This study evaluated salivary pH levels and the presence of red complex bacteria in healthy individuals, those with gingivitis, and those with chronic periodontitis. 60 subjects were divided into the three groups based on a clinical examination. Salivary pH was measured using a digital pH meter and red complex bacteria were assessed using the BANA test on subgingival plaque samples. Results found significantly lower salivary pH levels in subjects that tested positive for red complex bacteria by the BANA test. The study concluded that there is a positive correlation between BANA test results and pH, with more periodontal destruction associated with lower pH and positive BANA results.
To study Prevalence, Pre-disposing factors and Prevention of the following MDRO’s – Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemase Producer, Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Multi Drug Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli.
Propolis as an adjuvant in the treatment of Chronic PeriodontitisBee Healthy Farms
Periodontitis has multifactorial causes with the primary being pathogenic bacteria that reside in the subgingival area and possess potent mechanisms of damaging host defences. Inflammatory responses triggered in response to periodontal pathogens are the major events responsible for periodontal destruction.
Propolis has been used for the treatment of aphthous ulcers, candidiasis, gingivitis, periodontitis, and pulpitis. Studies on propolis applications have increased because of its therapeutic and biological properties. A study evaluated the antibacterial action of propolis against certain anaerobic oral pathogens and found it to be very effective.
Antiplaque efficacy of propolis based herbal toothpaste-a crossover clinical ...Bee Healthy Farms
This Dental School crossover clinical study found propolis toothpaste to be safe and effective in reducing plaque accumulation when compared to Miswak and Colgate total toothpaste.
Propolis in the field of dentistry is tough. It responds very well when in contact with mucous linings of the body. This super antioxidant also delivers antimicrobial, antifungal and antiseptic properties which make it very adaptable to numerous conditions found out of balance.
To study Prevalence, Pre-disposing factors and Prevention of the following MDRO’s – Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemase Producer, Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Multi Drug Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli.
Propolis as an adjuvant in the treatment of Chronic PeriodontitisBee Healthy Farms
Periodontitis has multifactorial causes with the primary being pathogenic bacteria that reside in the subgingival area and possess potent mechanisms of damaging host defences. Inflammatory responses triggered in response to periodontal pathogens are the major events responsible for periodontal destruction.
Propolis has been used for the treatment of aphthous ulcers, candidiasis, gingivitis, periodontitis, and pulpitis. Studies on propolis applications have increased because of its therapeutic and biological properties. A study evaluated the antibacterial action of propolis against certain anaerobic oral pathogens and found it to be very effective.
Antiplaque efficacy of propolis based herbal toothpaste-a crossover clinical ...Bee Healthy Farms
This Dental School crossover clinical study found propolis toothpaste to be safe and effective in reducing plaque accumulation when compared to Miswak and Colgate total toothpaste.
Propolis in the field of dentistry is tough. It responds very well when in contact with mucous linings of the body. This super antioxidant also delivers antimicrobial, antifungal and antiseptic properties which make it very adaptable to numerous conditions found out of balance.
The presentation three main topics :
- The clinical features of gingivitis.
- Extension of inflammation from the gingiva in the supporting perodontal tissue.
- Chronic periodontitis
At the end of this session, the student should be able to describe:
What is Periodontium and its role
Ecology of Dental Crevice and its role
Conditions that affect Periodontal tissue
Role of Microorganisms in Periodontal Disease
Complex relationship between Plaque and periodontal disease
Lactobacillus Pro-t-action is a revolutionary innovation of the German BASF Future Business GmbH company, developed from probiotic cultures of the L. paracasei bacteria. The special characteristic of Pro-t-action is that it reacts only with the cavity-causing bacteria, and it does not affect the number of other bacteria in the mouth. According to the recent studies presented at international conferences, Lactobacillus pro-t-action reduces the number of S. mutans bacteria, the most responsible pathogens in forming cavities, to even up to 50% if used daily. The new toothpaste Plidenta Pro-t-action was developed by the experts in Croatian based company Neva, an Atlantic Group member, as the first toothpaste in the world to contain this probiotic culture. The clinical testing conducted by doc.dr.sc. Dubravka Negovetić Vranić and prof.dr.sc. Martina Majstorović was the first such testing of a toothpaste with the probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei bacteria in the world. The Ministry of Health and Social Welfare of the Republic of Croatia listed Plidenta Pro-t-action toothpaste as a special use cosmetics.
