The document provides information about various MS-DOS commands, including their purpose, availability, syntax, and examples. It describes commands for displaying or changing file attributes (ATTRIB), checking disk status (CHKDSK), clearing the screen (CLS), copying files (COPY), deleting files (DEL), changing directories (CHDIR), displaying directories (DIR), comparing disk contents (DISKCOMP), and more. The document is intended to serve as a reference for all MS-DOS commands and their proper usage.

1. ATTRIB displays or changes file attributes
CHDIR or CD displays the name of the current directory or changes the current directory
CHKDSK checks the status of a disk and displays a status report; it can also fix disk errors
CLS clears the screen
COPY copies one or more files to a destination you specify
DEL deletes the files you specify
DELTREIE deletes a directory and all the files and subdirectories that are in it
DIR displays the files and subdirectories that are in the directory you specify
DISKCOPY
copies the entire contents of one floppy disk to another floppy disk. It writes
over the existing contents of the destination disk as it copies the new information
on it.
ECHO displays or hides the text in batch programs when the program is running.
EDIT
starts MS-DOS Editor, a text editor you can use to create and edit ASCII text
files.
DEL or
ERASE
deletes the files you specify
EXIT
quits the MS-DOS command interpreter and returns to the program that started
it, if one exists.
FASTHELP
displays a list of all MS-DOS 6 commands and gives a short explanation of
each.
FIND searches for a specific string of text in a file or files
FORMAT formats a disk for use with MS-DOS
HELP starts MS-DOS Help
MKDIR or
MD
creates a directory
MEM displays the amount of used and free memory on your computer
MORE displays one screen of output at a time
MOVE moves one or more files to the location you specify
MSBACKUP backs up or restores one or more files from one disk onto another
MSD Provides technical information about your computer
PRINT prints a text file while you are using other MS-DOS commands
QBASIC starts MS-DOS Qbasic
RD or deletes a directory

2. RMDIR
REN changes the name of the file or files you specify
RMDIR or
RD
deletes a directory
SCANDISK
starts a disk analysis and repair tool that checks a drive for errors and corrects
any problems that it finds.
TREIE graphicaly displays the structure of a directory
UNDELETE restores files that were deleted previously by using the DEL command
VER displays the MS-DOS version number
XCOPY copies directories , their subdirectories, and files except hidden and system files.
For the syntax and more details type at the MS-DOS prompt :
DOS Command Index
Information about all current DOS commands
From the book
DOS the Easy Way
by Everett Murdock Ph.D.
CLICK HERE for information about downloading the book DOS the Easy Way.
Click ona command nameforcompleteinformationaboutthatcommandand examples ofits
use.
ATTRIB
(External)
ATTRIB [d:][path]filename[/S]
ATTRIB [+R|-R] [+A|-A] [+S|-S] [+H|-H] [d:][path]filename [/S]
Setsor displaysthe read-only,archive,system, andhiddenattributesof afile ordirectory.

3. BREAK
(Internal)
About break
Break can be used to enable or disable the breaking capability of the computer. For example, if a
user wanted to cancel a batch file or another MS-DOS processes, that user could simply press
CTRL + C (break), which would then prompt the user if they wish to cancel the current process.
Turning break off will cancel CTRL + C; however, the user will still be able to press CTRL +
PAUSE/BREAK and have the capability of getting out of a batch file / current running process.
Note: Newer versions of Windows (Windows ME, Windows 2000, Windows XP, and higher)
only include this command for backwards compatibility and turning the break off has no effect.
The break commandisan an internal command andisavailable inthe below Microsoftoperating
systems.
Usedfrom the DOS promptor in a batch file orinthe CONFIG.SYSfile toset(ordisplay) whetherornot
Availability
All Versions of MS-DOS
Windows 95
Windows 98
Windows ME
Windows NT
Windows 2000
Windows XP
Windows Vista
Windows 7
Syntax
Sets or clears extended CTRL+C checking.
BREAK [ON | OFF]
Type BREAK without a parameter to display the current BREAK setting.
Examples

4. break on
Turns on the break, which allows the Ctrl + C function.
break off
Turns off the break, not allowing Ctrl + C to cancel a process.
CHDIR
(Internal)
About chdir
Chdir (Change Directory) is a command used to switch directories in MS-DOS.
Displaysworking(current) directoryand/or changestoadifferentdirectory.
Availability
The chdir command is an internal command and is available in the below Microsoft operating
systems.
All Versions of MS-DOS
Windows 95
Windows 98
Windows ME
Windows NT
Windows 2000
Windows XP
Windows Vista
Windows 7
Syntax
CHDIR [drive:][path]
CHDIR[..]

