This study evaluated microbial contamination of toothbrushes used by dental students and tested a decontamination protocol using chlorhexidine spray. Cultures from 32 used student toothbrushes found microbial growth on 91%, primarily Streptococcus (81.3%) and sometimes Staphylococcus and Enterobacteriaceae. In a randomized crossover study, 30 students used new toothbrushes with daily water spray or 0.12% chlorhexidine spray once or three times daily. Chlorhexidine sprayed three times daily after brushing significantly reduced bacterial levels compared to water. Thus, simple chlorhexidine spraying after brushing can lower toothbrush bacterial load.
This study compared the 2-year survival rates of Class II restorations placed in primary molars using either cotton rolls or rubber dam as isolation methods. 232 children received ART restorations that were evaluated at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. The cumulative survival rates were similar between groups, with rates of 61.4% vs 64.1% at 6 months and 18% vs 32.1% at 24 months for the cotton roll and rubber dam groups, respectively. The log rank test found no statistically significant difference in survival rates between the isolation methods. Both provided comparable survival rates for Class II ART restorations in primary molars.
This study evaluated the antimicrobial efficiency of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and photodynamic therapy using a Helbo laser against Candida albicans in extracted human teeth. Teeth were inoculated with C. albicans and treated with either 2.5% NaOCl or the Helbo laser for 1, 3, or 5 minutes. The percentage of dead, live, and damaged C. albicans cells was determined. Results showed that 2.5% NaOCl killed 92.63% of cells while 1, 3, and 5 minutes of laser therapy killed 95.36%, 91.81%, and 93.65% of cells respectively. Statistical analysis found no significant differences between
Effect of secondary treatment on pathogensTst Thong
This study evaluated the reduction of Cryptosporidium and Giardia (oo)cysts in two sewage treatment plants (STPs) in Malaysia over one year. The study found that an STP using an extended aeration process significantly reduced both Cryptosporidium and Giardia, while an STP using an aerated lagoon process only significantly reduced Giardia but not Cryptosporidium. This indicates that different sewage treatment processes have varying effectiveness in reducing these pathogenic parasites. The presence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in treated sewage effluent that is discharged into water sources is a public health concern.
This study compared the antimicrobial efficacy of QMix 2 in 1, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), and chlorhexidine (CHX) against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans. Eighty single-rooted teeth were inoculated with either E. faecalis or C. albicans and then irrigated with one of the three test irrigants. Colony forming units were significantly lower in canals irrigated with QMix 2 in 1 compared to NaOCl and CHX, demonstrating greater antimicrobial efficacy. NaOCl and CHX showed similar efficacy with no significant difference. This study suggests that QMix 2 in 1 is more effective at eliminating E
The treatment plan document outlines procedures for root canal treatment, including treatment objectives, degree of canal enlargement, time requirements, and protocols for single-visit versus multiple-visit treatment. It provides guidelines for cleaning, shaping, and filling root canals, such as minimum enlargement of 3 sizes wider than the initial binding file. It also discusses factors that influence the number of visits needed and contraindications for single-visit treatment. Timetables are given for procedures in single-rooted and molar teeth over multiple appointments.
This study analyzed different cleaning methods for removing Staphylococcus aureus bacteria from vinyl flooring in healthcare facilities. The researchers tested various chemical disinfectants and cleaners along with cleaning tools including mops, autoscrubbers, and spray cleaning. They found that using a disinfectant with a microfiber mop or autoscrubber was the most effective at removing bacteria. Specifically, 10-minute quaternary ammonium disinfectants and hydrogen peroxide disinfectants eliminated the most S. aureus when used with these cleaning methods. Autoscrubbers were also effective at removing bacteria even when just using water. The study provides recommendations on the best chemical and tool combinations for cleaning floors
This study evaluated salivary pH levels and the presence of red complex bacteria in healthy individuals, those with gingivitis, and those with chronic periodontitis. 60 subjects were divided into the three groups based on a clinical examination. Salivary pH was measured using a digital pH meter and red complex bacteria were assessed using the BANA test on subgingival plaque samples. Results found significantly lower salivary pH levels in subjects that tested positive for red complex bacteria by the BANA test. The study concluded that there is a positive correlation between BANA test results and pH, with more periodontal destruction associated with lower pH and positive BANA results.
Comparative evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of q mix™/ dental implant co...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This study compared the 2-year survival rates of Class II restorations placed in primary molars using either cotton rolls or rubber dam as isolation methods. 232 children received ART restorations that were evaluated at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. The cumulative survival rates were similar between groups, with rates of 61.4% vs 64.1% at 6 months and 18% vs 32.1% at 24 months for the cotton roll and rubber dam groups, respectively. The log rank test found no statistically significant difference in survival rates between the isolation methods. Both provided comparable survival rates for Class II ART restorations in primary molars.
This study evaluated the antimicrobial efficiency of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and photodynamic therapy using a Helbo laser against Candida albicans in extracted human teeth. Teeth were inoculated with C. albicans and treated with either 2.5% NaOCl or the Helbo laser for 1, 3, or 5 minutes. The percentage of dead, live, and damaged C. albicans cells was determined. Results showed that 2.5% NaOCl killed 92.63% of cells while 1, 3, and 5 minutes of laser therapy killed 95.36%, 91.81%, and 93.65% of cells respectively. Statistical analysis found no significant differences between
Effect of secondary treatment on pathogensTst Thong
This study evaluated the reduction of Cryptosporidium and Giardia (oo)cysts in two sewage treatment plants (STPs) in Malaysia over one year. The study found that an STP using an extended aeration process significantly reduced both Cryptosporidium and Giardia, while an STP using an aerated lagoon process only significantly reduced Giardia but not Cryptosporidium. This indicates that different sewage treatment processes have varying effectiveness in reducing these pathogenic parasites. The presence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in treated sewage effluent that is discharged into water sources is a public health concern.
This study compared the antimicrobial efficacy of QMix 2 in 1, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), and chlorhexidine (CHX) against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans. Eighty single-rooted teeth were inoculated with either E. faecalis or C. albicans and then irrigated with one of the three test irrigants. Colony forming units were significantly lower in canals irrigated with QMix 2 in 1 compared to NaOCl and CHX, demonstrating greater antimicrobial efficacy. NaOCl and CHX showed similar efficacy with no significant difference. This study suggests that QMix 2 in 1 is more effective at eliminating E
The treatment plan document outlines procedures for root canal treatment, including treatment objectives, degree of canal enlargement, time requirements, and protocols for single-visit versus multiple-visit treatment. It provides guidelines for cleaning, shaping, and filling root canals, such as minimum enlargement of 3 sizes wider than the initial binding file. It also discusses factors that influence the number of visits needed and contraindications for single-visit treatment. Timetables are given for procedures in single-rooted and molar teeth over multiple appointments.
