corticosteroids have many uses in oral and maxillofacial surgery. They can be used to treat TMJ disorders by reducing pain and inflammation via intracapsular injections. Topical steroids can treat oral ulcers and lesions. Intralesional injections are used to treat keloids, hypertrophic scars, and central giant cell granulomas. Oral steroids are the standard treatment for Bell's palsy and can reduce postoperative morbidities from surgeries like wisdom tooth extraction and orthognathic surgery by blocking excessive inflammation. While corticosteroids have benefits, their use requires weighing risks and using the minimum dose and least potent type needed for the therapeutic effect.
The document discusses the muscles of mastication. It describes the temporalis, masseter, lateral pterygoid, medial pterygoid, digastric, geniohyoid, and mylohyoid muscles. It details the origin, insertion, nerve supply and action of each muscle. The document also discusses clinical evaluation and disorders of the masticatory muscles, including myofascial pain, myositis, and myospasm.
This document provides an overview of surgical approaches to the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). It discusses several extraoral and intraoral approaches, including the preauricular, endaural, postauricular, coronal, retromandibular, and intraoral vestibular approaches. For each approach, it highlights considerations for exposure and visibility of the joint, avoidance of neurovascular structures, and postoperative aesthetics. Complications are also briefly mentioned. Detailed anatomical descriptions and illustrations are provided to demonstrate the surgical planning and exposure for different approaches.
The mandible is the largest and strongest bone of the face. It develops from the first pharyngeal arch and consists of a body with alveolar, inferior and mylohyoid borders, and a ramus with coronoid and condylar processes. The mandible undergoes both prenatal and postnatal growth, with the condyle showing considerable activity as the mandible grows downward and forward. Key parts include the body, ramus, coronoid process, and condylar process. The mandible articulates with the temporal bone at the temporomandibular joint.
1) Myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome (MPDS) is a pain disorder characterized by unilateral pain referred from trigger points in the muscles of the head and neck.
2) It is commonly seen between ages 20-40 and predominantly affects women. Common symptoms include constant diffuse pain in the face, jaw, and neck muscles that worsens over the day.
3) Treatment involves patient education, self-care techniques, physiotherapy including heat/cryotherapy, intraoral appliances, behavioral therapies, pharmacotherapy like NSAIDs, and biomechanical therapies like TENS and low-level laser therapy.
This document provides an overview of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). It begins by defining the TMJ as the joint connecting the mandible to the skull and regulating mandibular movement. It then describes the different types of joints in the body before focusing on the specifics of the TMJ. Key points include that the TMJ is a complex synovial joint that allows for both hinging and gliding movements. An articular disc separates the condyle of the mandible and fossa of the temporal bone. The document outlines the development, structures, innervation, vascularization and biomechanics of the TMJ.
This document provides an overview of temporomandibular joint ankylosis. It begins with definitions and historical perspectives on the condition. It then discusses the etiology, pathogenesis, classifications, anatomy, and treatment approaches for TMJ ankylosis. Key points include that ankylosis involves pathologic changes that limit jaw movement, common causes are trauma, infection, inflammation, and it can be classified as true/false, complete/partial, and bony/fibrous. The document provides detailed anatomy of the TMJ and surrounding structures to inform surgical treatment approaches.
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) connects the mandible to the temporal bone. It has a mandibular condyle that articulates with the glenoid fossa of the temporal bone. Between them is an articular disc that divides the joint into upper and lower compartments. The TMJ is a synovial joint surrounded by an articular capsule and supported by ligaments. It develops from mesenchymal blastemas in the embryo and undergoes changes with age as the articular surfaces become fibrocartilaginous.
TMJ surgical anatomy and applied aspectsJoel D'silva
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) allows for hinge and gliding motions that facilitate functions like chewing and speech. It is a synovial joint containing features like bone, fibrocartilage discs, fluid-filled cavities, and ligaments. The TMJ is unique in that its surfaces are covered by fibrocartilage instead of hyaline cartilage and it is the only joint with a rigid closure point provided by tooth occlusion. Development of the TMJ occurs relatively late in utero, beginning with the formation of cartilaginous condyles that later ossify and fuse to the mandible.
Genioplasty is a surgical procedure to alter the shape and projection of the chin bone. It can be done to augment a recessed chin or reduce a prominent chin, improving facial aesthetics and proportions. The surgery involves making precise bone cuts below the mental nerves and sliding the bony segment to reposition the chin. Careful preoperative evaluation and planning is required to determine the optimal surgical approach and amount of correction needed. Potential risks include injury to the mental nerves or poor healing of the bone cuts.
This document presents a classification system for oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) proposed by Deepak Passi et al. in 2017. The classification system grades OSMF on a scale from 1 to 4 based on clinical involvement, mouth opening ability, histopathological findings, and recommended treatment approaches. Grade 1 involves less than one-third of the oral cavity and has inflammatory histological features. Grade 4 involves over two-thirds of the oral cavity, possible malignant transformation, and requires surgical treatment including biopsies. The classification aims to assist clinicians in categorizing and managing OSMF based on disease severity.
This document discusses various cysts that can occur in the oral and maxillofacial region. It begins by defining cysts and discussing their classification. It then focuses on specific types of cysts including dentigerous cysts, odontogenic keratocysts (also called primordial cysts), and Gorlin-Goltz syndrome, which is characterized by multiple odontogenic keratocysts. For each cyst type, the document discusses epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, radiographic appearance, histopathology, treatment and other relevant details. It provides an in-depth overview of cysts that can develop in the jaw bones and soft tissues of the oral cavity and face.