5. CD [drive:][path]
CD[..]
Examples
chdir
Goes to the highest level, the root of the drive.
chdir..
Goes back one directory. For example, if you are within the C:WindowsCOMMAND>
directory, this would take you to C:Windows>
Windows 95, Windows 98 and later versions of windows allow you to go back more than one
directory by using three or more dots. For example, typing chdir... with three dots after the cd
would take you back two directories.
cdhdir windows
If present, would take you into the Windows directory. Windows can be substituted with any
other name.
CHKDSK
(External)
About chkdsk
Chkdsk is a utility that checks the computer's hard disk drives' status for any cross-linked or any
additional errors with the hard disk drive.
MS-DOS versions 2.x - 4.x used chkdsk.com,
MS-DOS versions 5.x and beyond used chkdsk.exe.
Availability
The chkdsk command is an external command and is available in the below Microsoft operating
systems.

6. All Versions of MS-DOS
Windows 95
Windows 98
Windows ME
Windows NT
Windows 2000
Windows XP
Windows Vista
Windows 7
Syntax
Checksa diskand providesafile andmemorystatusreport.
CHKDSK [volume[[path]filename]]] [/F] [/V] [/R] [/X] [/I] [/C] [/L[:size]]
volume Specifiesthe drive letter(followedbyacolon), mountpoint,orvolume name.
filename FAT only:Specifiesthe filestocheckforfragmentation.
/F Fixeserrorsonthe disk.
/V On FAT/FAT32:Displaysthe full pathandname of everyfile onthe disk.
/R Locatesbad sectorsand recoversreadable information(implies/F).
/L:size
NTFSonly:Changesthe logfile size tothe specifiednumberof kilobytes.If size isnot
specified,displayscurrentsize.
/X
Forcesthe volume todismountfirstif necessary.All openedhandlestothe volume would
thenbe invalid(implies/F).
/I NTFSonly:Performsa lessvigorouscheckof index entries.
/C NTFSonly:Skipscheckingof cycleswithinthe folderstructure.

7. The /I or /C switch reduces the amount of time required to run Chkdsk by skipping certain
checks of the volume.
Microsoft Windows 2000 and Windows XP users who have NTFS should also consider using the
CHKNTFS command.
chkdsk [drive:] [/p] | [/r]
[drive:] Specifies the drive to check.
/p Check even if the drive is not flagged dirty, bad.
/r Locates bad sectors and recovers readable information (implies /p).
Chkdsk may be used without any parameters, in which case the current drive is checked with no
switches. You can specify the listed switches.
Examples
chkdsk
Will display all information described above and also report any crossed linked files.
chkdsk /f
Will fix any crossed linked files; however, do not run this command while you are in
Windows95 or Windows 3.x
CLS (Clear Screen)
(Internal)
CLS
Clears(erases) the screen.

8. COPY
(Internal)
About copy
Allows the user to copy one or more files to an alternate location.
Copies and appends files.
Availability
The copy command is an internal command and is available in the below Microsoft operating
systems.
All Versions of MS-DOS
Windows 95
Windows 98
Windows ME
Windows NT
Windows 2000
Windows XP
Windows Vista
Windows 7
Syntax
Copies one or more files to another location.
COPY [/A | /B] source [/A | /B] [+ source [/A | /B] [+ ...]] [destination] [/A | /B]] [/V] [/Y | /-Y]
source Specifiesthe file orfilesto be copied.
/A IndicatesanASCIItextfile.
/B Indicatesabinaryfile.

9. destination Specifiesthe directoryand/orfilename forthe new file(s).
/V Verifiesthatnewfilesare writtencorrectly.
/Y Suppressespromptingtoconfirmyouwantto overwrite anexistingdestinationfile.
/-Y Causespromptingtoconfirmyouwantto overwrite anexistingdestinationfile.
The switch /Y may be preset in the COPYCMD environment variable. This may be overridden
with /-Y on the command line.
To append files, specify a single file for destination, but multiple files for source (using
wildcards or file1+file2+file3 format).
Examples
copy *.* a:
Copy all files in the current directory to the floppy disk drive.
copy autoexec.bat c:windows
Copy the autoexec.bat, usually found at root, and copy it into the windows directory; the
autoexec.bat can be substituted for any file(s).
copy win.ini c:windows /y
Copy the win.ini file in the current directory to the windows directory. Because this file already
exists in the windows directory it normally would prompt if you wish to overwrite the file.
However, with the /y switch you will not receive any prompt.
copy myfile1.txt+myfile2.txt
Copy the contents in myfile2.txt and combines it with the contents in myfile1.txt.
copy con test.txt
Finally, a user can create a file using the copy con command as shown above, which creates the
test.txt file. Once the above command has been typed in, a user could type in whatever he or she