The presentation three main topics :
- The clinical features of gingivitis.
- Extension of inflammation from the gingiva in the supporting perodontal tissue.
- Chronic periodontitis
At the end of this session, the student should be able to describe:
What is Periodontium and its role
Ecology of Dental Crevice and its role
Conditions that affect Periodontal tissue
Role of Microorganisms in Periodontal Disease
Complex relationship between Plaque and periodontal disease
Lactobacillus Pro-t-action is a revolutionary innovation of the German BASF Future Business GmbH company, developed from probiotic cultures of the L. paracasei bacteria. The special characteristic of Pro-t-action is that it reacts only with the cavity-causing bacteria, and it does not affect the number of other bacteria in the mouth. According to the recent studies presented at international conferences, Lactobacillus pro-t-action reduces the number of S. mutans bacteria, the most responsible pathogens in forming cavities, to even up to 50% if used daily. The new toothpaste Plidenta Pro-t-action was developed by the experts in Croatian based company Neva, an Atlantic Group member, as the first toothpaste in the world to contain this probiotic culture. The clinical testing conducted by doc.dr.sc. Dubravka Negovetić Vranić and prof.dr.sc. Martina Majstorović was the first such testing of a toothpaste with the probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei bacteria in the world. The Ministry of Health and Social Welfare of the Republic of Croatia listed Plidenta Pro-t-action toothpaste as a special use cosmetics.
Objective: To evaluate the antibacterial effects of 4 different cavity disinfectants on Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Enterococcus faecalis bacteria in different time periods.
Study Design: The antibacterial effects of Cavity Cleanser, Tubulicid Red Label, Chloraxid 2%, and Oxygenated Water cavity disinfectant solutions on E. faecalis (ATCC 29212), S. mutans (ATCC 25175), and L. acidophilus (RSKK 03037) bacterial strains were evaluated by disk diffusion method. In the study where vancomycin antibiogram disc constituted the positive control group, physiological saline solution was used as the negative control group. Standard, sterile, blank antibiogram discs of 5 mm in diameter, in which 15 μL of each material were added, were placed on agar plates at 2.5–3 cm intervals. The inhibition zone diameters formed around the discs that were left to incubate for 24–48 hours at 37°C were measured in millimeters. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using one-way analysis of variance, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Levene, and Bonferroni tests.
Results: At the end of the study the solutions tested showed a statistically significant antibacterial effect on all bacterial strains used (p<0.05). Cavity Cleanser disinfectant containing 2% chlorhexidine showed the highest antibacterial effect on S. mutans and L. acidophilus, and benzalkonium-containing Tubulicid Red disinfectant on E. faecalis.
Conclusion: The antibacterial effect of all cavity disinfectants used in the study was found to be higher at the end of the 48th hour than at the end of the 24th hour, but there was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05).
Keywords: antibacterial agents; antibacterial effect; cavity disinfectants; chlorhexidine; contamination; dental caries; disinfection; disc diffusion; gram-negative bacteria; gram-positive bacteria
Biomarker is an objective measure that has been evaluated and confirmed either as an indicator of physiologic health, a pathogenic process or a pharmacologic response to a therapeutic intervention. Biomarkers, whether produces by normal healthy individuals or by individuals affected by specific systemic diseases, are tell tale molecules that could be used to monitor health status, disease onset, treatment response and outcome.The biomarkers can help for the determination of present as well as future disease activity along with diagnosis and previous periodontal diseases.
Presentation at CDC conference 2009 of successful clinical trials Emory University Hospital & Georgia Department of Human Services Children Lead Poison Prevention.