This study analyzed different cleaning methods for removing Staphylococcus aureus bacteria from vinyl flooring in healthcare facilities. The researchers tested various chemical disinfectants and cleaners along with cleaning tools including mops, autoscrubbers, and spray cleaning. They found that using a disinfectant with a microfiber mop or autoscrubber was the most effective at removing bacteria. Specifically, 10-minute quaternary ammonium disinfectants and hydrogen peroxide disinfectants eliminated the most S. aureus when used with these cleaning methods. Autoscrubbers were also effective at removing bacteria even when just using water. The study provides recommendations on the best chemical and tool combinations for cleaning floors
This study evaluated salivary pH levels and the presence of red complex bacteria in healthy individuals, those with gingivitis, and those with chronic periodontitis. 60 subjects were divided into the three groups based on a clinical examination. Salivary pH was measured using a digital pH meter and red complex bacteria were assessed using the BANA test on subgingival plaque samples. Results found significantly lower salivary pH levels in subjects that tested positive for red complex bacteria by the BANA test. The study concluded that there is a positive correlation between BANA test results and pH, with more periodontal destruction associated with lower pH and positive BANA results.
Comparative evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of q mix™/ dental implant co...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Dropbox is a free service that allows users to access and sync files across all their devices. Any file saved to the Dropbox folder on one device is automatically synced to all other linked devices. The Dropbox folder works just like any other folder but syncs file changes in real-time between all devices. Files can be easily shared with others by inviting them to a shared folder or generating a link to share individual files.
Jonathan attended primary school in New Zealand where he consistently received awards and had fun interacting with people of all ages, later graduating from high school and managing to study and play sports simultaneously. He then attended Oakland University School of Nursing, graduating and receiving his BSN and RN licenses as shown in a pinning ceremony document celebrating his achievement.
Non cardiac surgery in cardiac patients moTamer Taha
This document discusses guidelines for evaluating and managing cardiac risk in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. It outlines factors that increase surgical risk like prolonged stress and changes in thrombotic factors. Complication rates are reported to be 7-11% with 0.8-1.5% mortality depending on precautions. Up to 42% of complications are cardiac related. It provides recommendations on pre-operative testing and risk stratification using indices. Risk reduction strategies discussed include use of beta-blockers, statins, and revascularization. Perioperative management of antiplatelets and anticoagulants is also covered.
The document discusses firewalls, including what they are, how they work, and different types. A firewall controls traffic flowing into and out of a network to prevent attacks. A DMZ (demilitarized zone) contains servers that are protected from both external and internal attacks. Firewalls work by blocking packets based on criteria like source/destination IP addresses and ports. Types of firewalls include edge, appliance, and network firewalls. Sample firewall configuration rules and log files are also presented.
How accurate electrocardiogram predict LV diastolic dysfunction?Tamer Taha
This study aimed to determine if parameters measured on electrocardiograms (ECGs) at rest and during exercise stress tests can predict left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) diagnosed by tissue Doppler echocardiography. The study found that certain resting ECG parameters like QTc interval and P-wave dispersion, as well as the presence of an ST segment "hump" during exercise testing, were associated with higher rates of LVDD. Specifically, the ST hump sign identified during exercise indicated diastolic dysfunction may be present. Therefore, ECG measurements could help stratify patients and guide closer monitoring and treatment. Further research is needed to validate these findings in larger patient cohorts and study the impact of risk factors and
update on sudden cardiac death in athletes and young generationTamer Taha
This document discusses updates on sudden cardiac death in athletes and young people. It begins by outlining the benefits of exercise but notes there are also small risks, particularly for those with underlying heart conditions. For young athletes, the main causes of sudden cardiac death are structural heart diseases like hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, channelopathies (genetic arrhythmia conditions), and myocarditis. Screening aims to identify at-risk individuals to prevent lethal events. In adult athletes, coronary artery disease is the primary cause of death, and risk factors like genetics, inflammation and vascular factors can increase likelihood of issues.
This document provides an overview of TCP/IP networking and outlines some common protocols and known vulnerabilities. It discusses protocols like ARP, IP, TCP, FTP, Telnet, SMTP and DNS. For each protocol, it describes the basic functionality and highlights potential security issues such as ARP spoofing, IP spoofing, TCP SYN attacks, password sniffing and email forgery. It also outlines other security problems involving web forms, mobile code, denial of service attacks and software bugs.
Internet Layer Protokol membahas protokol-protokol pada lapisan internet seperti ICMP, ARP, RARP, IP, dan alamat IP khusus. Protokol-protokol tersebut berperan penting dalam pengalamatan dan pengiriman paket data di jaringan komputer.
Dokumen tersebut merangkum tentang Application Layer pada jaringan komputer. Secara singkat, dokumen tersebut membahas tentang komunikasi antara client dan server, protokol HTTP yang digunakan untuk mengakses World Wide Web, serta metode-metode seperti cookies dan caching yang digunakan pada Application Layer."
Model Referensi OSI membahas 7 lapisan jaringan, mulai dari lapisan fisik yang mentransmisikan bit data, lapisan data link yang mentransmisikan frame, lapisan jaringan yang mentransmisikan paket, lapisan transport yang mentransmisikan segmen, hingga lapisan aplikasi di mana terjadi pertukaran data antar aplikasi. Setiap lapisan memiliki protokol dan fungsi tertentu dalam mengkomunikasikan data di jaringan komputer.
Ringkasan dokumen tersebut adalah:
Data Link Layer bertugas memindahkan datagram antar node melalui link yang berbeda-beda protokolnya. Layanannya meliputi pengemasan datagram ke dalam frame, mengatur akses media, deteksi dan koreksi kesalahan, serta kontrol aliran. Protokol akses multi seperti ALOHA dan CSMA digunakan untuk berbagi media secara bersamaan. Ethernet menerapkan CSMA/CD pada kabel UTP dan berkembang h
SMA Negeri 7 Banjarmasin didirikan pada tahun 1973 dan telah mengalami beberapa kali perubahan nama. Sekolah ini memiliki berbagai fasilitas penunjang pembelajaran seperti laboratorium IPA dan bahasa serta perpustakaan. SMA Negeri 7 Banjarmasin juga telah meraih berbagai prestasi akademik dan non-akademik baik di tingkat kota, provinsi, maupun nasional.
Cпособы увеличения продаж телекоммуникационных услуг БЕЗ БЮДЖЕТА Pikman.infoВиталий Пикман
В докладе рассмотрены следующие вопросы:
Как увеличить количество абонентов, когда старые способы не работают?
Как увеличить ARPU?