10. wishes. When you have completed creating the file, you can save and exit the file by pressing
CTRL+Z, which would create ^Z, and then press enter. An easier way to view and edit files in
MS-DOS would be to use the edit command.
DATE
(Internal)
About date
The date command can be used to look at the current date of the computer as well as change the
date to an alternate date.
Availability
The date command is an internal command and is available in
MS-DOS 5.0 and above
Windows 95
Windows 98
Windows ME
Windows NT
Windows 2000
Windows XP
Windows Vista
Windows 7
Syntax
Displays or sets the date.
DATE [date]
Type DATE without parameters to display the current date setting and
a prompt for a new one. Press ENTER to keep the same date.
Examples
date

11. Display the current date and prompt for a new one. If no date is entered, the current date will be
kept.
DEL (ERASE)
(Internal)
About del
Del is a command used to delete files from the computer.
Deletes(erases) filesfromdisk.
Availability
The del command is an internal command and is available in the below Microsoft operating
systems.
All versions of MS-DOS
Windows 95
Windows 98
Windows ME
Windows NT
Windows 2000
Windows XP
Windows Vista
Windows 7
Syntax
DEL [/P] [/F] [/S] [/Q] [/A[[:]attributes]] names
ERASE [/P] [/F] [/S] [/Q] [/A[[:]attributes]] names
names Specifies a list of one or more files or directories. Wildcards may be used to delete
multiple files. If a directory is specified, all files within the directory will be deleted.
/P Prompts for confirmation before deleting each file.
/F Force deleting of read-only files.

12. /S Delete specified files from all subdirectories.
/Q Quiet mode, do not ask if ok to delete on global wildcard
/A Selects files to delete based on attributes
attributes R Read-only files S System files H Hidden files A Files ready for
archiving - Prefix meaning not
Examples
Notice: Users who are running Microsoft Windows 95 and are used to deleted items going to the
recycle bin need to keep in mind that deleting files from MS-DOS does not send files to the
recycle bin.
del test.tmp = Deletes the test.tmp in the directory that you currently are in, if the file exists.
del c:windowstest.tmp = Delete the c:windowstest.tmp in the windows directory if it exists.
del c:windowstemp*.* = (* is for wild character(s)) *.* indicates that you would like to delete
all files in the c:windowstemp directory.
del c:windowstemp?est.tmp = (? is a single wild character for one letter) This command
would delete any file ending with est.tmp such as pest.tmp or zest.tmp...
DIR
(Internal)
About dir
The dir command allows you to see the available files in the current and/or parent directories.
Availability
The dir command is an internal command and is available in the below Microsoft operating
systems.
All versions of MS-DOS
Windows 95
Windows 98
Windows ME
Windows NT

13. Windows 2000
Windows XP
Windows Vista
Windows 7
Syntax
DIR [drive:][path][filename] [/A[[:]attributes]] [/B] [/C] [/D] [/L] [/N] [/O[[:]sortorder]] [/P] [/Q]
[/S] [/T[[:]timefield]] [/W] [/X] [/4]
[drive:][path][filename] Specifiesdrive,directory,and/orfilestolist.
attributes D Directories R Read-only files H Hidden files A Files
ready for archiving S System files - Prefix meaning not
/B Uses bare format(no headinginformationorsummary).
/C Displaythe thousandseparatorinfile sizes.Thisisthe default.Use /-Cto
disable displayof separator.
/D Same as wide butfilesare listsortedbycolumn.
/L Uses lowercase.
/N Newlonglistformatwhere filenamesare onthe far right.
/O List byfilesinsortedorder.
sortorder N By name (alphabetic) S By size (smallest first) E By
extension (alphabetic) D By date/time (oldest first) G
Group directories first - Prefix to reverse order
/P Pausesaftereachscreenful of information.
/Q Displaythe ownerof the file.
/S Displaysfilesinspecifieddirectoryandall subdirectories.