To evaluate the effects of B. lactis HN019 on clinical periodontal parameters (plaque accumulation and gingival bleeding), on the immunocompetence of gingival tissues [expression of BD-3, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), cluster of differentiation (CD)-57 and CD-4], and on immunological properties of saliva (IgA levels) and adhesion to buccal epithelial cells and antimicrobial properties in non-surgical periodontal therapy in GCP patients.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Similar to Mumbai presentation thesis- by Dr Harshavardhan Patwal (20)
Risk assessment is the determination of quantitative or qualitative estimate of risk related to a well-defined situation and a recognized threat (also called hazard). Quantitative risk assessment requires calculations of two components of risk (R): the magnitude of the potential loss (L), and the probability (p) that the loss will occur. An acceptable risk is a risk that is understood and tolerated usually because the cost or difficulty of implementing an effective countermeasure for the associated vulnerability exceeds the expectation of loss."Health risk assessment" includes variations, such as risk as the type and severity of response, with or without a probabilistic context.
Dental Implants have changed the face of dentistry over the last 25 years. What are dental implants? What is the history of dental implants? And how are they used to replace missing teeth? This section will give you an overview of the topic of dental implants, to be followed by more detail in additional sections.
As with most treatment procedures in dentistry today, dental implants not only involve scientific discovery, research and understanding, but also application in clinical practice. The practice of implant dentistry requires expertise in planning, surgery and tooth restoration; it is as much about art and experience as it is about science. This site will help provide you with the knowledge you need to make informed choices in consultation with your dental health professionals.
Dental Implants
Dental illustration by Dear Doctor
Let’s start from the beginning: A dental implant is actually a replacement for the root or roots of a tooth. Like tooth roots, dental implants are secured in the jawbone and are not visible once surgically placed. They are used to secure crowns (the parts of teeth seen in the mouth), bridgework or dentures by a variety of means. They are made of titanium, which is lightweight, strong and biocompatible, which means that it is not rejected by the body. Titanium and titanium alloys are the most widely used metals in both dental and other bone implants, such as orthopedic joint replacements. Dental implants have the highest success rate of any implanted surgical device.
Titanium’s special property of fusing to bone, called osseointegration (“osseo” – bone; “integration” – fusion or joining with), is the biological basis of dental implant success. That’s because when teeth are lost, the bone that supported those teeth is lost too. Placing dental implants stabilizes bone, preventing its loss. Along with replacing lost teeth, implants help maintain the jawbone’s shape and density. This means they also support the facial skeleton and, indirectly, the soft tissue structures — gum tissues, cheeks and lips. Dental implants help you eat, chew, smile, talk and look completely natural. This functionality imparts social, psychological and physical well-being.
There is no question that given the current state of the art in dentistry, that dental implants are pretty much the best way to replace teeth; they are stand alone tooth replacement systems that look and function just like natural teeth. They do not attach to adjacent teeth like a fixed bridge and don't have to be taken in and out like removable partial dentures.
A dental implant is a tooth root replacement made of titanium, which has the unique property of being osteophilic (osteo-bone, philic-loving) and actually fuses to bone. A crown, the part of the tooth that you see in your mouth, is attached to the implant. And the great thing about implants is they are not susceptible to decay or periodontal (gum) disease in the same way that teeth are.
Now here are a few important pointers, which hold for implants generally and are especially important in your case when replacing a front tooth for an imminent event . Dr Harshavardhan Patwal
Non surgical management of gingival recession- Dr Harshavardhan PatwalDr Harshavardhan Patwal
Treatment of gingival recession has become an important therapeutic issue due to the increasing number of cosmetic requests from patients. The dual goals of mucogingival treatment include complete root coverage, up to the cemento-enamel junction, and blending of tissue color between the treated area and non-treated adjacent tissues. Even though the connective tissue graft is commonly considered the “gold standard” for treatment of recession defects, it may not always be the best surgical option for every case. Dr Harshavardhan Patwal , Under non-experimental conditions, all root coverage procedures may be effective in terms of complete root coverage and excellent esthetics. Careful analyses of patient- and defect-related factors, however, are key considerations prior to selecting an appropriate surgical technique.