This document describes the technique for harvesting a costochondral graft from the rib cage. Key steps include: 1) Marking and prepping the anterior chest wall, 2) Making a 6-8 cm incision over the rib, 3) Developing a tissue plane between the rib periosteum and pleura, 4) Osteotomizing the lateral and medial portions of the rib to harvest the graft with a cartilage cap, 5) Inspecting for pleural tears and closing layers. Costochondral grafts are useful for reconstructing craniofacial and TMJ defects due to their growth potential in children and biocompatibility. Complications can include pneumothorax, fracture, and scar formation
This seminar explains about the development, relations, ligaments, various attachments, vascular and nervous supply and various surgical approaches and its modifications to TMJ
Use of grafts & alloplastic material in maxillofacial traumaDr. SHEETAL KAPSE
The document discusses various graft materials that can be used for head and neck reconstruction. It covers bone grafts, cartilage grafts, muscle grafts, skin grafts, nerve grafts, vessel grafts, fat grafts, and alloplastic graft materials. For each type of graft, it discusses principles of harvesting and placement, as well as outcomes. Regional sites are described for harvesting bone grafts. Principles of skin graft healing and nerve repair techniques are also summarized. Common alloplastic graft materials discussed include silicone, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene, and high-density polyethylene.
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a complex joint that connects the mandible to the temporal bone. It has three parts: the condyle of the mandible, the articular disc, and the glenoid fossa-articular eminence of the temporal bone. The TMJ is a synovial joint that allows hinge-like and gliding motions to facilitate functions like chewing and speaking. It continues developing postnatally, with the condyle and articular eminence growing in size and complexity through childhood and adolescence. The articular disc divides the joint cavity and aids in load distribution and lubrication during jaw movements.
Local Anesthesia in Oral and Maxillofacial SurgerySapna Vadera
Local anaesthesia is a loss of sensation in a circumscribed area without loss of consciousness. The document discusses the history of local anaesthesia from ancient times to modern developments. It also covers the desirable properties, mechanisms of action, classifications, pharmacology and clinical aspects of local anaesthetics. The summary provides a high-level overview of the key topics covered in the document relating to the definition, history, properties and mechanisms of local anaesthetics.
The document provides information on internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). It begins with definitions of internal derangement and Wilkes classification system for stages of derangement. It then discusses etiology, including trauma as a common cause. Physical findings and non-surgical and surgical treatment procedures are outlined. Non-surgical options include splint therapy, medications, acupuncture and others aimed at reducing pain and improving joint function.
Fractures of the zygomatic complex are common facial injuries that often involve displacement of the zygomatic bone from its normal position. Clinical examination involves inspection for deformities and palpation of the zygomatic bone and arch. Radiographic evaluation with CT scanning is important to fully assess the fracture pattern and displacement. Successful management requires accurate reduction and fixation of the zygomatic bone to restore facial contour and function.
Vestibuloplasty is a surgical procedure to deepen the oral vestibule by changing the attachments of the soft tissue. There are several types of vestibuloplasty procedures, including mucosal advancement, secondary epithelization, and grafting. Mucosal advancement involves undermining and advancing the oral mucosa, while secondary epithelization uses the oral mucosa to line one side and allows the other side to heal through epithelization. Grafting can use skin, mucosa, or dermis grafts to line the extended vestibule. The document discusses techniques for each type of vestibuloplasty procedure.
Muscles of mastication / dental implant courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The superior pterygoid muscle has two heads, a superior and inferior head. The superior head originates from the infratemporal crest and inserts into the temporomandibular joint capsule and disc, while the inferior head originates from the pterygoid plate and inserts into the articular disc and fovea. Both heads of the superior pterygoid muscle function to depress and protrude the mandible, as well as move it from side to side, and are innervated by the pterygoid branch of the trigeminal nerve.
Corticosteroids - Role in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeryanchalag8
Corticosteroids have many uses in oral and maxillofacial surgery. They can be used to treat TMJ disorders by reducing pain and inflammation via intracapsular injections. Topical steroids can treat oral ulcers and lesions. Intralesional injections are used to treat keloids, hypertrophic scars, and central giant cell granulomas. Oral steroids are the standard treatment for Bell's palsy and can reduce postoperative morbidities from surgeries like wisdom tooth extraction and orthognathic surgery by blocking excessive inflammation. While corticosteroids have benefits, their use requires weighing risks and using the minimum dose and least potent type needed for the therapeutic effect.
The document discusses the muscles of mastication. It describes the temporalis, masseter, lateral pterygoid, medial pterygoid, digastric, geniohyoid, and mylohyoid muscles. It details the origin, insertion, nerve supply and action of each muscle. The document also discusses clinical evaluation and disorders of the masticatory muscles, including myofascial pain, myositis, and myospasm.
This document provides an overview of surgical approaches to the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). It discusses several extraoral and intraoral approaches, including the preauricular, endaural, postauricular, coronal, retromandibular, and intraoral vestibular approaches. For each approach, it highlights considerations for exposure and visibility of the joint, avoidance of neurovascular structures, and postoperative aesthetics. Complications are also briefly mentioned. Detailed anatomical descriptions and illustrations are provided to demonstrate the surgical planning and exposure for different approaches.