14. /T Controlswhichtime fielddisplayedorusedforsorting
timefield C Creation
A Last Access
W Last Written
/W Uses wide listformat.
/X Thisdisplaysthe shortnamesgeneratedfornon-8dot3file names.The format
isthat of /N withthe short name insertedbeforethe longname.If noshort
name is present,blanksare displayedinitsplace.
/4 Displaysfour-digityears
Examples
dir
Lists all files and directories in the directory that you are currently in.
dir *.exe
The above command lists any executable file or any file that ends with .exe. See our wildcard
definition for other wildcard (e.g. *) examples.
dir /ad
List only the directories in the current directory. If you need to move into one of the directories
listed use the cd command.
dir /s
Lists the files in the directory that you are in and all sub directories after that directory, if you are
at root "C:>" and type this command this will list to you every file and directory on the C: drive
of the computer.
dir /p

15. If the directory has a lot of files and you cannot read all the files as they scroll by, you can use
this command and it will display all files one page at a time.
dir /w
If you don't need the info on the date / time and other information on the files, you can use this
command to list just the files and directories going horizontally, taking as little as space needed.
dir /s /w /p
This would list all the files and directories in the current directory and the sub directories after
that, in wide format and one page at a time.
dir /on
List the files in alphabetical order by the names of the files.
dir /o-n
List the files in reverse alphabetical order by the names of the files.
dir /s |find "i" |more
A nice command to list all directories on the hard drive, one screen page at a time, and see the
number of files in each directory and the amount of space each occupies.
dir > myfile.txt
Takes the output of dir and re-routes it to the file myfile.txt instead of outputting it to the screen.
DISKCOMP
(External)
About diskcomp
Compares the contents of a floppy disk in the source drive to the contents of a floppy disk in the
target drive.

16. This command was not included with Microsoft Windows 95, Windows 98, or Windows ME.
However, if you upgraded Windows 95 from Windows 3.x, this file would still be available.
Availability
The diskcomp.com command is an external command and is available in the below Microsoft
operating systems.
MS-DOS 1.0 to 6.22
Windows 2000
Windows XP
Windows Vista
Windows 7
Syntax
DISKCOMP [drive1: [drive2:]]
Examples
DISKCOMP A: B: /1
Compares the first side of A: with B:
DISKCOPY
(External)
About diskcopy
The diskcopy utility allows a user to copy the complete contents of a diskette to another diskette.
It is not recommended that the diskcopy command be used for anything but a floppy diskette.
Availability
The diskcopy.com is an external command that is available in the below Microsoft operating
systems.

17. All Versions of MS-DOS
Windows 95
Windows 98
Windows ME
Windows NT
Windows 2000
Windows XP
Windows Vista
Windows 7
Syntax
Copies the contents of one floppy disk to another.
DISKCOPY [drive1: [drive2:]] [/1] [/V] [/M]
/1 Copiesonlythe firstside of the disk.
/V Verifiesthatthe informationiscopiedcorrectly.
/M Force multi-passcopyusingmemoryonly.
The two floppy disks must be the same type.
You may specify the same drive for drive1 and drive2.
Examples
diskcopy a:
This would make a copy of the disk that is currently in your drive.
Makes an exactcopyof a diskette.

18. DOSKEY
(External)
About doskey
Doskey is a MS-DOS utility that allows a user to keep a history of commands used on the
computer. This allows frequently used commands to be used without having to type the
commands in each time you need to use it.
Availability
The doskey.exe command is an external command and is available in the below Microsoft
operating systems.
MS-DOS 5.0 and above
Windows 95
Windows 98
Windows ME
Windows NT
Windows 2000
Windows XP
Windows Vista
Windows 7
Syntax
Edits command lines, recalls command lines, and creates macros
DOSKEY [/switch ...] [macroname=[text]]
/BUFSIZE:size Setssize of macro and commandbuffer (default:512)
/ECHO:on|off nables/disablesechoof macroexpansions (default:on)
/FILE:file Specifiesfilecontainingalistof macros

19. /HISTORY Displaysall commandsstoredinmemory
/INSERT Insertsnewcharactersintoline whentyping
/KEYSIZE:size Setssize of keyboard type-aheadbuffer (default:15)
/LINE:size Setsmaximumsize of line editbuffer (default:128)
/MACROS Displaysall DOSKeymacros
/OVERSTRIKE Overwritesnewcharactersontoline whentyping (default)
/REINSTALL Installsanewcopy of DOSKey
macroname Specifiesaname for a macro youcreate
text Specifiescommandsyouwanttoassignto the macro
UP,DOWN arrows recall commands
Esc clearscurrentcommand
F7 displayscommandhistory
Alt+F7 clearscommandhistory
[chars]F8 searchesforcommandbeginningwith[chars]
F9 selectsacommandby number
Alt+F10 clearsmacro definitions
Below are special codes you can use in DOSKey macro definitions.

