Firms often produce multiple related products. When products are substitutes, increasing production of one reduces demand for the other. When complementary, increasing one boosts demand for the other. Profit maximization requires jointly determining prices and output levels. A firm should produce quantities where the marginal revenue from each product equals marginal cost. It prioritizes producing profitable products up to the point where the least profitable product's marginal cost equals marginal revenue. Joint products have interconnected production and demand. Firms maximize profits by setting marginal revenue of each joint product equal to their shared marginal cost.
In the long-run a firm can amend its size and organization to violate demand conditions. In other words, in the long-run the firm can adjust its scale of operations or size of plant to produce any required output in the most efficient way. Thus, in the long run fixed factors can be altered. Management can be restructured to run a firm of a different size. Capital can also be used differently. In short, all factors are variable in the long run and therefore the scale of operations can be altered
In the long-run a firm can amend its size and organization to violate demand conditions. In other words, in the long-run the firm can adjust its scale of operations or size of plant to produce any required output in the most efficient way. Thus, in the long run fixed factors can be altered. Management can be restructured to run a firm of a different size. Capital can also be used differently. In short, all factors are variable in the long run and therefore the scale of operations can be altered
Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant. I and my friends has traded more than 6000pi coins successfully
Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
NO1 Uk Black Magic Specialist Expert In Sahiwal, Okara, Hafizabad, Mandi Bah...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Introduction to Indian Financial System ()Avanish Goel
The financial system of a country is an important tool for economic development of the country, as it helps in creation of wealth by linking savings with investments.
It facilitates the flow of funds form the households (savers) to business firms (investors) to aid in wealth creation and development of both the parties
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Resume
• Real GDP growth slowed down due to problems with access to electricity caused by the destruction of manoeuvrable electricity generation by Russian drones and missiles.
• Exports and imports continued growing due to better logistics through the Ukrainian sea corridor and road. Polish farmers and drivers stopped blocking borders at the end of April.
• In April, both the Tax and Customs Services over-executed the revenue plan. Moreover, the NBU transferred twice the planned profit to the budget.
• The European side approved the Ukraine Plan, which the government adopted to determine indicators for the Ukraine Facility. That approval will allow Ukraine to receive a EUR 1.9 bn loan from the EU in May. At the same time, the EU provided Ukraine with a EUR 1.5 bn loan in April, as the government fulfilled five indicators under the Ukraine Plan.
• The USA has finally approved an aid package for Ukraine, which includes USD 7.8 bn of budget support; however, the conditions and timing of the assistance are still unknown.
• As in March, annual consumer inflation amounted to 3.2% yoy in April.
• At the April monetary policy meeting, the NBU again reduced the key policy rate from 14.5% to 13.5% per annum.
• Over the past four weeks, the hryvnia exchange rate has stabilized in the UAH 39-40 per USD range.
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
2. INTRODUCTION:
• Most modern firms produce a variety of products
rather than a single product.
• The products sold by a firm may be interrelated
as substitutes or complements.
• Generally, organizations produce more than one
product in their line of production.Even a single
product of an organization can differ in styles
and sizes.
3. Meaning:
• For example, a refrigerator manufacturing
organization produces refrigerators in different
colours, sizes, and features.
• Similarly, an automobile organization manufactures
vehicles in different colours, sizes, and mileage.
The pricing in case of multiple products is called
multiple product pricing.
4. • In the pricing of interrelated products, a firm needs
to consider the effect of a change in the price of
one of its products on the demand for the others.
• The reason for this is that a reduction in the price of
a product leads to a reduction in the demand for a
substitute product sold by the same firm, and to an
increase in the demand for complementary
products.
5. • Thus, profit maximization requires that the
output levels and prices of the various products
produced by the firm be determined jointly
rather than independently.
6. For a two-product (A and B) firm, the marginal
revenue functions of the firm are:
A B
A
A A
TR TR
MR
Q Q
B A
B
B
TR TR
MR
QB Q
7. • From the two equations above, we see that the
marginal revenue for each product has two
components,
1. one associated with the change in the total
revenue from the sale of the product itself,
2. and the other associated with the change in
the total revenue from the other product.