The mandible is the largest and strongest bone of the face. It develops from the first pharyngeal arch and consists of a body with alveolar, inferior and mylohyoid borders, and a ramus with coronoid and condylar processes. The mandible undergoes both prenatal and postnatal growth, with the condyle showing considerable activity as the mandible grows downward and forward. Key parts include the body, ramus, coronoid process, and condylar process. The mandible articulates with the temporal bone at the temporomandibular joint.
1) Myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome (MPDS) is a pain disorder characterized by unilateral pain referred from trigger points in the muscles of the head and neck.
2) It is commonly seen between ages 20-40 and predominantly affects women. Common symptoms include constant diffuse pain in the face, jaw, and neck muscles that worsens over the day.
3) Treatment involves patient education, self-care techniques, physiotherapy including heat/cryotherapy, intraoral appliances, behavioral therapies, pharmacotherapy like NSAIDs, and biomechanical therapies like TENS and low-level laser therapy.
This document provides an overview of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). It begins by defining the TMJ as the joint connecting the mandible to the skull and regulating mandibular movement. It then describes the different types of joints in the body before focusing on the specifics of the TMJ. Key points include that the TMJ is a complex synovial joint that allows for both hinging and gliding movements. An articular disc separates the condyle of the mandible and fossa of the temporal bone. The document outlines the development, structures, innervation, vascularization and biomechanics of the TMJ.
This document provides an overview of temporomandibular joint ankylosis. It begins with definitions and historical perspectives on the condition. It then discusses the etiology, pathogenesis, classifications, anatomy, and treatment approaches for TMJ ankylosis. Key points include that ankylosis involves pathologic changes that limit jaw movement, common causes are trauma, infection, inflammation, and it can be classified as true/false, complete/partial, and bony/fibrous. The document provides detailed anatomy of the TMJ and surrounding structures to inform surgical treatment approaches.
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) connects the mandible to the temporal bone. It has a mandibular condyle that articulates with the glenoid fossa of the temporal bone. Between them is an articular disc that divides the joint into upper and lower compartments. The TMJ is a synovial joint surrounded by an articular capsule and supported by ligaments. It develops from mesenchymal blastemas in the embryo and undergoes changes with age as the articular surfaces become fibrocartilaginous.
TMJ surgical anatomy and applied aspectsJoel D'silva
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) allows for hinge and gliding motions that facilitate functions like chewing and speech. It is a synovial joint containing features like bone, fibrocartilage discs, fluid-filled cavities, and ligaments. The TMJ is unique in that its surfaces are covered by fibrocartilage instead of hyaline cartilage and it is the only joint with a rigid closure point provided by tooth occlusion. Development of the TMJ occurs relatively late in utero, beginning with the formation of cartilaginous condyles that later ossify and fuse to the mandible.
Genioplasty is a surgical procedure to alter the shape and projection of the chin bone. It can be done to augment a recessed chin or reduce a prominent chin, improving facial aesthetics and proportions. The surgery involves making precise bone cuts below the mental nerves and sliding the bony segment to reposition the chin. Careful preoperative evaluation and planning is required to determine the optimal surgical approach and amount of correction needed. Potential risks include injury to the mental nerves or poor healing of the bone cuts.
This document presents a classification system for oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) proposed by Deepak Passi et al. in 2017. The classification system grades OSMF on a scale from 1 to 4 based on clinical involvement, mouth opening ability, histopathological findings, and recommended treatment approaches. Grade 1 involves less than one-third of the oral cavity and has inflammatory histological features. Grade 4 involves over two-thirds of the oral cavity, possible malignant transformation, and requires surgical treatment including biopsies. The classification aims to assist clinicians in categorizing and managing OSMF based on disease severity.
This document discusses various cysts that can occur in the oral and maxillofacial region. It begins by defining cysts and discussing their classification. It then focuses on specific types of cysts including dentigerous cysts, odontogenic keratocysts (also called primordial cysts), and Gorlin-Goltz syndrome, which is characterized by multiple odontogenic keratocysts. For each cyst type, the document discusses epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, radiographic appearance, histopathology, treatment and other relevant details. It provides an in-depth overview of cysts that can develop in the jaw bones and soft tissues of the oral cavity and face.
This document describes the technique for harvesting a costochondral graft from the rib cage. Key steps include: 1) Marking and prepping the anterior chest wall, 2) Making a 6-8 cm incision over the rib, 3) Developing a tissue plane between the rib periosteum and pleura, 4) Osteotomizing the lateral and medial portions of the rib to harvest the graft with a cartilage cap, 5) Inspecting for pleural tears and closing layers. Costochondral grafts are useful for reconstructing craniofacial and TMJ defects due to their growth potential in children and biocompatibility. Complications can include pneumothorax, fracture, and scar formation
This seminar explains about the development, relations, ligaments, various attachments, vascular and nervous supply and various surgical approaches and its modifications to TMJ
Use of grafts & alloplastic material in maxillofacial traumaDr. SHEETAL KAPSE
The document discusses various graft materials that can be used for head and neck reconstruction. It covers bone grafts, cartilage grafts, muscle grafts, skin grafts, nerve grafts, vessel grafts, fat grafts, and alloplastic graft materials. For each type of graft, it discusses principles of harvesting and placement, as well as outcomes. Regional sites are described for harvesting bone grafts. Principles of skin graft healing and nerve repair techniques are also summarized. Common alloplastic graft materials discussed include silicone, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene, and high-density polyethylene.