20. $T Commandseparator:allowsmultiple commandsinamacro
$1-$9 Batch parameters:equivalentto%1-%9inbatch programs
$* Symbol replacedbyeverythingfollowingmacroname onthe commandline
Examples
doskey
Starts doskey and allows you to press the up or down command to see history, or right or left to
retype previous command.
Loads the Doskeyprogramintomemorywhichcan be usedto recall DOScommandsso that youcan edit
them.
ECHO
(Internal)
About echo
Echo is used to repeat the text typed in back to the screen and/or can be used to echo to a
peripheral on the computer, such as a COM port.
Availability
The echo command is an internal command that is available in the below Microsoft operating
systems.
All Versions of MS-DOS
Windows 95
Windows 98
Windows ME
Windows NT
Windows 2000
Windows XP

21. Windows Vista
Windows 7
Syntax
Displays messages, or turns command-echoing on or off.
ECHO [ON | OFF]
ECHO [message]
Type ECHO without parameters to display the current echo setting.
Examples
Echo ata > com1
Depending if your modem was on com1, this would make the modem try responding and you
should hear some squealing from the modem. To stop the squealing, just typ echo atz > com1.
Echo echo this is a test > test.bat
This would put in the file test.bat echo this is a test, then when ever you would type in test, it
would type in echo this is a test.
Echo testing the echo string
This would type on your screen, testing the echo string, and then take you back to the prompt.
EXIT
(Internal)
About exit
The exit command is used to withdrawal from the currently running application and/or the MS-
DOS session.
Availability
The exit command is an internal command and is available in the below Microsoft operating
systems.

22. All Versions of MS-DOS
Windows 95
Windows 98
Windows ME
Windows NT
Windows 2000
Windows XP
Windows Vista
Windows 7
Syntax
Quits the COMMAND.COM program (command interpreter).
EXIT
Examples
Exit
 When in another command interpreter, would exit you out of the new command
interpreter into the original.
 When entering DOS from Windows, would return you to Windows.
 If in the recovery console, would exit the recovery console and reboot the computer.
FC
(External)
About fc
FC, or file compare, is used to compare two files against each other. Once completed, fc will
return lines that differ between the two files. If no lines differ, you will receive a message
indicating no differences encountered.
Displaysthe differencesbetweentwofilesorsetsof files.

23. Availability
The fc.exe is an external command that is available in the below Microsoft operating systems.
MS-DOS 3.3x and above
Windows 95
Windows 98
Windows ME
Windows NT
Windows 2000
Windows XP
Windows Vista
Windows 7
Syntax
Compares two files or sets of files and displays the differences between them.
FC [/A] [/C] [/L] [/LBn] [/N] [/T] [/W] [/nnnn] [drive1:][path1]filename1
[drive2:][path2]filename2
FC /B [drive1:][path1]filename1 [drive2:][path2]filename2
/A Displaysonlyfirstandlastlinesforeachsetof differences.
/B Performsabinarycomparison.
/C Disregardsthe case of letters.
/L ComparesfilesasASCIItext.
/LBn Setsthe maximumconsecutivemismatchestothe specifiednumberof lines.
/N Displaysthe line numbersonanASCIIcomparison.
/T Doesnot expandtabsto spaces.
/W Compresseswhitespace (tabsandspaces) forcomparison.

24. /nnnn Specifiesthe numberof consecutive linesthatmustmatchaftera mismatch.
[drive1:][path1]filename1 Specifiesthe firstfile orsetof filestocompare.
[drive2:][path2]filename2 Specifies the secondfileorsetof filestocompare.
Examples
fc c:autoexec.bat c:config.sys
Give a file comparison between the the config.sys and the autoexec.bat in the current directory.
fc c:autoexec.bat c:config.sys /b
Give a file comparison between the the config.sys and the autoexec.bat in the current directory in
binary format.
FIND
(External)
About find
Allows you to search for text within a file. Although MS-DOS itself is not case sensitive, when
typing in the string that you are looking for with the find command, it is case sensitive.
Additionally, this command is used to find text within a file, not the actual file itself. If you are
wanting to search or find a file with a particular name, use the dir command.
Users who are running Microsoft Windows 2000 or Windows XP should also consider using the
improved findstr command.
Availability

25. The find command is an external command that is available in the below Microsoft operating
systems.
All Versions of MS-DOS
Windows 95
Windows 98
Windows ME
Windows NT
Windows 2000
Windows XP
Windows Vista
Windows 7
Syntax
Searches for a text string in a file or files.
FIND [/V] [/C] [/N] [/I] "string" [[drive:][path]filename[ ...]]
/V Displaysall linesNOTcontainingthe specified string.
/C Displaysonlythe countof linescontainingthe string.
/N Displaysline numberswiththe displayedlines.
/I Ignoresthe case of characters whensearchingforthe string.
"string" Specifiesthe textstringtofind.
[drive:][path]filename Specifiesafile orfilestosearch.
If a pathname is not specified, FIND searches the text typed at the prompt or piped from another
command.
Examples
find /c "REM" c:autoexec.bat