Как увеличить доходность, одновременно сократив издержки?
Какие секреты продаж используют лидеры телекоммуникационного рынка?
Виталий Пикман, главный менеджер по продажам и маркетингу ООО "Интертелеком" в АР Крым и г Севастополе, бизнес-тренер, автор книги "Эффективные системы продаж телекоммуникационных услуг для дома".
С 2009 г. по 2012 г. участвовал в разработке и запуске проекта "Домашний интернет" от Киевстар, который за считанные месяцы собрал 500 000 абонентов в Украине
Assessment of Microbial Contamination of the Tooth Brush Head Used On Orthodo...inventionjournals
Introduction: Oral diseases can be greatly controlled by reducing the microbial load in the oral cavity and this can be achieved by maintaining proper oral hygiene.Tooth brushes are the most commonly used oral hygiene aid to promote oral health and prevent dental diseases. The insertion of fixed appliances alters the oral microbiological profile, thus increasing the risk for caries and gingivitis considerably. Aim: To assess the microbial growth of S.Mutans and Lactobacillus between and among the brushes. Setting and Study Design: A Hospital setting and Randomized Control study design Methods:A total of 56 (MB) patients aged 16-26 years received a toothbrush [Regular soft bristle design (group-A) and Orthodontic bristle design (group B)],A sterile gamma radiated pouch and checklist was distributed to each participant. After 2 weeks period the brushes were collected and placed in 5ml saline solution (0.05g Sodium Chloride). The suspension was incubated on selective agar plates and the amount of Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli for each brush head was assessed. Results:The retention of S.Mutanswas found to be higher in group A, as compared to group B and was found to be statistically more significant between the two groups (P<0.001). The retention of Lactobacillus was also found to be higher in group A, as compared to group B and was found to be statistically significant between the groups (P= 0.001). However, there was no significant difference (P= 0.101) observedamong the microbial growth of S.Mutans and Lactobacillus in two bristle designs. Conclusions: Regular soft bristle design had a higher microbial load than those of subjects using orthodontic bristle design, a more frequent replacement of toothbrushes during t treatment may be advisable. Due to significant differences between the two bristle designs, the orthodontic toothbrush is recommended for patients undergoing orthodontic t appliances
Assessment of Microbial Contamination of the Tooth Brush Head Used On Orthodo...inventionjournals
Introduction: Oral diseases can be greatly controlled by reducing the microbial load in the oral cavity and this can be achieved by maintaining proper oral hygiene.Tooth brushes are the most commonly used oral hygiene aid to promote oral health and prevent dental diseases. The insertion of fixed appliances alters the oral microbiological profile, thus increasing the risk for caries and gingivitis considerably. Aim: To assess the microbial growth of S.Mutans and Lactobacillus between and among the brushes. Setting and Study Design: A Hospital setting and Randomized Control study design Methods:A total of 56 (MB) patients aged 16-26 years received a toothbrush [Regular soft bristle design (group-A) and Orthodontic bristle design (group B)],A sterile gamma radiated pouch and checklist was distributed to each participant. After 2 weeks period the brushes were collected and placed in 5ml saline solution (0.05g Sodium Chloride). The suspension was incubated on selective agar plates and the amount of Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli for each brush head was assessed. Results:The retention of S.Mutanswas found to be higher in group A, as compared to group B and was found to be statistically more significant between the two groups (P<0.001). The retention of Lactobacillus was also found to be higher in group A, as compared to group B and was found to be statistically significant between the groups (P= 0.001). However, there was no significant difference (P= 0.101) observedamong the microbial growth of S.Mutans and Lactobacillus in two bristle designs. Conclusions: Regular soft bristle design had a higher microbial load than those of subjects using orthodontic bristle design, a more frequent replacement of toothbrushes during t treatment may be advisable. Due to significant differences between the two bristle designs, the orthodontic toothbrush is recommended for patients undergoing orthodontic t appliances
Objective: To evaluate the antibacterial effects of 4 different cavity disinfectants on Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Enterococcus faecalis bacteria in different time periods.
Study Design: The antibacterial effects of Cavity Cleanser, Tubulicid Red Label, Chloraxid 2%, and Oxygenated Water cavity disinfectant solutions on E. faecalis (ATCC 29212), S. mutans (ATCC 25175), and L. acidophilus (RSKK 03037) bacterial strains were evaluated by disk diffusion method. In the study where vancomycin antibiogram disc constituted the positive control group, physiological saline solution was used as the negative control group. Standard, sterile, blank antibiogram discs of 5 mm in diameter, in which 15 μL of each material were added, were placed on agar plates at 2.5–3 cm intervals. The inhibition zone diameters formed around the discs that were left to incubate for 24–48 hours at 37°C were measured in millimeters. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using one-way analysis of variance, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Levene, and Bonferroni tests.
Results: At the end of the study the solutions tested showed a statistically significant antibacterial effect on all bacterial strains used (p<0.05). Cavity Cleanser disinfectant containing 2% chlorhexidine showed the highest antibacterial effect on S. mutans and L. acidophilus, and benzalkonium-containing Tubulicid Red disinfectant on E. faecalis.
Conclusion: The antibacterial effect of all cavity disinfectants used in the study was found to be higher at the end of the 48th hour than at the end of the 24th hour, but there was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05).
Keywords: antibacterial agents; antibacterial effect; cavity disinfectants; chlorhexidine; contamination; dental caries; disinfection; disc diffusion; gram-negative bacteria; gram-positive bacteria
Dropbox is a free service that allows users to access and sync files across all their devices. Any file saved to the Dropbox folder on one device is automatically synced to all other linked devices. The Dropbox folder works just like any other folder but syncs file changes in real-time between all devices. Files can be easily shared with others by inviting them to a shared folder or generating a link to share individual files.
Jonathan attended primary school in New Zealand where he consistently received awards and had fun interacting with people of all ages, later graduating from high school and managing to study and play sports simultaneously. He then attended Oakland University School of Nursing, graduating and receiving his BSN and RN licenses as shown in a pinning ceremony document celebrating his achievement.
Non cardiac surgery in cardiac patients moTamer Taha
This document discusses guidelines for evaluating and managing cardiac risk in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. It outlines factors that increase surgical risk like prolonged stress and changes in thrombotic factors. Complication rates are reported to be 7-11% with 0.8-1.5% mortality depending on precautions. Up to 42% of complications are cardiac related. It provides recommendations on pre-operative testing and risk stratification using indices. Risk reduction strategies discussed include use of beta-blockers, statins, and revascularization. Perioperative management of antiplatelets and anticoagulants is also covered.