Occlusion, in a dental context, means simply the contact between teeth. More technically, it is the relationship between the maxillary (upper) and mandibular (lower) teeth when they approach each other, as occurs during chewing or at rest.
Malocclusion is the misalignment of teeth and jaws, or more simply, a "bad bite". Malocclusion can cause a number of health and dental problems.
Static occlusion refers to contact between teeth when the jaw is closed and stationary, while dynamic occlusion refers to occlusal contacts made when the jaw is moving. Dynamic occlusion is also termed as articulation. During chewing, there is no tooth contact between the teeth on the chewing side of the mouth.
Centric occlusion is the occlusion of opposing teeth when the mandible is in centric relation. Centric occlusion is the first tooth contact and may or may not coincide with maximum intercuspation. It is also referred to as a person's habitual bite, bite of convenience, or intercuspation position (ICP). Centric relation, not to be confused with centric occlusion, is a relationship between the maxilla and mandible. Dr Harshavardhan Patwal , Malocclusion is the result of the body trying to optimize its function in a dysfunctional environment. It can be associated with a number of problems, including crooked teeth, gum problems, the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), and jaw muscles. Teeth, fillings, and crowns may wear, break, or loosen, and teeth may be tender or ache. Receding gums can be exacerbated by a faulty bite. If the jaw is mispositioned, jaw muscles may have to work harder, which can lead to fatigue and or muscle spasms. This in turn can lead to headaches or migraines, eye or sinus pain, and pain in the neck, shoulder, or even back. Malocclusion can be a contributing factor to sleep disordered breathing which may include snoring, upper airway resistance syndrome, and / or sleep apnea (apnea means without breath). Untreated damaging malocclusion can lead to occlusal trauma.
Some of the treatments for different occlusal problems include protecting the teeth with dental splints (orthotics), tooth adjustments, replacement of teeth, medication (usually temporary), a diet of softer foods, TENS to relax tensed muscles, and relaxation therapy for stress-related clenching. Removable dental appliances may be used to alter the development of the jaws. Fixed appliances such as braces may be used to move the teeth in the jaws. Jaw surgery is also used to correct malocclusion.
Since the initial observations of oral bacteria within dental
plaque by van Leeuwenhoek using his primitive microscopes
in 1680, an event that is generally recognized as the
advent of oral microbiological investigation, oral microbiology
has gone through phases of “reductionism” and
“holism”. From the small beginnings of the Miller and
Black period, in which microbiologists followed Koch’s
postulates, took the reductionist approach to try to study
the complex oral microbial community by analyzing
individual species; to the modern era when oral researchers
embrace “holism” or “system thinking”, adopt new concepts
such as interspecies interaction, microbial community,
biofilms, poly-microbial diseases, oral microbiological knowledge
has burgeoned and our ability to identify the resident
organisms in dental plaque and decipher the interactions
between key components has rapidly increased, such
knowledge has greatly changed our view of the oral
microbial flora, provided invaluable insight into the
etiology of dental and periodontal diseases, opened the door
to new approaches and techniques for developing new
therapeutic and preventive tools for combating oral polymicrobial
diseases. Dr Harshavardhan Patwal
Like many other biological sciences, the study
of microbiology has gone through phases of
“reductionism” and “holism”. For a long time,
microbiologists took the reductionist approach to
study complex microbial communities by analyzing
individual bacterial species. The strategy was to
understand the whole by examining smaller components,
and has been the hallmark of much of the
industrial and scientific revolutions for the past
150 years. While reductionism has greatly advanced
microbiology, it was recognized that assembly of
smaller pieces cannot explain the whole! Modern
microbiologists are learning “system thinking” and
“holism.” From global gene regulation to “metagenomics”
to “biofilms”, microbiology is entering
an exciting new era with emphasis on revealing
and decoding the interactions of different elements
within a microbial community. The knowledge
obtained from “system thinking” is changing our
understanding of microbial physiology and our
ability to diagnose/treat microbial infections, and
will have great impact on oral microbiology as
well.