26. The above example would find any "REM" statement in the autoexec.bat.
find /v /c "&*fake&*" programs.txt
List each line not containing "&*fake&*", because it's very unlikely any file would contain this
string of text this would give you an accurate line count of the file.
find "hope" *.txt
Next this example searches for any text file (.txt) that contains the text hope in the current
directory. Below is an example of the output you may see. As can be seen from the below
example the only file that contains hope is the CH.TXT file.
---------- ACTIVE SETUP LOG.TXT
---------- CH.TXT
computer hope
---------- MODEMDET.TXT
---------- OEWABLOG.TXT
---------- SCHEDLGU.TXT
---------- SETUPLOG.TXT
Findsandreportsthe locationof a specificstringof textcharactersinone or more files.
FORMAT
(External)
About format
Format is used to erase all of the information off of a computer diskette or fixed drive.
Formats a disk to accept DOS files.

27. Availability
The format.com command is an external command that is available in the below Microsoft
operating systems.
All Versions of MS-DOS
Windows 95
Windows 98
Windows ME
Windows NT
Windows 2000
Windows XP
Windows Vista
Windows 7
Syntax
format [drive:] [/q] [/fs:file-system]
drive: Specifiesthe drive toformat.
/q Performsaquickformat.
/fs:file-system Specifiesthe file systemtouse (FAT,FAT32,or NTFS)
Examples
When using the format command, remember all information on the drive you wish to format will
be completely erased.
format a:
Would erase all the contents off a disk. Commonly used on a diskette that has not been formatted
or on a diskette you wish to erase.
format a: /q
Quickly erases all the contents of a floppy diskette. Commonly used to quickly erase all
information on the diskette.

28. format c:
This would erase all the contents of your C: hard disk drive. In other words, unless you wish to
erase all your computer's information, this command should not be done unless you're planning
to start over.
Additional information
GRAFTABL
(External)
GRAFTABL [(code page)]
GRAFTABL [status]
Loads a table of character data intomemory(foruse witha color/graphicsadapter).
GRAPHICS
(External)
GRAPHICS[printertype][profile] [/B][/R][/LCD][/PB:(id)] [/C][/F][/P(port)]
Providesawayto printcontentsof a graphicsscreendisplay.
HELP
(External)
HELP [command] [/B][/G][/H][/NOHI]
DisplaysinformationaboutaDOS command.
IF
(Internal)
IF [NOT] EXISTfilename (command) [parameters]
IF [NOT] (string1)==(string2) (command) [parameters]
IF [NOT] ERRORLEVEL (number) (command) [parameters]

29. Allowsforconditionaloperationsinbatchprocessing.
INCLUDE
(Internal)
INCLUDE= blockname
Usedin the CONFIG.SYSfile toallowyoutouse the commandsfrom one CONFIG.SYSblockwithin
another.
INSTALL
(Internal)
INSTALL=[d:][path]filename [parameters]
Usedin the CONFIG.SYSfile toloadmemory-residentprogramsintoconventional memory.
INTERLINK
(External)
INTERLINK[client[:]=[server][:]]
Connectstwocomputersvia parallel orserial portssothat the computerscan share disksandprinter
ports.
INTERSVR
(External)
INTERSVR[d:][...][/X=d:][...] [/LPT:[n|address]] [/COM:[n|address]][/baud:rate] [/B][/V]
INTERSVR/RCOPY
Starts the Interlinkserver.
JOIN
(External)
JOIN d: [d:path]
JOIN d: [/D]

30. Allowsaccesstothe directorystructure andfilesof a drive througha directoryona differentdrive.
KEYB
(External)
KEYB [xx][,][yyy][,][d:][path]filename [/E][/ID:(number)]
Loads a program that replacesthe supportprogramforU. S.keyboards.
LABEL
(External)
LABEL [d:][volumelabel]
Createsor changesor deletesavolume label foradisk.
LASTDRIVE
(Internal)
LASTDRIVE=(drive letter)
Usedin the CONFIG.SYSfile tosetthe maximumnumberof drivesthatcanbe accessed.
LOADFIX
(Internal)
LOADFIX[d:][path]filename[parameters]
Ensuresthat a program isloadedabove the first64K of conventionalmemory,andrunsthe program.
LOADHIGH
(Internal)
LOADHIGH (LH) [d:][path]filename [parameters]
Loads memoryresidentapplicationintoreservedareaof memory(between640K-1M).