The document discusses firewalls, including what they are, how they work, and different types. A firewall controls traffic flowing into and out of a network to prevent attacks. A DMZ (demilitarized zone) contains servers that are protected from both external and internal attacks. Firewalls work by blocking packets based on criteria like source/destination IP addresses and ports. Types of firewalls include edge, appliance, and network firewalls. Sample firewall configuration rules and log files are also presented.
How accurate electrocardiogram predict LV diastolic dysfunction?Tamer Taha
This study aimed to determine if parameters measured on electrocardiograms (ECGs) at rest and during exercise stress tests can predict left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) diagnosed by tissue Doppler echocardiography. The study found that certain resting ECG parameters like QTc interval and P-wave dispersion, as well as the presence of an ST segment "hump" during exercise testing, were associated with higher rates of LVDD. Specifically, the ST hump sign identified during exercise indicated diastolic dysfunction may be present. Therefore, ECG measurements could help stratify patients and guide closer monitoring and treatment. Further research is needed to validate these findings in larger patient cohorts and study the impact of risk factors and
update on sudden cardiac death in athletes and young generationTamer Taha
This document discusses updates on sudden cardiac death in athletes and young people. It begins by outlining the benefits of exercise but notes there are also small risks, particularly for those with underlying heart conditions. For young athletes, the main causes of sudden cardiac death are structural heart diseases like hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, channelopathies (genetic arrhythmia conditions), and myocarditis. Screening aims to identify at-risk individuals to prevent lethal events. In adult athletes, coronary artery disease is the primary cause of death, and risk factors like genetics, inflammation and vascular factors can increase likelihood of issues.
This document provides an overview of TCP/IP networking and outlines some common protocols and known vulnerabilities. It discusses protocols like ARP, IP, TCP, FTP, Telnet, SMTP and DNS. For each protocol, it describes the basic functionality and highlights potential security issues such as ARP spoofing, IP spoofing, TCP SYN attacks, password sniffing and email forgery. It also outlines other security problems involving web forms, mobile code, denial of service attacks and software bugs.
Internet Layer Protokol membahas protokol-protokol pada lapisan internet seperti ICMP, ARP, RARP, IP, dan alamat IP khusus. Protokol-protokol tersebut berperan penting dalam pengalamatan dan pengiriman paket data di jaringan komputer.
Dokumen tersebut merangkum tentang Application Layer pada jaringan komputer. Secara singkat, dokumen tersebut membahas tentang komunikasi antara client dan server, protokol HTTP yang digunakan untuk mengakses World Wide Web, serta metode-metode seperti cookies dan caching yang digunakan pada Application Layer."
Model Referensi OSI membahas 7 lapisan jaringan, mulai dari lapisan fisik yang mentransmisikan bit data, lapisan data link yang mentransmisikan frame, lapisan jaringan yang mentransmisikan paket, lapisan transport yang mentransmisikan segmen, hingga lapisan aplikasi di mana terjadi pertukaran data antar aplikasi. Setiap lapisan memiliki protokol dan fungsi tertentu dalam mengkomunikasikan data di jaringan komputer.
Ringkasan dokumen tersebut adalah:
Data Link Layer bertugas memindahkan datagram antar node melalui link yang berbeda-beda protokolnya. Layanannya meliputi pengemasan datagram ke dalam frame, mengatur akses media, deteksi dan koreksi kesalahan, serta kontrol aliran. Protokol akses multi seperti ALOHA dan CSMA digunakan untuk berbagi media secara bersamaan. Ethernet menerapkan CSMA/CD pada kabel UTP dan berkembang h
SMA Negeri 7 Banjarmasin didirikan pada tahun 1973 dan telah mengalami beberapa kali perubahan nama. Sekolah ini memiliki berbagai fasilitas penunjang pembelajaran seperti laboratorium IPA dan bahasa serta perpustakaan. SMA Negeri 7 Banjarmasin juga telah meraih berbagai prestasi akademik dan non-akademik baik di tingkat kota, provinsi, maupun nasional.
Cпособы увеличения продаж телекоммуникационных услуг БЕЗ БЮДЖЕТА Pikman.infoВиталий Пикман
В докладе рассмотрены следующие вопросы:
Как увеличить количество абонентов, когда старые способы не работают?
Как увеличить ARPU?
Как увеличить доходность, одновременно сократив издержки?
Какие секреты продаж используют лидеры телекоммуникационного рынка?
Виталий Пикман, главный менеджер по продажам и маркетингу ООО "Интертелеком" в АР Крым и г Севастополе, бизнес-тренер, автор книги "Эффективные системы продаж телекоммуникационных услуг для дома".
С 2009 г. по 2012 г. участвовал в разработке и запуске проекта "Домашний интернет" от Киевстар, который за считанные месяцы собрал 500 000 абонентов в Украине
Assessment of Microbial Contamination of the Tooth Brush Head Used On Orthodo...inventionjournals
Introduction: Oral diseases can be greatly controlled by reducing the microbial load in the oral cavity and this can be achieved by maintaining proper oral hygiene.Tooth brushes are the most commonly used oral hygiene aid to promote oral health and prevent dental diseases. The insertion of fixed appliances alters the oral microbiological profile, thus increasing the risk for caries and gingivitis considerably. Aim: To assess the microbial growth of S.Mutans and Lactobacillus between and among the brushes. Setting and Study Design: A Hospital setting and Randomized Control study design Methods:A total of 56 (MB) patients aged 16-26 years received a toothbrush [Regular soft bristle design (group-A) and Orthodontic bristle design (group B)],A sterile gamma radiated pouch and checklist was distributed to each participant. After 2 weeks period the brushes were collected and placed in 5ml saline solution (0.05g Sodium Chloride). The suspension was incubated on selective agar plates and the amount of Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli for each brush head was assessed. Results:The retention of S.Mutanswas found to be higher in group A, as compared to group B and was found to be statistically more significant between the two groups (P<0.001). The retention of Lactobacillus was also found to be higher in group A, as compared to group B and was found to be statistically significant between the groups (P= 0.001). However, there was no significant difference (P= 0.101) observedamong the microbial growth of S.Mutans and Lactobacillus in two bristle designs. Conclusions: Regular soft bristle design had a higher microbial load than those of subjects using orthodontic bristle design, a more frequent replacement of toothbrushes during t treatment may be advisable. Due to significant differences between the two bristle designs, the orthodontic toothbrush is recommended for patients undergoing orthodontic t appliances
Assessment of Microbial Contamination of the Tooth Brush Head Used On Orthodo...inventionjournals
Introduction: Oral diseases can be greatly controlled by reducing the microbial load in the oral cavity and this can be achieved by maintaining proper oral hygiene.Tooth brushes are the most commonly used oral hygiene aid to promote oral health and prevent dental diseases. The insertion of fixed appliances alters the oral microbiological profile, thus increasing the risk for caries and gingivitis considerably. Aim: To assess the microbial growth of S.Mutans and Lactobacillus between and among the brushes. Setting and Study Design: A Hospital setting and Randomized Control study design Methods:A total of 56 (MB) patients aged 16-26 years received a toothbrush [Regular soft bristle design (group-A) and Orthodontic bristle design (group B)],A sterile gamma radiated pouch and checklist was distributed to each participant. After 2 weeks period the brushes were collected and placed in 5ml saline solution (0.05g Sodium Chloride). The suspension was incubated on selective agar plates and the amount of Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli for each brush head was assessed. Results:The retention of S.Mutanswas found to be higher in group A, as compared to group B and was found to be statistically more significant between the two groups (P<0.001). The retention of Lactobacillus was also found to be higher in group A, as compared to group B and was found to be statistically significant between the groups (P= 0.001). However, there was no significant difference (P= 0.101) observedamong the microbial growth of S.Mutans and Lactobacillus in two bristle designs. Conclusions: Regular soft bristle design had a higher microbial load than those of subjects using orthodontic bristle design, a more frequent replacement of toothbrushes during t treatment may be advisable. Due to significant differences between the two bristle designs, the orthodontic toothbrush is recommended for patients undergoing orthodontic t appliances
Objective: To evaluate the antibacterial effects of 4 different cavity disinfectants on Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Enterococcus faecalis bacteria in different time periods.