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a complex joint that connects the mandible to the temporal bone. It has three parts: the condyle of the mandible, the articular disc, and the glenoid fossa-articular eminence of the temporal bone. The TMJ is a synovial joint that allows hinge-like and gliding motions to facilitate functions like chewing and speaking. It continues developing postnatally, with the condyle and articular eminence growing in size and complexity through childhood and adolescence. The articular disc divides the joint cavity and aids in load distribution and lubrication during jaw movements.
Local Anesthesia in Oral and Maxillofacial SurgerySapna Vadera
Local anaesthesia is a loss of sensation in a circumscribed area without loss of consciousness. The document discusses the history of local anaesthesia from ancient times to modern developments. It also covers the desirable properties, mechanisms of action, classifications, pharmacology and clinical aspects of local anaesthetics. The summary provides a high-level overview of the key topics covered in the document relating to the definition, history, properties and mechanisms of local anaesthetics.
The document provides information on internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). It begins with definitions of internal derangement and Wilkes classification system for stages of derangement. It then discusses etiology, including trauma as a common cause. Physical findings and non-surgical and surgical treatment procedures are outlined. Non-surgical options include splint therapy, medications, acupuncture and others aimed at reducing pain and improving joint function.
Fractures of the zygomatic complex are common facial injuries that often involve displacement of the zygomatic bone from its normal position. Clinical examination involves inspection for deformities and palpation of the zygomatic bone and arch. Radiographic evaluation with CT scanning is important to fully assess the fracture pattern and displacement. Successful management requires accurate reduction and fixation of the zygomatic bone to restore facial contour and function.
Vestibuloplasty is a surgical procedure to deepen the oral vestibule by changing the attachments of the soft tissue. There are several types of vestibuloplasty procedures, including mucosal advancement, secondary epithelization, and grafting. Mucosal advancement involves undermining and advancing the oral mucosa, while secondary epithelization uses the oral mucosa to line one side and allows the other side to heal through epithelization. Grafting can use skin, mucosa, or dermis grafts to line the extended vestibule. The document discusses techniques for each type of vestibuloplasty procedure.
Muscles of mastication / dental implant courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The superior pterygoid muscle has two heads, a superior and inferior head. The superior head originates from the infratemporal crest and inserts into the temporomandibular joint capsule and disc, while the inferior head originates from the pterygoid plate and inserts into the articular disc and fovea. Both heads of the superior pterygoid muscle function to depress and protrude the mandible, as well as move it from side to side, and are innervated by the pterygoid branch of the trigeminal nerve.
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Muscles of mastication /orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses the muscles of mastication, including their origins, insertions, nerve supply and actions. It describes the masseter, temporalis, lateral pterygoid, and medial pterygoid muscles as the primary muscles of mastication. It also covers the accessory muscles involved in mastication like the digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid and buccinator.
Muscles of mastication & TMJ Dr.N.Mugunthanmgmcri1234
The document discusses the muscles of mastication - masseter, temporalis, lateral pterygoid, and medial pterygoid muscles. It describes the origin, insertion, nerve supply, and action of each muscle. It also covers the temporomandibular joint, including its articular surfaces, ligaments, articular disc, relations, blood supply, nerve supply, and movements of the mandible. Examples of applied anatomy like trismus, locked jaw, and injuries are also mentioned.
What is fixation?
Fixation in orthopedics is the process by which an injury is rendered immobile. This may be accomplished by internal fixation, or by external fixation.
What is internal fixation?
Internal fixation is an operation in orthopedics that involves the surgical implementation of implants for the purpose of repairing a bone
What is osteosynthesis?
Osteosynthesis is the reduction and internal fixation of a bone fracture with implantable devices that are usually made of metal. It is a surgical procedure with an open or per cutaneous approach to the fractured bone. Osteosynthesis aims to bring the fractured bone ends together and immobilize the fracture site while healing takes place. In a fracture that is rigidly immobilized the fracture heals by the process of intramembranous ossification
INDICATIONS for internal fixation
History of Fracture Treatment and Development Of Modern Osteosynthesis
In the Preantibiotic era, closed reduction of fractures was understandably the rule for most fractures. However, when closed reduction was insufficient, external fixation appliances served to maintain skeletal units in position, frequently without the need for MMF (Maxillo-mandibular fixation) .Following the development of antibiotics, the open treatment of fractures began to be used on a more frequent basis.
Rigid internal fixation (RIF) is “Any form of fixation applied directly to the bones which is strong enough to permit active use of the skeletal structure during the healing phase and also helps in healing”.
Bone fractures have been treated with various conservative techniques for centuries and it was not until the eighteenth century that internal fixation was first documented.
Icart, a French surgeon in Castres, performed ligature fixation with brass wire on a young man with a humeral fracture.
1886, when Hansmann of Hamburg published a technique using retrievable metal bone plates with transcutaneous screws.
Soon after, a Belgian surgeon, Albin Lambotte, improved these techniques and coined the term internal fixation.
Lambotte developed and manufactured a variety of bone plates and screws and much of his armamentarim remained in use until the 1950s.
In the twentieth century, Sherman improved on Lambotte’s designs and created parallel, threaded, finepitched, self-tapping screws. This hardware was made of corrosion-resistant vanadium steel, which was a strength improvement over silver and ivory fixation materials.