Oxidative stress reflects an imbalance between the systemic manifestation of reactive oxygen species and a biological system's ability to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or to repair the resulting damage. Disturbances in the normal redox state of cells can cause toxic effects through the production of peroxides and free radicals that damage all components of the cell, including proteins, lipids, and DNA. Oxidative stress from oxidative metabolism causes base damage, as well as strand breaks in DNA. Base damage is mostly indirect and caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated, e.g. O2− (superoxide radical), OH (hydroxyl radical) and H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide).Further, some reactive oxidative species act as cellular messengers in redox signaling. Thus, oxidative stress can cause disruptions in normal mechanisms of cellular signaling. Dr Harshavardhan Patwal , Chemically, oxidative stress is associated with increased production of oxidizing species or a significant decrease in the effectiveness of antioxidant defenses, such as glutathione.The effects of oxidative stress depend upon the size of these changes, with a cell being able to overcome small perturbations and regain its original state. However, more severe oxidative stress can cause cell death and even moderate oxidation can trigger apoptosis, while more intense stresses may cause necrosis.
Production of reactive oxygen species is a particularly destructive aspect of oxidative* stress. Such species include free radicals and peroxides. Some of the less reactive of these species (such as superoxide) can be converted by oxidoreduction reactions with transition metals or other redox cycling compounds (including quinones) into more aggressive radical species that can cause extensive cellular damage.Most long-term effects are caused by damage to DNA
The periodontium is the specialized tissues that both surround and support the teeth, maintaining them in the maxillary and mandibular bones. The word comes from the Greek terms περί peri-, meaning "around" and -odont, meaning "tooth". Literally taken, it means that which is "around the tooth". Periodontics is the dental specialty that relates specifically to the care and maintenance of these tissues. It provides the support necessary to maintain teeth in function. It consists of four principal components, namely:
Gingiva
Periodontal ligament (PDL)
Cementum
Alveolar bone proper
Dr Harshavardhan Patwal explains the diffrent cell matrix interactions with emphasis on each components is distinct in location, architecture, and biochemical properties, which adapt during the life of the structure. For example, as teeth respond to forces or migrate medially, bone resorbs on the pressure side and is added on the tension side. Cementum similarly adapts to wear on the occlusal surfaces of the teeth by apical deposition. The periodontal ligament in itself is an area of high turnover that allows the tooth not only to be suspended in the alveolar bone but also to respond to the forces. Thus, although seemingly static and having functions of their own, all of these components function as a single unit .
Porphyromonas gingivalis belongs to the phylum Bacteroidetes and is a nonmotile, Gram-negative, rod-shaped, anaerobic, pathogenic bacterium. It forms black colonies on blood agar.
It is found in the oral cavity, where it is implicated in certain forms of periodontal disease, as well as in the upper gastrointestinal tract, the respiratory tract, and the colon. It has also been isolated from women with bacterial vaginosis. Collagen degradation observed in chronic periodontal disease results in part from the collagenase enzymes of this species. It has been shown in an in vitro study that P. gingivalis can invade human gingival fibroblasts and can survive in them in the presence of considerable concentrations of antibiotics.P. gingivalis also invades gingival epithelial cells in high numbers, in which cases both bacteria and epithelial cells survive for extended periods of time. High levels of specific antibodies can be detected in patients harboring P. gingivalis. Dr Harshavardhan Patwal , explains the various enzymes enzyme peptidyl-arginine deiminase, which is involved in citrullination.[4] Patients with rheumatoid arthritis have an increased incidence of periodontal disease, and antibodies against the bacterium are significantly more common in these patients.