Study Design: The antibacterial effects of Cavity Cleanser, Tubulicid Red Label, Chloraxid 2%, and Oxygenated Water cavity disinfectant solutions on E. faecalis (ATCC 29212), S. mutans (ATCC 25175), and L. acidophilus (RSKK 03037) bacterial strains were evaluated by disk diffusion method. In the study where vancomycin antibiogram disc constituted the positive control group, physiological saline solution was used as the negative control group. Standard, sterile, blank antibiogram discs of 5 mm in diameter, in which 15 μL of each material were added, were placed on agar plates at 2.5–3 cm intervals. The inhibition zone diameters formed around the discs that were left to incubate for 24–48 hours at 37°C were measured in millimeters. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using one-way analysis of variance, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Levene, and Bonferroni tests.
Results: At the end of the study the solutions tested showed a statistically significant antibacterial effect on all bacterial strains used (p<0.05). Cavity Cleanser disinfectant containing 2% chlorhexidine showed the highest antibacterial effect on S. mutans and L. acidophilus, and benzalkonium-containing Tubulicid Red disinfectant on E. faecalis.
Conclusion: The antibacterial effect of all cavity disinfectants used in the study was found to be higher at the end of the 48th hour than at the end of the 24th hour, but there was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05).
Keywords: antibacterial agents; antibacterial effect; cavity disinfectants; chlorhexidine; contamination; dental caries; disinfection; disc diffusion; gram-negative bacteria; gram-positive bacteria
This study assessed the immediate antimicrobial effect of miswak extract compared to toothbrush and saline on cariogenic bacteria. Thirty participants rinsed with miswak extract, brushed with toothbrush, or rinsed with saline, and saliva samples tested bacterial levels before and after. Miswak extract significantly reduced both Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus compared to toothbrush and saline. Reduction of bacteria was greater in females than males for miswak extract. The study demonstrates the potential benefits of miswak extract for oral hygiene in reducing cariogenic bacteria.
SYMPOSIUM -GREATER TAPER IN ENDODONTICS.pptxSindhuVemula1
This document summarizes a presentation given by Dr. Satish Alapati on minimal effective apical preparation for successful endodontics. Dr. Alapati is a tenured professor in the Department of Endodontics at the University of Illinois at Chicago. He has extensive education and qualifications including publications in peer-reviewed journals and presentations at conferences. The presentation discusses several in vitro studies that investigated the impact of apical preparation size and taper on factors like bacterial reduction, cleaning efficacy, and root fracture resistance. The studies found that increasing the size of the apical preparation can enhance bacterial reduction and cleaning, but using larger tapers is associated with a higher risk of root fracture. Minimum effective apical preparation is advocated to balance these
This study compared the adhesion of Streptococcus Mutans bacteria to stainless steel and nitinol orthodontic arch wires, and evaluated the effect of honey mouthwash in reducing bacterial adhesion. 21 female orthodontic patients were given either stainless steel or nitinol arch wires, and samples were taken from the wires at various time points both with and without subsequent honey mouthwash use. Bacterial counts revealed that Streptococcus Mutans adhesion was higher on stainless steel wires compared to nitinol. Adhesion levels decreased on both wire types after patients used honey mouthwash. The study concluded that honey can be an effective natural antibacterial agent during orthodontic treatment to decrease bacterial adhesion.
Long term clinical and bacterial effetcx of xylitol on paitnets with fixed or...EdwardHAngle
Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate long-term clinical and bacterial effects of using 6 g of
xylitol per day for 3 months on patients with full fixed orthodontic appliances.
Methods: The study was a pilot clinical trial that included 41 subjects who were undergoing orthodontic
treatment. The subjects were randomly divided into three groups. Group A received xylitol chewing gum, group B
received xylitol dissolvable chewable tablets, and Group C served as the control group and did not receive xylitol
gums or tablets. Clinical examination and the collection of plaque and saliva samples were carried out at baseline
and 3, 6, and 12 months. All three groups were given oral hygiene instruction and were put on a 6-month cleaning
and topical fluoride schedule. Plaque scores and bacterial counts were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the
different approaches at reducing the caries risk.
Results: Xylitol groups did not experience any more reduction in plaque score, plaque MS counts, or salivary MS
counts than the control group nor did they have lower values at any of the time points. Chewing gum did not
significantly increase the incidence of debonded brackets over the other groups.
Conclusions: Xylitol does not have a clinical or bacterial benefit in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances. Oral
hygiene instructions and 6-month topical fluoride application were effective at reducing plaque scores and bacterial
counts in patients with full fixed appliances regardless of whether or not xylitol was used.
Lactobacillus Pro-t-action is a revolutionary innovation of the German BASF Future Business GmbH company, developed from probiotic cultures of the L. paracasei bacteria. The special characteristic of Pro-t-action is that it reacts only with the cavity-causing bacteria, and it does not affect the number of other bacteria in the mouth. According to the recent studies presented at international conferences, Lactobacillus pro-t-action reduces the number of S. mutans bacteria, the most responsible pathogens in forming cavities, to even up to 50% if used daily. The new toothpaste Plidenta Pro-t-action was developed by the experts in Croatian based company Neva, an Atlantic Group member, as the first toothpaste in the world to contain this probiotic culture. The clinical testing conducted by doc.dr.sc. Dubravka Negovetić Vranić and prof.dr.sc. Martina Majstorović was the first such testing of a toothpaste with the probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei bacteria in the world. The Ministry of Health and Social Welfare of the Republic of Croatia listed Plidenta Pro-t-action toothpaste as a special use cosmetics.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antimicrobial efficacy of chitosan as a root canal irrigant compared to sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and saline. Teeth infected with Enterococcus faecalis were irrigated with 0.5% chitosan, 3% NaOCl, or saline. Chitosan showed higher antimicrobial activity than saline but lower than NaOCl based on reduction in colony forming units. The study concluded that chitosan may be a natural alternative to NaOCl as a root canal irrigant but may require a higher concentration or longer application time inside root canals.