BIOLOGY OF BONE AND BONE HEALING
Bone is a complex and ever-evolving connective tissue and serves multiple purposes. Besides being the main constituent of the human skeletal system, bone is highly metabolically active and essential for the regulation of serum electrolytes—namely, calcium and phosphate.
Marrow cavities are filled with hematopoietic elements necessary to manufacture and maintain blood components and regulate the immune system. Bone is comprised
The document summarizes the muscles of mastication, including their origin, insertion, function, nerve and blood supply, and clinical significance. It discusses the four primary muscles - temporalis, masseter, lateral pterygoid, and medial pterygoid - as well as some accessory muscles like the digastric. The temporalis muscle elevates the mandible, the masseter muscle elevates and moves the mandible laterally, the lateral pterygoid muscle depresses and protrudes the mandible, and the medial pterygoid muscle elevates and closes the jaw. Understanding the muscles of mastication is important for dentistry, prosthodontics and evaluating facial pain disorders
The four main muscles of mastication are the masseter, temporalis, lateral pterygoid, and medial pterygoid muscles. These muscles work together to power the chewing cycle which involves three phases - opening, closing, and occlusion. The masseter elevates the jaw, the temporalis elevates and retracts the jaw, the lateral pterygoid depresses, protrudes and moves the jaw side to side, and the medial pterygoid elevates and protracts the jaw. A fifth muscle, the sphenomandibular muscle, is also sometimes included as it runs medial to the temporomandibular joint.
The document discusses the muscles of mastication, including their development, anatomy, actions, innervation, and clinical significance. It describes the four primary muscles - masseter, temporalis, and medial and lateral pterygoid muscles - as well as accessory muscles. Each of the primary muscles are discussed in detail regarding their origin, insertion, action, nerve supply, and blood supply. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of these muscles functionally and structurally, and a clinician's responsibility to recognize muscle-related problems.
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The document discusses the muscles of mastication. It begins by introducing the four primary muscles - masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid, and lateral pterygoid. For each muscle, it describes the origin, insertion, nerve supply, blood supply, actions, and clinical importance. It also briefly discusses the accessory muscles of mastication and some applied aspects like hypertrophy, bruxism, and myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome.
This document discusses the anatomy and functions of various muscles in the head and neck region that are relevant to complete denture construction. It describes the origins, insertions, and actions of the muscles of mastication (temporalis, masseter, lateral and medial pterygoid), tongue (genioglossus, hyoglossus), facial expression, soft palate, suprahyoid region, and pharynx. Knowledge of these muscle attachments and their roles in functions like chewing, swallowing and speech is important for determining denture borders and contours as well as jaw relation records.
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The document discusses the muscles involved in mastication. It describes the primary muscles - masseter, temporalis, lateral pterygoid, and medial pterygoid - which attach to the mandible and aid in elevating, depressing, and moving the jaw laterally. The secondary muscles of mastication - the suprahyoid muscles like digastric, mylohyoid, and geniohyoid - provide supporting functions. Clinical considerations related to these muscles like tetanus, bruxism, and myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome are also outlined.
The document describes the anatomy of the temporal region and muscles of mastication. It discusses the boundaries and contents of the temporal fossa and infratemporal fossa. It then describes the four muscles of mastication - the temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid, and lateral pterygoid muscles. Finally, it details the temporomandibular joint, including its movements, ligaments, and important relations.
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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Temporomandibular joint is the most complex and unique joint of the body and to understand its surgical anatomy is very important in the surgical management of its disorders .
This document provides an overview of the muscles of mastication. It begins by defining muscle and mastication. It then discusses the development, classification, properties and functions of the primary muscles of mastication - the masseter, temporalis, lateral pterygoid, and medial pterygoid muscles. The document also covers the accessory muscles of mastication and their functions. Finally, it discusses some clinical considerations regarding these muscles, including bruxism, tetanus, and myofascial pain disorders.
The document summarizes the muscles of mastication. It defines muscles and mastication, and describes the development, classification, and functions of the primary muscles - masseter, temporalis, lateral pterygoid, and medial pterygoid. It provides details on the origin, insertion, nerve/blood supply, actions, and clinical importance of each muscle. It also briefly discusses the accessory muscles and chewing cycle.
The document discusses the muscles of mastication. It describes the four primary muscles - masseter, temporalis, lateral pterygoid, and medial pterygoid. It details the origin, insertion, nerve supply, blood supply, actions and functions of each muscle. The document also briefly discusses secondary muscles like the suprahyoid muscles. Clinical considerations related to the muscles of mastication like tetanus, bruxism, and myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome are mentioned at the end.
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The document defines various anatomical structures and movements of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). It describes the TMJ as a synovial joint that allows hinge-like and sliding movements between the condyle of the mandible and temporal bone. Key terms defined include the articular disc, ligaments, muscles of mastication, and different movements such as protrusion, retrusion, and lateral excursions.
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This document discusses the muscles of mastication. It begins by defining mastication and describing the development of muscles from embryonic tissues. The primary muscles of mastication - masseter, temporalis, lateral pterygoid, and medial pterygoid - are then described in detail, including their origins, insertions, nerve/blood supply, and actions. Secondary muscles like the digastric, mylohyoid, and geniohyoid that assist in mastication are also outlined. The document concludes that the masticatory system requires precise muscle movement to effectively move the teeth during function.
