multiprocessor is a computer system having two or more processing units. this presentation provide more information about it and how it works and handle instructions, its types and its advantages.

1. Multi-processor
1

2.  Introduction to
Multiprocessing Systems 01
 Types of Multiprocessing Systems
 Interconnection Structures
 Advantages of Multiprocessing
02
03
04
advantages
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structures
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typesintroduction
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Contents
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 References 05

3. TIME LINE
3
 Introduction to
Multiprocessing
Systems
 Types of Multiprocessing Systems
 Types of
Multiprocessing
Systems
 Interconnection
Structures
 Advantages of
Multiprocessing
 References

4. c p u in our world
Nowadays
There is no such thing as “fastest
CPU” in the world. If there is a new
processor that claims to be fastest in
a few days’/months’/years’ time, a
higher version of the processor is
released.
FIND MORE
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5. 5
Instruction execution cycle
store the result in the
destination location.
store
perform the operation
specified by the
instruction
Execute
read the instruction
from the memory.
Fetch
Decode the instruction and
fetch the source operand
Decode
0
1
0
2
0
3
0
4
How does the CPU handle with instructions

6. +First
Single core processor
• Used back in 1970s
+Second
+Third
What is the difference between ,,
6
Multi-core processor system
• of the late 20th centuryMulti-processor system

7. 7
History
• the first expression of the idea of multiprocessing was
written by Luigi Federico Menabrea in 1842, about Charles
Babbage's analytical engine (as translated by Ada
Lovelace): "the machine can be brought into play so as to
give several results at the same time, which will greatly
abridge the whole amount of the processes.

8. 8
• A multiprocessor system is a A multiprocessor system is a
collection of a number of standard collection of a number of
standard processors put together in an processors put
together in an innovative way to improve the innovative way
to improve the performance / speed of computer
performance / speed of computer hardware.
Multiprocessor System
• The main feature of this architecture The main feature of this
architecture is to provide high speed at low cost is to provide
high speed at low cost in comparison to uniprocessor.

9. 9
Classification
Multiprocessors are classified by the way their
memory is organized. There are two main kinds
of multiprocessing systems:-
Tightly Coupled Systems Loosely Coupled Systems

10. 10
1.Tightly Coupled Systems
In fact, most commercial tightly coupled multiprocessors provide a cache
memory with each CPU. In addition, there is a global common memory that all
CPUs can access. Information can be therefore be shared among the CPUs by
placing it in the common global memory.
 two or more identical processors connect to a single, shared main memory,
have full access to all I/O devices, and are controlled by a single operating
system instance that treats all processors equally, reserving none for special
purposes.

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Opteron
• Opteron is AMD's x86 server and
workstation processor line, and was the
first processor which supported the
AMD64 instruction set architecture
(known generically as x86-64).
• The Opteron is a Non-Uniform Memory
Access (NUMA) architecture.

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An alternative model of microprocessor is the distributed memory or loosely
coupled system. Each processor element in a loosely coupled system has its
own private local memory.
2.Loosely Coupled Systems
 we need to have to can share data between each other loosely coupled
system to connect one cpu with the another or with the memory.
The processors are tied together by a switching scheme designed to route
information from one processor to another through a message-passing scheme.

13. 13
Beowulf Cluster
• The Borg, a 52-node Beowulf cluster, is an
example of a loosely-coupled system. It is a
high-performance Parallel from computingcluster
Inexpensive personal computer hardware.

14. TIME LINE
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14
 Introduction to
Multiprocessing
Systems
 Types of Multiprocessing Systems
 Types of
Multiprocessing
Systems
 Interconnection
Structures
 Advantages of
Multiprocessing
 References

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Interconnection Structures
Some of the physical forms available for establishing an interconnection network
between the components of a multiprocessor system are:
Time-shared common bus
Multiportmemory
Crossbar switch

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Time-Shared Common Bus
we have memory and CPUs they connected with a one single common bus
any body want to share want to send data .
it has a lot of limits on it such that only one can have a transfer on a bus and
the others doing local tasks at that moment of the time or they are waiting.
+ only one processor can send at a one time and only one process can
communicate with the memory

17. 17
Multiport Memory
 We break for common memory modules which mean that
every CPU is connected with every module .
 Any process will access any empty model and any conflict will be
Handled by priority.
+ It needs very expensive control large number of cables connectors

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Crossbar switch
 now we have a cross spawn points at every interconnection now cross
points it is like a switch it know how to connect from CPU 1 to memory 1 or
what are the priorities . who should connect who and who should not
connect.
+ It is similar to multiport memory but it uses less wires

19. TIME LINE
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 Introduction to
Multiprocessing
Systems
 Types of Multiprocessing Systems
 Types of
Multiprocessing
Systems
 Interconnection
Structures
 Advantages of
Multiprocessing
 References

20. A benefit derived from
multiprocessing is improved system
performance. This happens
because computations can proceed
in parallel in one .
A failure or error in one part has a
limited effect on the rest of the
system. If a fault causes one
processor to fail, a second processor
can be assigned to perform the
functions of the disabled processor.
An increase in the number of
processors completes the work in
less time. It is important to note that
doubling the number of processors
does not halve the time to complete
a job.
Improve system performance
01 Increased Reliability Increased Throughput
02 03
20
Advantages of Multiprocessing

21. TIME LINE
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21
 Introduction to
Multiprocessing
Systems
 Types of Multiprocessing Systems
 Types of
Multiprocessing
Systems
 Interconnection
Structures
 Advantages of
Multiprocessing
 References

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WANT MORE

24. Computer System
Architecture, 3rd Edition by
M. Morris Mano
http://en.wikipedia.org/wik
i/Multiprocessing
References
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25. TIME LINE
Your great subtitle in this line
25
 Introduction to
Multiprocessing
Systems
 Types of Multiprocessing Systems
 Types of
Multiprocessing
Systems
 Interconnection
Structures
 Advantages of
Multiprocessing
 References

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