Comparative Effects of Chewing Gums in Oral Health: An Original ResearchDrHeena tiwari
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Plidenta pro t-action - recent achievements in preventive detistry by introdu...Neva
Lactobacillus Pro-t-action is a revolutionary innovation of the German BASF Future Business GmbH company, developed from probiotic cultures of the L. paracasei bacteria. The special characteristic of Pro-t-action is that it reacts only with the cavity-causing bacteria, and it does not affect the number of other bacteria in the mouth. According to the recent studies presented at international conferences, Lactobacillus pro-t-action reduces the number of S. mutans bacteria, the most responsible pathogens in forming cavities, to even up to 50% if used daily. The new toothpaste Plidenta Pro-t-action was developed by the experts in Croatian based cosmetic company Neva, an Atlantic Group member, as the first toothpaste in the world to contain this probiotic culture. The clinical testing conducted by doc.dr.sc. Dubravka Negovetić Vranić and prof.dr.sc. Martina Majstorović was the first such testing of a toothpaste with the probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei bacteria in the world. The Ministry of Health and Social Welfare of the Republic of Croatia listed Plidenta Pro-t-action toothpaste as a special use cosmetics.
This study compared the antifungal efficacy of various endodontic irrigants, with and without the antifungal agent clotrimazole, against Candida albicans in extracted human teeth. Teeth were inoculated with C. albicans and irrigated with sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine gluconate, doxycycline hydrochloride, or combinations of these with 1% clotrimazole. Colony forming units were significantly lower for sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine alone compared to doxycycline or the control. Adding clotrimazole increased the efficacy of all irrigants, with no significant difference between sodium hypochlorite with
This study compared the antifungal efficacy of various endodontic irrigants, with and without the antifungal agent clotrimazole, against Candida albicans in extracted human teeth. Teeth were inoculated with C. albicans and irrigated with sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine gluconate, doxycycline hydrochloride, or combinations of these with 1% clotrimazole. Colony forming units were significantly lower for sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine alone compared to doxycycline or the control. Adding clotrimazole increased the efficacy of all irrigants, with sodium hypochlorite with clotrimaz
This study compared the 2-year survival rates of Class II restorations placed in primary molars using either cotton rolls or rubber dam as isolation methods. 232 children received ART restorations that were evaluated at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. The cumulative survival rates were similar between groups, with rates of 61.4% vs 64.1% at 6 months and 18% vs 32.1% at 24 months for the cotton roll and rubber dam groups, respectively. The log rank test found no statistically significant difference in survival rates between the isolation methods. Both provided comparable survival rates for Class II ART restorations in primary molars.
This document discusses chemical plaque control, specifically focusing on chlorhexidine (CHX) as an anti-plaque agent. It provides details on the ideal properties, classification, and mechanisms of action of chemical plaque control agents. The majority of the document discusses the effectiveness of different delivery methods of CHX, including mouthrinses, gels, varnishes, and combinations with fluoride, in preventing dental caries based on various clinical studies. While CHX demonstrates anti-microbial properties, the evidence from studies on its ability to prevent caries when used as a mouthrinse, gel, or varnish is mixed and inconclusive.
EFFICACY IN REDUCING BACTERIAL CONTENT IN ORAL CAVITY BY CANNABINIODS IN ORAL...DrHeena tiwari
The document discusses a study that compared the efficacy of cannabinoids and popular oral care products (Oral-B and Colgate) in reducing bacterial content in dental plaque. Plaque samples were collected from 30 participants and exposed to cannabinoid toothpaste, Oral-B, and Colgate. Cannabinoids were found to significantly reduce bacterial colony counts compared to the other products. The results suggest cannabinoids may be more effective at controlling oral bacteria and could provide a personalized alternative to traditional oral care products.
Antibacterial Activity of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia Crassipes) Leaf Extract.pdfRAKERNASPDGIXI
This study examined the antibacterial activity of water hyacinth leaf extract against bacterial plaque from gingivitis patients. Water hyacinth leaf extract was prepared using maceration in 70% ethanol and tested at concentrations from 100% to 0.78% against plaque bacteria cultured from gingivitis patients. The extract showed antibacterial activity starting at a concentration of 3.125%, inhibiting over 90% of bacterial colony growth. Statistical analysis confirmed the extract was effective at inhibiting plaque bacterial growth in a concentration-dependent manner. The results suggest water hyacinth leaf extract has potential as an antibacterial against plaque bacteria in gingivitis patients.
Forever Bright Toothgel Article - Forever Living ProductsMas ForeverLiving
This is a research article on the effectiveness of Forever Bright Aloe Vera Tooth Gel vs. Two other leading toothpastes (Pepsodent and Colgate) at inhibing the bacterias that cause dental caries (ie tooth decay). Forever Bright Aloe Vera Tooth Gel was shown to be at least as effective, if not more so than the two leading brands that it was tested against. Forever Bright Tooth Gel is available from http://mastura.flp.com/
This is a research article on the effectiveness of Forever Bright Aloe Vera Tooth Gel vs. Two other leading toothpastes (Pepsodent and Colgate) at inhibing the bacterias that cause dental caries (ie tooth decay). Forever Bright Aloe Vera Tooth Gel was shown to be at least as effective, if not more so than the two leading brands that it was tested against. Forever Bright Tooth Gel is available from http://www.healthylivingmarketplace.net We ship worldwide. Most major credit cards are accepted and in some areas electronic checks and PayPal are also accepted. Join FREE and Save 15%
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
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Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
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Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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2. 214 Rev Odonto Cienc 2012;27(3):213-217
Microbiological contamination of toothbrushes
Introduction
Microbiological contamination of the oral cavity has
long been a widely discussed topic and the subject of
scientific publications; however, the same attention has not
been given to the contamination of toothbrushes. Recently,
the toothbrush has been characterized as a means of
microbial transport, retention and growth (1,2), and highly
contaminated brushes may cause a possible constant “re-
infection,” which is a risk factor for periodontal disease (3).