31. MEM
(External)
MEM [/program|/debug|/classify|/free|/module(name)] [/page]
Displaysamountof installedandavailablememory,includingextended,expanded,anduppermemory.
MEMMAKER
(External)
MEMMAKER [/B][/batch][/session][/swap:d] [/T][/undo][/W:size1,size2]
Starts the MemMaker program,a program that letsyouoptimize yourcomputer'smemory.
MENUCOLOR
(Internal)
MENUCOLOR=textcolor,[background]
Usedin the CONFIG.SYSfile tosetthe colorsthat will be usedbyDOSto displaytextonthe screen.
MENUDEFAULT
(Internal)
MENUDEFAULT=blockname,[timeout]
Usedin the CONFIG.SYSfile tosetthe startup configurationthatwill be usedbyDOSif no keyispressed
withinthe specifiedtimeoutperiod.
MENUITEM
(Internal)
MENUITEM=blockname,[menutext]
Usedin the CONFIG.SYSfile tocreate a start-upmenufromwhichyoucan selecta groupof CONFIG.SYS
commandsto be processeduponreboot.

32. MIRROR
(External)
MIRROR [d:]path[d:] path[...]
MIRROR [d1:][d2:][...] [/T(drive)(files)] [/partn][/U][/1]
Savesdiskstorage informationthatcanbe usedto recoveraccidentallyerasedfiles.
MKDIR
(MD) (Internal)
MKDIR (MD) [d:]path
Createsa newsubdirectory.
MODE
(External)
MODE n
MODE LPT#[:][n][,][m][,][P][retry]
MODE [n],m[,T]
MODE (displaytype,linetotal)
MODE COMn[:]baud[,][parity][,][databits][,][stopbits][,][retry]
MODE LPT#[:]=COMn[retry]
MODE CON[RATE=(number)][DELAY=(number)]
MODE (device)CODEPAGEPREPARE=(codepage)[d:][path]filename
MODE (device)CODEPAGEPREPARE=(codepage list) [d:][path]filename
MODE (device)CODEPAGESELECT=(codepage)
MODE (device)CODEPAGE[/STATUS]
MODE (device)CODEPAGEREFRESH
Setsmode of operationfordevicesorcommunications.
MORE
(External)
MORE < (filenameorcommand)
(name)|MORE

33. Sendsoutputto console,one screenata time.
MOVE
(Internal)
MOVE [/Y|/-Y] [d:][path]filename[,[d:][path]filename[...]] destination
Movesone or more filestothe locationyouspecify.Canalsobe usedtorename directories.
MSAV
(External)
MSAV [d:] [/S|/C][/R][/A][/L][/N][/P][/F][/video][/mouse]
MSAV /video
Scans yourcomputerfor knownviruses.
MSBACKUP
(External)
MSBACKUP [setupfile] [/BW|/LCD|/MDA]
Usedto backup or restore one or more filesfromone disktoanother.
MSCDEX
(External)
MSCDEX /D:driver[/D:driver2...] [/E][/K][/S][/V][/L:letter] [/M:number]
Usedto gain accessto CD-ROMdrives(new withDOSVersion6).

34. MSD
(External)
MSD [/B][/I]
MSD [/I] [/F[d:][path]filename [/P[d:][path]filename[/S[d:][path]filename
Providesdetailedtechnical informationaboutyourcomputer.
NLSFUNC
(External)
NLSFUNC[d:][path]filename
Usedto load a file withcountry-specificinformation.
NUMLOCK
(Internal)
NUMLOCK=on|off
Usedin the CONFIG.SYSfile tospecifythe state of the NumLockkey.
PATH
(Internal)
PATH;
PATH [d:]path[;][d:]path[...]
Setsor displaysdirectoriesthatwill be searchedforprogramsnotinthe currentdirectory.
PAUSE
(Internal)
PAUSE [comment]

35. Suspendsexecutionof abatchfile until akeyispressed.
POWER
(External)
POWER [adv:max|reg|min]|std|off]
Usedto turn powermanagementonandoff,reportthe status of powermanagement,andsetlevelsof
powerconservation.
PRINT
(External)
PRINT[/B:(buffersize)] [/D:(device)][/M:(maxtick)] [/Q:(value] [/S:(timeslice)][/U:(busytick)] [/C][/P][/T]
[d:][path][filename] [...]
Queuesandprintsdata files.
PROMPT
(Internal)
PROMPT [prompttext] [options]
Changesthe DOS commandprompt.
RECOVER
(External)
RECOVER[d:][path]filename
RECOVERd:
Resolvessectorproblemsonafile ora disk.(BeginningwithDOSVersion6,RECOVERisno longer
available ).