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A brief ppt on stomatognathic system and its working.Function can influence the overall pattern and the relationship of parts, the very foundations of stomatognathic system.
We should do more than just analyze teeth in occlusion.
It is equally important to appreciate respiration, mastication, deglutition, speech and even maintenance of head in constant postural position.
The document discusses the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and muscles of mastication. It covers the evolution, embryology, anatomy, histology and biomechanics of the TMJ. The TMJ is a synovial diarthrodial joint that allows gliding and rotational movements. It involves the mandibular condyle articulating with the temporal bone. The muscles of mastication include the masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid and lateral pterygoid muscles. Common TMJ disorders include disc displacements, derangements, and inflammatory conditions like synovitis, capsulitis and arthritis.
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Opportunity for Dentists (BDS/MDS )to relocate to United kingdom -Register as a DENTAL HYGIENIST/ DENTAL THERAPIST without Board exams and after approval you can register in GDC as a DH/DT and start working as a DH/DT Immediately and get paid.
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Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry,
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Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
I –Aligners are made with FDA approved transparent thermoplastic materials using 3D scanning, 3D Printing and finally Trays with Pressure vacuum formers.
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Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
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skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
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Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
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Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
This document discusses dental occlusion concepts and philosophies for complete dentures. It introduces key terms like physiologic occlusion and defines different occlusion schemes like balanced articulation and monoplane articulation. The document discusses advantages and disadvantages of using anatomic versus non-anatomic teeth for complete dentures. It also outlines requirements for maintaining denture stability, such as balanced occlusal contacts and control of horizontal forces. The goal of occlusion for complete dentures is to re-establish the homeostasis of the masticatory system disrupted by edentulism.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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This document discusses dental casting investment materials. It describes the three main types of investments - gypsum bonded, phosphate bonded, and ethyl silicate bonded investments. For gypsum bonded investments specifically, it details their classification, composition including the roles of gypsum, silica, and modifiers, setting time, normal and hygroscopic setting expansion, and thermal expansion. It provides information on how the properties of gypsum bonded investments are affected by their composition. The document serves as a comprehensive overview of dental casting investment materials.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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3. Introduction
• In general as one reads about muscles there
are five terms that are constantly seen, they
are
Origin
Insertion
Action
Nerve supply and
Blood supply
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4. Origin: it is generally considered to be the end
of the muscle that is attached to the least
movable structure.
Insertion: it is the other end of the muscle,
which is attached to the more movable
structures.
Action: it is the work that is accomplished when
the muscle fibers contract.
Terms
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5. Masticatory muscles
The muscles most immediately concerned with the
movement of the mandible in mastication and
speech are
Masseter
Temporalis
Medial pterygoid and
Lateral pterygoid
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6. • There are four pairs of muscles attached
to mandible, primarily responsible for
• Elevating
• Depressing
• Protruding
• Retruding
• Lateral movement
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7. Development
• These muscles develop from first
pharyngeal arch [mandibular]
• Thus innervated by the nerve of the
first arch, the fifth cranial nerve
[trigeminal nerve]more specifically,
by the third part of the fifth cranial
nerve; mandibular division.
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8. • Blood supply to all the muscles is
by the maxillary artery, branch of
external carotid artery.
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9. Clinical examination
• Masseter:
• It can be palpated
extra orally by placing fingers
over the lateral surfaces of the
ramus of mandible
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10. • Temporalis:
• Fingers are placed
over the patients temples to
feel the muscle.
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11. • Medial pterygoid:
• Index finger is used to
touch the medial pterygoid
muscle on the inner surface of
the ramus.
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12. • lateral pterygoid:
• The little finger is
inserted facial to the maxillary
teeth and around distal to the
pterygomaxillary, [or] hamular
notch, to palpate the muscle.
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13. • The distance between maxillary
and mandibular incisors is
measured when the patient is
instructed to open ‘all the way’.
• Normal opening in an adult is
about 35-50 mm.
• Normal lateral movement is
about 8-10 mm.
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14. Masseter muscle:
• Masseter means to chew.
• It is a quadrilateral muscle in shape.
• It is one of the outermost muscles in the
skull.
• The muscle consists of three layers,
which blend anteriorly. They are.
The superficial layer
The middle layer
The deep layer
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16. The superficial layer
• It is the largest of the three layers.
• Origin: by a thick
aponeurosis from maxillary process
of zygomatic bone and from the
anterior 2/3’rd of the inferior
border of the zygomatic arch.
• Insertion: fibers pass
downwards and backwards to
insert into the angle and lower
posterior half of the lateral surface
of the ramus
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17. The middle layer:
• Origin: arises from the medial
aspect of the anterior two thirds of
the zygomatic arch and from the
lower border of the posterior third.
• Insertion: inserts into the central
part of the mandibular ramus.
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18. The deep layer
• this layer is also called as
‘zygomaticomandibular muscle’.
• Origin: from the deep
surface of the zygomatic arch.
• Insertion: these fibers travel
downwards, into the upper part of
the mandibular ramus and into its
coronoid process.
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19. • middle and deep layers ofmasseter
referred to as ‘cruciate muscle’.
• The superficial layer is covered
externally by continuous tendinous
tissue
• During clinical palpation the most active
region of the muscle is situated near the
mandibular angle.
• The fibers of deep and superficial layers
diverge from each other at an angle of 50
degrees.
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20. Actions:
• Masseter is considered to supply
‘power’, rather than positioning.