8. • The second term on the right-hand side of each
equation, thus, reflects the demand
interrelationships.
• For example: the term(
𝚫TRB
𝚫QA
) in equation 1
measures the effect on the firm’s revenues from
product B resulting from the sale of an additional
unit of product A by the firm.
9. • Similarly, (
𝜟TRA
𝜟QB
) in equation 2 measures the
effect on the firm’s total revenue from
product A resulting from the sale of an
additional unit of product B by the firm.
10. • If the second term on the right-hand side of
each equation is positive, indicating that
increased sales of one product stimulates sales
of the other, the two products are
complementary.
• If, on the other hand, second term in each
equation is negative, indicating that increased
sales of one product leads to reduced sales of
the other, the two products are substitutes.
11. Plant Capacity Utilisation:
• A multi-product firm using a single plant should
produce quantities where the marginal revenue
(MRi) from each of its k products is equal to the
marginal cost (MC) of production.
12. • The quantity produced of the more profitable
products is then determined by the point at
which their marginal revenue equals the
marginal revenue and marginal cost of the last
unit of the least profitable product produced by
the firm. The price of each product is then
determined on its respective demand curve.
• This process is shown in figure 1.
14. • Figure 1 shows the situation of a firm selling
three products(A, B, and C) with respective
demand curves DA, DB, and DC, and
corresponding revenue curves MRA, MRB,
and MRC. The firm maximizes profits when
MRA=MRB= MRC=MC. This is shown by points
EA, EB, and EC, where the equal marginal
revenue curve, at the level at which MRc=MC,
crosses the MRA, MRB, and MRC curves.
15. • Thus, QA=60 and PA=₹16; QB=90 (from 150-60)
and PB=₹15; and QC=180 (from 330-150) and
PC=₹14. Note that each successive demand
curve is more elastic and that the price of each
successive product is lower, while its MC is
higher.
16. Optimal Pricing of Joint Products
Produced in Fixed proportions:
• The products produced by a firm can be related not
only in demand but also in production.
• Production interdependence arises when products are
jointly produced.
• Products can be jointly produced in fixed or variable
proportions.
• An example of joint production with variable proportions
is provided by petroleum refining, which results in
gasoline, fuel oils etc…
18. • In both panels, DA and MRA, and DB and MRB
refer, respectively, to the demand and marginal
revenue curves for products A and B, which
are jointly produced in fixed proportions.
• The total marginal revenue (MRT) curve is
obtained from the vertical summation of the
MRA and MRB curves.
19. • When the marginal cost of the jointly produced
production package is MC (see the left panel),
the best level of output of products A and B is
40 units and is given by point E, at which
MRT=MC. At Q=40,PA= ₹12 on DA and PB= ₹5
on DB.
20. • on the other hand, with MC’ (see the right
panel), the best level of output of the joint
product package is 60 units and is given by
point E’, at which MRT=MC’. Q=60,P’A= ₹10 on
D’A, but since MRB is negative for QB>45, the
firm sells only 45 units of product B at
PB’=₹4.50 (at which TRB is maximum at
MRB=0) and disposes of the remaining 15 units
of product B.
21. Optimal Pricing and Output of Joint
Products Produced in Variable
Proportions:
• The case of products that are produced jointly
in fixed proportions is possible, more common
is the case of products that are jointly
produced in variable proportions.
• We can determine the profit-maximizing
combination of products that are jointly
produced in variable proportions with the aid of
figure 3.
23. • The curved lines are product transformation
curves showing the various combinations of
products A and B that the firm can produce at
each level of total cost (TC).
• The curvature arises because the firm’s
productive resources are not perfectly
adaptable in the production of products A and B
that give rise to the same total revenue (TR) to
the firm when sold at constant prices.
24. • The tangency point of an isorevenue to a TC
curve gives the combination of products A
and B that leads to the maximum profit for
the firm for the specific TC. The overall
maximum profit of the firm is = ₹40. this is
earned by producing and selling 80A and
120B with TR=₹240 and TC=₹200.