P. gingivalis is divided into K-serotypes based upon capsular antigenicity of the various types.
Influence of systemic disorders on periodontal diseases is well established. However, of growing interest is the effect of periodontal diseases on numerous systemic diseases or conditions like cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes, pre-term low birth weight babies, preeclampsia, respiratory infections and others including osteoporosis, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, erectile dysfunction, Alzheimer's disease, gastrointestinal disease, prostatitis, renal diseases, which has also been scientifically validated. This side of the oral-systemic link has been termed Periodontal Medicine and is potentially of great public health significance, as periodontal disease is largely preventable and in many instances readily treatable, hence, providing many new opportunities for preventing and improving prognosis of several systemic pathologic conditions. in this power point Dr Harshavardhan Patwal , highlights the importance of prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases as an essential part of preventive medicine to circumvent its deleterious effects on general health.
ggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (previously Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans) is a Gram-negative, facultative nonmotile, rod-shaped oral commensal often found in association with localized aggressive periodontitis, a severe infection of the periodontium, although it is also associated with nonoral infections. Its role in periodontitis was first discovered by Danish-born periodontist Jørgen Slots, a professor of dentistry and microbiology at the University of Southern California School of Dentistry.
'Bacterium actinomycetem comitans' was described by Klinger (1912) as coccobacillary bacteria isolated together with Actinomyces from actinomycotic lesions of man. It was reclassified as Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans by Topley & Wilson (1929) and as Haemophilus actinomycetemcomitans by Potts et al. (1985). The species has attracted attention because of its association with localized aggressive periodontitis. is explained here by Dr Harshavardhan Patwal
T-cells is explained with a emphasis with humoral and adaptive immunity . And the diffrent subsets of t cells are well explained by Dr Harshavardhan Patwal here .
Here saliva as a diagnostic biomarker has been explained via this powerpoint . extraction of saliva and diagnostic equipments and techniques are explained here by Dr Harshavardhan Patwal
explained here is bone loos and patterns of bone loos in alveolar bone to various insults . Dr Harshavardhan pawal also gives emphasis on rate on bone loss and radius of action .
contains descriptive and other studies on genetics and epigenetics and whole gene concepts from central dogma to future concepts . Dr Harshavardhan Patwal
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Ocular injury ppt Upendra pal optometrist upums saifai etawah
Mumbai presentation thesis- by Dr Harshavardhan Patwal
1. EVALUATION OF RED COMPLEX ORGANISMS AND
SALIVARY pH IN HEALTH, GINGIVITIS AND CHRONIC
PERIODONTITIS –
A CLINICO-MICROBIOLOGICAL STUDY
2. Presented by: Dr Harshavardhan Patwal
Guided by: Dr. Nandini Manjunath
Prof & H.O.D
Dept of Periodontics
A. J. Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore
3. INTRODUCTION
• Periodontal diseases are multifactorial infections elicited by a
complex of bacterial species that interact with host tissues and cells
causing the release of broad array of inflammatory mediators which
lead to distruction of periodontal structures.
• The ecological factors provided by the environment of the oral
cavity are directly proportional to the species richness and species
biodiversity of the microorganisms that reside on the teeth.
4. INTRODUCTION
• The main ecological factors are pH, saliva, temperature and redox
reactions .
• The majority of the organisms prefer neutral pH levels (pH7).
Saliva acts as a buffer maintaining the pH in the oral cavity
between 6.75-7.25.
5. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
:
1.To estimate the level of salivary ph in healthy, gingivitis,
chronic periodontitis patients.
2. To estimate the “Red Complex” organisms in healthy,
gingivitis, chronic periodontitis .
6. MATERIALS AND METHODS
• Study sample consist of 60 adult subjects (both male and female)
of 35-60 years of age.
• A brief case history was recorded and an informed consent was
taken for all the patients.
• Clinical examination was recorded and study subjects were
divided into 3 groups ( healthy, gingivitis, chronic periodontitis)
based on the objectives.
7. INCLUSION CRITERIA
• Patients with healthy periodontium was considered as a control
group.
• Subjects with 30% periodontal pockets with probing depth of
equal to or more than 5mm in each quadrant .
• Patients who have not received any antimicrobial therapy for the
last 6 months.