• It elevates the mandible to occlude
the teeth in mastication.
• It has small effect in side to side
movements, protraction and
retraction
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21. Temporalis muscle:
As it is close to temples,thus the name
temporalis.
It is characterized by its fan shape and
fairly thin muscle
It covers a great part of lateral area of the
skull -the temporal fossa.
-Narrow part of parietal bone
-Great part of temporal bone
-Sphenoid bone
‘Temporal fascia’ covers the temporalis
muscle.
Temporalis muscle:
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23. • Above: the fascia is single layered. it is
attached to superior temporal line.
• Below: the fascia is two layered. one attached
to lateral side and the other to the mesial
margin of the upper border of the zygomatic
arch.
• On the lateral portion of the skull, temporalis
inserts at the level of the temporal line and
divides into 3 parts.
1. The anterior bundle
2. The intermediate bundle
3. The posterior bundle
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24. 1. The anterior bundle:
• Origin: the upper extremity
attaches to the temporal bone.
• Insertion: the lower extremity
inserts onto the apex of the
coronoid process of the mandible
and to the anterior border of the
ramus.
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25. • This group is active at the closing phase and
inactive at the opening phase.
• No activity is seen during mandibular depression,
expect during maximum opening [or] opening
against resistance.
• This action prevents the accidental dislodgement
of the condyles out of the articular fossa if the
resistance is suddenly removed.
• This bundle is more active in mandibular elevation,
swallowing and rest position.
• This bundle is frequently adapted to crush and
chew food close to centric occlusion. No activity
at normal protrusive movements
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26. 2. The intermediate bundle.
• Vigorous action of this bundle
has been observed during
protrusive movements.
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27. 3. The posterior bundle.
• Anatomically posterior bundle is
oriented to elevate the mandible
• They function primarily as
mandibular retractors [or]
positioners.
• These remain inactive during
mandibular depression and
protrusion
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28. Nerve supply:
• It is supplied by the deep
temporal branches of the
anterior trunk of the
mandibular nerve.
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29. Action:
• It elevates the mandible and thus
closes the mouth and approximates
the teeth.
• Thus it acts as a postioner.
• This movement requires the
upward pull of the anterior fiber
and backward pull of the posterior
fibers.
• Because the head of the condyles
rests on the articular eminence
when the mouth is open.
• It is active in forcible elevation.
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30. Medial pterygoid:
• Pterygoid means wing like.
• It is a thick, quadrilateral
muscle.
• It is located on the internal
surface of the ramus.
• It lies along the length of the
masseter muscle.
• It is less potent than masseter.
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32. Origin:
• It originates from the medial
surface of the lateral pterygoid
plate and from the grooved surface
of the pyramidal process of the
palatine bone.
• A more superficial slip arises from
the lateral surface of the pyramidal
process and maxillary tuberosity.
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33. Insertion:
• the fibers descend postero
laterally and are attached by a
strong tendinous lamina to
postero inferior part of the
medial surfaces of the ramus
and angle as high as the
mandibular foramen and
almost as far forward as the
mylohyoid groove.
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35. Lateral pterygoid:
• It is a short, thick muscle.
• It is also referred to as
“sphenomeniscus muscle”.
• It has two heads
• Upper head- smaller.
• Lower head- larger.
• it is deeply located in the
infratempoal fossa.
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37. Origin
• Lower head: the larger one in the
lower position has its origin in the
external surface of the lateral
pterygoid lamina.
• Upper head: the smaller one in the
upper position originates from the
infratemporal surface of the
sphenoid bone.
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38. Insertion
• The two separate bellies are
oriented posterior where they fuse
at the level of the
temporomandibular joint.
• The most superior fibers of the
upper belly are directly connected
to the anterior surface of the
articular capsule.
• Thus are indirectly attached to
the anterior portion of the condylar
neck.
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39. Action
• It assists in opening the mouth by pulling forward the condyles and the articular disk.
• Slow elongation of the lateral pterygoid is seen during the closure of the mouth,
backward gliding of articular disc and condyle.
• Ipsilateral medial and lateral pterygoid advance the condyle of that side so that jaw
rotates about a vertical axis through opposite condyle.
• When both medial and lateral pterygoid act together they protrude the mandible, so
that the lower incisors project in front of upper.
• Upper head is involved mainly in chewing.
• Lower head is involved in protrusion, but the primary function is to move the disk and
condyle head forward.
• No activity is seen during closing and swallowing.
• The lower belly is synergistic with suprahyoid muscle during protrusive and opening
movements of mandible.
• It is antagonist to suprahyoid muscle during closure movement in mastication and
tooth clenching.
• This bundle acts as a antigravity muscle during certain swallowing movements.
• This muscle is responsible for opening of mandible.
• External pterygoid is active only at uncontrolled opening of mouth.
• This is used to place the condyles in a favorable position as the mandible progresses
in its depressing movement as this muscle is not essential for opening the
mouth,stabalizing force of the external pterygoid is used necessary to prevent the
dislodgement of the mandible during the masticatory function.
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40. THE ACCESSORY MUSCLES
OF MASTICATION
1. Suprahyoid group-
DIGASTRIC
MYLOHYOID
GENIOHYOID
STYLOHYOID
2. Infra hyoid group-
STERNOHYOID
THROHYOID
OMOHYOID
STERNOTHYROID
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41. DIGASTRIC
• Origin: There are muscle fibers at either end
with a collagenous tendon at the middle.