Several articles have depicted the bacterial and
fungal contamination of brushes, with higher or lower
contamination being associated with numerous interferences
placed between the brush and the handle (4,5).
A number of procedures have been described to reduce
the microbiological load of toothbrushes, such as continuous
brush exchange (6), submerging the brush into microbicide
solutions (7), spraying antiseptic solutions (8) or using
ozone or UV (9), all of which have been successful in
decontaminating the brushes but are not always inexpensive
or easy to perform.
This work discusses the contamination of toothbrushes
used by dental students and describes a decontamination
method involving the spraying of 0.12% chlorhexidine. This
method has been shown to be effective, but here, we study
the effect of spraying frequency on the effectiveness of the
method.
Methods
This research was approved by the Ethics Committee for
Research-Unioeste/PR under the number 106/2006.
For the first experiment, all of the 80 students from the
first and second academic year of the Unioeste/PR School of
Dentistry were invited to participate, of which 32 agreed to
participate by providing their toothbrushes. This experiment
consisted of verifying the level of contamination present on
the toothbrushes in use by the students. After the students
signed an informed consent form, their toothbrushes were
collected and taken to the Laboratory of Microbiology at
Unioeste/PR and immersed in 1 mL sterile Tryptic Soy Broth
(TSB) and vortexed for two minutes. The TSB was serially
diluted and applied to plates with selective and specific media
for the identification of certain groups of microorganisms:
Blood Agar (BA) for facultative aerobes, Salivarius Mitis
Agar (SMA) for total streptococci, Modified Bacitracin
Sucrose Agar (BSA) for mutans streptococci, McConkey
Agar (MCA) for enterobacteria, Mannitol Salt Agar (MA)
for staphylococci and Sabouraud agar (SBA) for yeasts.
The BA, MCA, MA and SBA media were incubated under
aerobic conditions, while the BSA and SMA media were
placed in microaerophilic conditions. All of the media were
incubated at 35-37 °C for 24 hours. Microbial growth was
quantified using a digital colony counter. New toothbrushes
were subjected to the same procedure as the used toothbrushes
to be used as a negative control for microbial growth. The
results were presented as frequency (%).
For the second experiment, thirty individuals, chosen
randomly from a table of random numbers of the dental
students at Unioeste/PR, signed the consent form and then
underwent a double blind test to verify the decontaminant
effectiveness on a toothbrush. The groups were divided
using a randomized cross-over design, the arrangement of
which is shown in Table 1.
Three solutions, numbered as 1, 2 and 3, were delivered
to groups of 10 students, and all individuals used the three
solutions for one week. New toothbrushes and a tube of
toothpaste (the toothpaste contained no antimicrobial
solution) were always distributed one week before each
scheme. The individuals brushed their teeth three times a
day with the provided brushes without the antimicrobial
solution for one week and with the antimicrobial solution
for one week. Solution 2 was only water, and solutions 1
and 3 contained 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate, obtained
from a compounding pharmacy. The groups using solutions
1 and 2 applied the solution to the brush once a day after
the first brushing of the day, and the group using solution 3
applied the solution after each brushing. The three groups
were instructed to standardize the brushing and the amount
of toothpaste on the brush. At the end of each two-week
period, the toothbrushes were collected and given a number
so that the handling could be performed blindly.
Anew treatment cycle was started one week later (“wash-
out” time). Each toothbrush was taken to the Laboratory of
Microbiology at Unioeste/Cascavel, where it was immersed
in 1 mL TSB and vortexed for two minutes. Next, serial
TSB dilutions were applied to plates for the identification
of microorganisms. The plates contained BA to quantify
total microorganisms and MSA for total streptococci. The
BA medium was incubated under aerobic conditions, and
the MSA medium was incubated under microaerophilic
conditions; both media were incubated at 35-37 °C for
Group
Steps
1st step 2nd step 3rd step
10 individuals Protocol 1 Protocol 3 Protocol 2
10 individuals Protocol 3 Protocol 2 Protocol 1
10 individuals Protocol 2 Protocol 1 Protocol 3
Protocol 1 indicates brushing for one week with a new toothbrush without any treatment and a one-week brushing
with daily spraying of 0.12% chlorhexidine. Protocol 2 indicates brushing for one week with a new toothbrush
without any treatment and a one-week brushing with daily spraying with water. Protocol 3 indicates brushing for
one week with a new toothbrush without any treatment and a one-week brushing with spraying after each brushing
with 0.12% chlorhexidine. Between each protocol, a one-week interval (“wash-out” time) was used.
Table 1. Disposition of the randomized
cross-over design applied among
individuals under the decontamination
protocol with 0.12% chlorhexidine
3. Rev Odonto Cienc 2012;27(3):213-217 215
Rodrigues et al.
24 hours. The growth was quantified using a digital colony
counter.After the number of colonies growing on both media
types was counted, a single count was collected, according
to the spraying scheme, to evaluate the decontamination
effectiveness. New brushes were subjected to the same
procedure as those collected from the volunteers to be used
as a negative control for microbial growth.
The statistical analysis of the second experiment was
performed by ANOVA-main effects test, considering as
variables the voluntary sequence, period, volunteer (random
factor grouped in sequence), precedent (“carry over” effect)
and treatments. The original data did not meet all of the
requirements for evaluation by parametric tests; however,
the log-transformation of the original data was used to fit
these data. Tukey’s test was used as a post hoc test.AP-value
of <0.05 was considered to be significant for all evaluations.
The results are shown in the form of the geometric means
of the colony-forming units per milliliter with ± a 95%
confidence interval for each group analyzed.
Results
In the first experiment, 91% of the toothbrushes had
some type of microbial growth on them. The amount of
microorganisms varied widely, with some samples showing
growth of more than 100,000 CFU/mL and other samples
with only 100 CFU/mL (the detection threshold of the
method used). Some level of growth of all of the tested
microorganisms was demonstrated, as shown in Table 2.
Streptococci was present in the most samples, with 81.3%
of the toothbrushes (n=26) presenting some growth of
this organism. Specifically, mutans streptococci was
detected on 46.9% of the brushes (n=15). Staphylococci
and enterobacteria were identified in 56.3% (n=18) of the
samples. Yeast were found in only 9.4% (n=3) of the brushes.
Each group of microorganisms was also quantified, with
concentrations divided into three different ranges [between
100-3000 CFU/mL(range 1), between 3100-10,000 CFU/mL
(range 2) and above 10,000 CFU/mL (range 3)]. The
quantification of all positive samples is listed in Table 3.
The bacteria of the streptococci group (Streptococcus
mutans) and the staphylococci group grew on the brushes
most often within the first range (the range with lower
growth). However, the growth of enterobacteria on most
of the brushes developed within range 2 (the range with
intermediate growth). On the few brushes that had yeast
growth, the yeast were within the first range. No brush from
the negative control group showed growth.