8. EXCLUSION CRITERIA:
• Inability to provide information or cooperate to dental examination
• Inability to accept periodontal treatment
• Patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitis, cardio-vascular or kidney
diseases or any nerve condition for which prophylactic antibiotic
treatment before the dental examination is necessary.
• Smokers and individuals who consume alcohol.
• Pregnant and lactating women , women taking oral contraceptives .
• Malignancy.
9. CLINICAL PARAMETERS:
• Complete periodontal examination was done using the
parameters such as plaque index (sillness and loe) and gingival
index (loe and sillness) probing pocket depth and clinical
attachment level.
• Red complex organisms are assessed using BANA test.
• Salivary ph was measured using a Digital pH meter (systronics
MK-6).
10. COLLECTION OF SALIVA
:
• Subjects were instructed not to eat or rinse within 60 minutes
prior to sample collection. Whole saliva was collected simply by
drooling into a sterilized vial with the forward tilted head or by
allowing the saliva to accumulate in the mouth and then
expectorate into a vial.
• The resulting saliva was stored in at -20°C until the
determinations are performed.
11. Unstimulated saliva is collected by tilting the head of the
patient downward and collecting it in the cup .
12. WORKING OF pH METER
PRINCIPLE
• Measurement of voltage difference between 2 electrodes placed
in a solution .
13. PARTS OF pH METER
1. Calomal electrode :external reference electrode whose
electrical stimulation depends on test solution .
2. Glass electrode
3. Electronic meter
14. PARTS OF ELECTRONIC METER
1. Calibration key : to
enter the calibration
of known solution.
2. Confirmation key
To confirm the
calibraton value
3. Arrow keys :
manually select pH
of buffer .
4. MR – recall stored
value
5. Memory key : to
store in memory .
16. CALIBRATION OF PH METER
:
• Step 1 – wash electrode with distilled water .
• Step 2- calibrate pH meter with pH 7.0 buffer
• Step 3 – when ready blinks on the screen press confirmation
key
• Step 4 – again rinse the electrode with distilled water
• Step 5 – place the electrode in pH of 4.0
• Step 6 – press calibration key
• Step 7 – check the pH of test solution .
19. DETERMINATION OF “RED
COMPLEX” ORGANISMS :
• BANA test is a enzymatic chair side test. It is a modern chair
side para-clinical method designed to detect the presence of one
or more anaerobic bacteria ,commonly associated with
periodontal diseases.
• This test is very sensitive detecting small quantities of
pathogens, no meaningful diffrences could be found between
DNA probes. Immunological reagents and BANA test.
20. PRINCIPLE OF BANA TEST :
• Peptides of the 3 bacterial “Red Complex” species
(T.denticola,P.gingivalis,B.forsythus) can hydrolyse the peptide
analog N-benzoyl DL-Arginine- napthalamide. One of the
hydrolytic products of this reaction is B-naphthylamide, which
reacts with a reagent, which is imbedded in the upper strip of
the test, producing a permanent blue color .
• Blood and saliva do not interfere with the test .
21. DIRECTIONS OF USE :
• Anaerobic microorganisms associated with periodontal disease
are found in the subgingival plaque. To obtain specimens for
testing, sites should be cleared of supragingival plaque.
• A Gracey curette is used to obtain subgingival plaque specimens ,
which are placed on the lower matrix. Before taking another
specimen, wipe the curette on a clean piece of cotton or other
suitable wipe to prevent carry-over of plaque.
• The upper matrix is moistened with saline solution and the test is
folded so as the two matrices are coming in contact. It is
incubated for 5 minutes at 55 Celsius degrees temperature. If
BANA positive species are present when the test is opened, a
permanent blue coloration on the upper matrix is found . The
higher the concentration of bacterial species, the darker blue
coloration is present on the test. According to the result, the test
can be positive, weak positive, or negative .
