Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease causing inflammation, demyelination, and scarring of the CNS, primarily affecting women aged 20-40. Although there is no cure, various treatment options such as interferons, immunomodulators, and corticosteroids can help manage symptoms and slow disease progression. Diagnosis involves specific signs and MRI, while treatments also address associated symptoms like spasticity and depression.

1. Presented by
vichithra

2. • Multiple sclerosis (MS) or disseminated
sclerosis is characterized by chronic
inflammation, demyelination, and scaring of
the myelin sheath of the CNS.

3. • The cause of multiple sclerosis is unknown. It
is believed to be an autoimmune disease, in
which the body's immune system attacks its
own tissues.

4. • Age : 20- 40 years
• Gender : women
• Certain infections
• Geographic regions

9. • Uhthoffs sign
• Lhermitte's sign
• Marcus gunn phenomenon
• Intentional tremor

10. Diagnosis
• MRI
• Evoked potentials
• CSF studies

12. Treatment
There is presently no cure for MS. However, many
treatment options are available that can help
manage the course and symptoms of this chronic
disease.
Treatment can help:
• slow the progression of MS
• minimize symptoms during exacerbations or flares
• improve physical and mental function

13. Interferons
• Interferons are a group of immune system proteins -
- alpha, beta, and gamma produced by the body.
They act in different ways to control the activity of
the immune system. They also have antiviral
properties.
• Avonex (interferon beta 1a)
• Betaseron (interferon beta 1b)
• Extavia
• Rebif ( high dose interferon beta 1a)

15. • Glatiramer acetate/ copaxon modify the way
our body's defense system .
• Used to treat RRMS
• This medication is also used to delay the onset
of MS in people who have experienced a
single flare-up of symptoms and have changes
that suggest MS in their magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI) scans.
Immunomodulators

16. Immunosuppressants
• Cytoxan is a therapy that may be given to people
with multiple sclerosis. It works by suppressing
the immune system.
• Imuran is an immune system-suppressing drug.
That means that it can theoretically halt the
attack of the immune system on your nerves if
you have multiple sclerosis. The drug can be used
to slow the progression of MS in people who are
not responding well to other treatments.

18. Corticosteroids
• Medications such as Solu- medrol and Decadron are
potent steroids that ease inflammation and are
often used to treat an acute attack of multiple
sclerosis.

19. • Botulinum toxin is derived from the
bacterium Clostridium botulinum and is in a class of
drugs called neurotoxins
• Botulinum toxin is a muscle-relaxing medication
used to decrease spasticity related to multiple
sclerosis and other neurological conditions.
• Botulinum toxin works to block the effect of
acetylcholine on the muscle, resulting in weakness
or paralysis.

20. • Tysabri is a laboratory-produced monoclonal
antibody. It is designed to hamper movement
of potentially damaging immune cells from
the bloodstream, across the “blood-brain
barrier” into the brain and spinal cord

21. • Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML),
also known as progressive
multifocal leukoencephalitis, is a rare and usually
fatal viral disease characterized by progressive
damage or inflammation of the white matter of
the brain at multiple locations.

22. Spasticity
• Baclofen
• Tizanidine
• Diazepam
• Dantrolene
Sensory symptoms
• Amitriptyline
Urinary problems
• Oxybutynin
• prazosin

23. Tremors
• clonazepam
Neurotic pain
• Neurontin
• Carbamazepine
• Amitriptyline
Fatigue
• Amantidine
• Modafinil
Depression
• Citalopram
• Sertraline