The results of experiment 2 are shown in Figure 1 and
demonstrate an efficient decontamination with 0.12%
chlorhexidine gluconate. Statistical analysis using the
ANOVA-main effects test showed no “carry-over” effect
(or sequence effect) that is common in crossed random tests,
showing that the time used to “wash-out” was enough to
prevent distortion of the results. The treatments with water
Microorganism Group
Range 1
(%/n)
Range 2
(%/n)
Range 3
(%/n)
Total
(%/n)
Streptococci 58/15 31/8 12/3 100/26
Streptococcus mutans 66/10 33/5 0/0 100/15
Staphylococci 50/9 33/6 17/3 100/18
Enterobacteria 29/4 57/8 14/2 100/18
Yeast 100/3 0/0 0/0 100/3
Range 1 corresponds to growth in the range between 100 and 3000 CFU/mL; Range 2 corresponds to growth in
the range between 3,100 and 10,000 CFU/mL; Range 3 corresponds to growth over 10,000 CFU/mL.
Table 3. Frequency of development
within the growth ranges of
microorganisms isolated from
toothbrushes used by Dentistry
students at Unioeste/PR
Table 2. Growth frequency (%) of microorganisms on
toothbrushes used by students from Unioeste/PR
Microorganism group Frequency (%) n
Streptococci 81.3 26
Streptococcus mutans 46.9 15
Staphylococci 56.3 18
Enterobacteria 56.3 18
Yeast 9.4 3
Fig. 1. Growth of total microorganisms in CFU/mL (X102
)
in toothbrushes submitted to the use of 0.12% chlorhexidine
gluconate three times a day, once a day and without the use
of antiseptic (water). Values represent the geometric mean
±95% confidence interval of values for microorganisms’ growth.
The letter “A” represents the presence of statistical significance
(P<0.05) between treatment with chlorhexidine 3 times/day
and water treatment, and the letter “B” indicates the absence
of statistical significance (P>0.05) between treatment with
chlorhexidine once a day and water treatment.
4. 216 Rev Odonto Cienc 2012;27(3):213-217
Microbiological contamination of toothbrushes
and chlorhexidine 1 or 3 times a day were compared using
the ANOVA test. Only the treatment with chlorhexidine
three times a day showed a significantly lower microbial
growth (P<0.05) than the treatment with water. The number
of daily brushings significantly influenced the decrease in the
number of microorganisms on the brushes, and although the
chart shows a sharp drop in the number of microorganisms
after the treatment with chlorhexidine once a day compared
to the treatment with water, this decrease did not reach
statistical significance. No brush from the negative control
group showed microbial growth.
Discussion
It has been shown in the literature that toothbrushes
are excellent locations for the growth of microorganisms
(10,11).
Microbial growth was detected on almost all of the
brushes tested in this study (> 90%), with development
of streptococci observed on the vast majority of the
brushes, which shows that toothbrushes are an excellent
means of transport for bacteria. Nearly half of the brushes
showed growth of mutans streptococci, members of the
oral microbiota that are currently considered to be major
cariogenic agents (1,12). This finding highlights the ability
of mutans streptococci to form biofilms and binding to the
material of the toothbrushes (1).
Different population groups, such as children, adults
or the elderly, may differ in their microbial load (1,13),
particularly in the effectiveness of their brushing. This study
addressed a population with knowledge about the correct
method of brushing, and the results indicate levels of
contamination similar to those obtained by other studies (6,5).
Staphylococci were found in large numbers, on over 50%
of the brushes. Although it belongs to the oral microbiota,
Staphylococcus aureus deserves greater attention because
it is capable of producing many oral infectious diseases.
The contamination by enterobacteria also draws
attention, as it was found on more than 50% of the brushes,
as a result of incorrect storage of brushes, most likely out
of a closet and over the bathroom sink, where it is a target
of aerosols from the toilet (14).
The growth of yeast varies greatly depending on the
methodology and population used in the survey, with the
population surveyed in this study being detected in low
numbers compared to other studies (5,11). The quantification
of these organisms showed heterogeneity in growth for all
types of microorganisms, ranging from a few CFU per
milliliters to a virtually limitless growth depending on the
methodology used. Such differences in growth may be a
result of the different behaviors of the individuals in this
research, including variations in the use of, for example,
mouthwash containing antimicrobial solutions (15), the type
of toothpaste (with or without antibiotics) (16) and the time
of use of these items (17).
This study describes a protocol that is capable of
standardizing the use of chlorhexidine, which is an antiseptic
that is already widely used for the decontamination of the oral
microbiota, for the daily decontamination of toothbrushes.
Several expedients have proven to be effective in
controlling the microbial contamination of toothbrushes
(15,18), and other works (8,19) have shown that chlorhexidine
is effective, but a pattern regarding its periodicity has not
yet been shown.
These results showed that the application of a single
spraying of chlorhexidine per day greatly reduced, although
with no statistical significance, the presence of bacteria,
with an 80.21% decrease comparing the group treated
once per day with the negative control, which suggests that
chlorhexidine at low concentrations (0.12%) can act as an
expedient to avoid a possible source of reinfection.
A significant decrease was found in the spraying of
0.12% chlorhexidine three times a day after every brushing,
with a 90.17% decrease compared to the negative control
and a 63.36% decrease compared to the strategy of daily
spraying with chlorhexidine.
This procedure could become an after-brushing habit
on a day-to-day basis for the general population because
the spraying, a simple and easily understandable act, was
performed with a technique that can be assimilated by any
person without the need for specific skills. This approach
makes this procedure different from other antiseptic brush
techniques that have been tested, which were effective
strategies to prevent microbial growth but were hindered
by their need to be performed on a daily basis (6,9).
One advantage of chlorhexidine gluconate is its cost/
benefit, as it is an inexpensive antiseptic that can be
purchased in specialized pharmacies or in the processed
form (Periogard®
– Colgate Palmolive), with both forms
having similar efficacy (20).
Population groups at risk, such as those that are
immunocompromised, may have serious infections that
are caused by oral microorganisms (21), and these groups
may benefit from the routine use of chlorhexidine on their
brushes, thus preventing contamination caused by daily re-
exposure to microorganisms housed in toothbrushes.
Conclusion
The results of this study showed that the use of 0.12%
chlorhexidine after three daily brushings is effective as an
antiseptic technique for toothbrushes, establishing a still-
lacking protocol for the after-brushing antisepsis procedure
with chlorhexidine. It became clear that contamination of
toothbrushes occurs often, even in individuals who should
know the ideal conditions for the storage of toothbrushes.
5. Rev Odonto Cienc 2012;27(3):213-217 217
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