• One end: digastric notch just medial to the
mastoid process behind the ear.
• Other end: digastric fossa on the inferior
surface of the mandible at the midline.
• Action: is two fold.
• By contracting, it can create a backward pull on
the mandible. When the jaws are clenched.
Contraction of the muscle elevates the hyoid
bone, thus helps in the pulling the mandible
downwards.
• Nerve supply
• Anterior belly by the trigeminal nerve.
• Posterior belly by the facial nerve.
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42. MYLOHYOID
• The floor of the mouth is formed by
the mylohyoid muscle.
• Origin: from the mylohyoid line on
the medial surface of the mandible.
• Insertion: to the hyoid bone.
• Nerve supply: mylohyoid branch of
the trigeminal nerve.
• Blood supply: branch of the inferior
alveolar artery.
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43. GENIHYOID
• Origin: inferior genial tubercle
or mental spine on the lingual
surface of the mandible.
• Insertion: hyoid bone.
• Action: depresses the mandible.
• Nerve supply: C1.
• Blood supply: lingual artery.
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44. INFRA HYOID GROUP
• OMOHYOID
• It has an inferior belly, common tendon and
superior belly.
• Arises from the inferior belly and inserted
through superior belly.
• Origin: upper border of the scapula.
• Insertion: lower border of the body of hyoid
bone lateral to sternohyoid.
• Action: depresses hyoid bone ,fixes the hyoid in
mandibular depression.
• Nerve supply: C2 and C3.
• Blood supply: superior thyroid arteries.
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45. STERNOHYOID
• Origin: posterior surface of the
manubrium sterni.
• Insertion: medial part of the lower
border of the hyoid bone.
• Nerve supply: C2 and C3.
• Action: depresses the hyoid,fixes
hyoid in mandibular depression.
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46. STERNOTHYROID
• Origin: posterior surface of the
manubrium sterni.
• Insertion: thyroid cartilage.
• Action: depresses the larynx.
• Nerve supply: C2 and C3.
• Blood supply: superior thyroid
artery.
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47. THYROHYOID
• Origin: oblique line of the thyroid
cartilage.
• Insertion: hyoid bone.
• Action: depresses the hyoid and
elevates the larynx.
• Nerve supply: C1through
hypoglossal.
• Blood supply: superior thyroid
artery.
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48. BUCCINATOR
• Origin: it is a wide muscle that arises from a horse
shoe shaped line along the outer surfaces of the
maxillary and mandibular alveolar processes in the
area of the molar teeth.
• It originates from pterygomandibular ligament.
• Buccinator fibers arising from the mandible follow
the external oblique line to the mesial aspect of the
first molar and ascend slightly towards the corner
of mouth.
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49. Insertion
• Some fibers insert into the
mucous membrane of cheek and
modiolus.
• Remaining fibers enter the upper
and lower lips to become a part
of the orbicularis oris muscle.
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50. Action
• It pulls the corners of the mouth laterally
and posteriorly.
• Major function is to keep the cheeks taut.
• If it were not so, when jaw closes, the
cheeks collapse and be caught between the
teeth. This is seen in senile patients or
individuals with facial paralysis.
• This muscle helps in deglutition.
• Provides support and mobility for the soft
tissues of cheek.
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52. Masseter muscle:
• The contraction of masseter muscle pushes the buccinator
fibers against the denture border. For this reason, the
borders must converge rapidly towards the retro-molar pad.
• At the time of preliminary impression is made, while the
compound on the borders of the impression tray in this
region is still soft, considerable downward force should be
exerted on the lower jaw by dentist.
• Now the patient is attempting to counteract this downward
pressure which will cause the masseter muscle to contract.
• This forces the softened compound away from impingement
in this region.
• Thus the denture border can also be contoured to
accommodate this action. If this is not done the muscle
interaction will displace the mandibular denture and force it
in an anterior direction
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53. Temporalis muscle
• Temporalis does not participate in biting
force when the mandible is in
protrusion.
• Therefore the action of this muscle is
sometimes used as a test to determine
whether the patient is closing in centric
relation.
• When the mandible is in protrusion, no
bulging can be felt with fingers on the
side of the head.
• This muscle is more sensitive to occlusal
interferences than any muscle.
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54. Mylohyoid muscle
• It elevates the hyoid bone, the tongue and the
membranous floor of the mouth during
swallowing.
• If the denture flange is extended below and
under the mylohyoid line, it will impinge on the
mylohyoid muscle and can affect its action
adversely.
• Thus the action of the muscle can unseat the
denture.
• As the fibers are directed downwards, the
denture flange can extend below but not under
the mylohyoid line. This places the inferior
border of the denture in a compatible position
with tongue.
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55. Buccinator muscle
• The action of buccinator muscle does not
directly dislodge the denture because the muscle
fibers contract in a line parallel to the plane of
occlusion.
• When masseter is activated, it pushes the
buccinator medially against the denture border
in the area of retro molar pad.
• This is a dislodging force and the denture base
should be contoured to accommodate this
interaction between the buccinator and
masseter.
• This is termed as` masseter groove’.
• The position of attachment of buccinator muscle
in the upper jaw determines the vertical height
of the disto buccal flange of the maxillary
denture.
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Editor's Notes
Lower head: the larger one in the lower position has its origin in the external surface of the lateral pterygoid lamina