28. COMPARISON WITH pH AND BANA
Crosstab
BANA Total
NEGATIVE WEAKLY
POSITIVE
POSITIV
E
pH 6.26-7.25 Count 2 3 0 5
% within
BANA
66.7% 42.9% 0.0% 33.3%
6-6.25 Count 1 4 0 5
% within
BANA
33.3% 57.1% 0.0% 33.3%
5.5-5.9 Count 0 0 5 5
% within
BANA
0.0% 0.0% 100.0% 33.3%
Total Count 3 7 5 15
% within
BANA
100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
29. HERE IT IS NOTED THAT SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER PH WHEN
BANA IS POSITIVE. ALL 5 CASES WHERE BANA WAS
POSITIVE THE PH WAS <5.9 P VALUE 0.001. THIS IS
SIGNIFICANT AT THE 5 % ERROR MARGIN.
Chi-Square Tests
Value P VALUE
Fisher's Exact Test 13.114 .001
N of Valid Cases 15
30.
31. CONCLUSION :
• There is a positive correlation, both clinically and statistically,
between the BANA test results and the pH seeing the current
stage of periodontal destruction. The BANA test results are not
correlated with the degree of oral hygiene evaluated against the
plaque index, so the quality and not quantity of bacterial plaque
influence the test results.
• Among these possibilities, the microbial-enzymatic BANA test is a
quick, chair-side test with a very good sensibility, giving the
clinician details about the microbial composition of the subgingival
plaque and consequently about the clinical evolution of the
periodontal disease. BANA test is also offering therapeutic
orientation regarding the need for antimicrobial therapy.
32. REFERENCE :
1.Stanley C.holt & Jeffrey L.ebersole Porphyromonas gingivalis,Treponama
denticola, and Taneralla forsythia:the “red complex”,a prototype polybacterial
pathogenic consortium in periodontitis . perioontology 2000 2005,(38),72-122.
2.Marsh PD, Are dental diseases examples of ecologica; catastropies.
Microbiology2003 143(3) 279-294.
3.Marsh P.D , Devine DA How is the development of dental biofilms influenced
by the host. J.Clin.Periodontol 2011 ,38(11) 28-35.
4.Gracia .F. Hicks, M.J Maintaining the integrity of the Enamel surface the role
of dental biofilm, saliva and preventative agents in the enamel
demineralization and remineralization . J.A.D.A 2008, 139(2) 255-345..
5.Arnaud alves bezerra junior,Debora pollos,Jose roberto cortelli,clintia helena
coury saraceni,Celso Silva Queiroz.Evaluation of organic and inorganic
compounds in saliva of patients with chronic periodontal disease.
Rev.odonocienc2010.;25(3):234-238.
6.Suncica Travan,Fei li,Nisha J D’silva,Elizabeth H Slate and KeithL.kirkwood
Diffrential expression of mitogen activating protein kinase in periodontitis. J
Clin Periodontol 2013;40:757-764.
33. REFERENCES :
7.Mrinal K Bhattacharjee,Claiborne B. Childs, and Emdad Ali . Sensitivity of the
Periodontal Pathogen Aggregatibacter Actinomycetemcomitans at Mildly Acidic pH. J
Periodontol June 2011;(.82) .No.6.917-925.
8.Holt SC, Bramanti TE . Factors in virulence expression and their role in periodontal
disease pathogens. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 1991:(2):177-281.
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idiopathic CD14 lymphocytopenia. Respiration 2003(70):118-122.
10.Fine DH, Furgang D, Gold Man D, saliva from subjects harbouring
actinomycetemcomitans kills streptococcus mutans in vitro . J periodontol
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11. Bretz W, Loesche W. Charecteristics of Trypsin like activity in subgingval plaque
samples, J. Dent. Res 1987;( 66):1668-1672.
12.Loesche,W.J , Bretz, W.A., Kerschensteiner, D.,Stoll, J.,Socransky, et al.Development
of diagnostic test for anaerobic periodontal infections based on plaque hydrolosis of
benzoyl-DL-arginine-napthylamide. J clin microbiology 1990(28),1551-1559.
13.Cristina Gabriela Puscasu, Anca Silvia Dumitriu, HoriaTraian Dumitriu. The
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