36. REM
(Internal)
REM [comment]
Usedin batch filesandinthe CONFIG.SYSfile toinsertremarks(thatwill notbe actedon).
RENAME (REN)
(Internal)
RENAME (REN) [d:][path]filename [d:][path]filename
Changesthe filenameunderwhichafile isstored.
REPLACE
(External)
REPLACE [d:][path]filename[d:][path] [/A][/P][/R][/S][/U][/W]
Replacesstoredfileswithfilesof the same name fromadifferentstorage location.
RESTORE
(External)
RESTORE d: [d:][path]filename [/P][/S][/B:mm-dd-yy][/A:mm-dd-yy][/E:hh:mm:ss] [/L:hh:mm:ss]
[/M][/N][/D]
Restorestostandarddiskstorage format filespreviouslystoredusingthe BACKUPcommand.
RMDIR (RD)
(Internal)
RMDIR (RD) [d:]path

37. Removesasubdirectory.
SCANDISK
(External)
SCANDISK[d:[d:. . .]|/all][/checkonly|/autofix[/nosave]|/custom][/surface][/mono][/nosummay]
SCANDISKvolume-name[/checkonly|/autofix[/nosave]|/custom][/mono][/nosummary]
SCANDISK/fragment[d:][path]filename
SCANDISK/undo[undo-d:][/mono]
Starts the MicrosoftScanDiskprogram whichisa diskanalysisandrepairtool usedtocheck a drive for
errorsand correct any problemsthatitfinds.
SELECT
(External)
SELECT [d:] [d:][path] [countrycode][keyboardcode]
Formatsa diskandinstallscountry-specificinformationandkeyboardcodes(startingwithDOS Version
6, thiscommand isno longeravailable).
SET
(Internal)
SET (string1)=(string2)
Insertsstringsintothe commandenvironment.The setvaluescanbe usedlaterbyprograms.
SETVER
(External)
SETVER [d:]:path][filename(number)][/delete][/quiet]
Displaysthe versiontable andsetsthe versionof DOSthatisreportedto programs.

38. SHARE
(External)
SHARE [/F:space] [/L:locks]
Installssupportforfile sharingandfile locking.
SHELL
(Internal)
SHELL=[d:][path]filename[parameters]
Usedin the CONFIG.SYSfile tospecifythe commandinterpreterthatDOSshoulduse.
SHIFT
(Internal)
SHIFT
Increasesnumberof replaceable parameterstomore thanthe standard tenfor use inbatch files.
SORT
(External)
SORT [/R][/+n] <(filename)
SORT [/R][/+n] >(filename2)
Sorts inputandsendsitto the screenor to a file.
STACKS
(Internal)
STACKS=(number),(size)

39. Usedin the CONFIG.SYSfile tosetthe numberof stack framesandthe size of eachstack frame.
SUBMENU
(Internal)
SUBMENU=blockname,[menutext]
Usedin the CONFIG.SYSfile tocreate a multilevel menufromwhichyoucanselectstart-upoptions.
SUBST
(External)
SUBST d: d:path
SUBST d: /D
Substitutesavirtual drive letterfora pathdesignation.
SWITCHES
(Internal)
SWITCHES= [/K][/F][/N][/W]
Usedin the CONFIG.SYSfile toconfigure DOSina special way;forexample,totell DOStoemulate
differenthardware configurations.
SYS
(External)
SYS [source] d:
Transfersthe operatingsystemfilestoanotherdisk.

40. TIME
(Internal)
TIME hh:mm[:ss][.cc][A|P]
Displayscurrenttime settingof systemclockandprovidesawayforyou to resetthe time.
TREE
(External)
TREE [d:][path] [/A][/F]
Displaysdirectorypathsand(optionally)filesineachsubdirectory.
TYPE
(Internal)
TYPE [d:][path]filename
Displaysthe contentsof a file.
UNDELETE
(External)
UNDELETE [d:][path][filename] [/DT|/DS|/DOS]
UNDELETE [/list|/all|/purge[d:]|/status|/load|/U|/S[d:]|/Td:[-entries]]
Restoresfilesdeletedwiththe DELETE command.
UNFORMAT
(External)
UNFORMAT d: [/J][/L][/test][/partn][/P][/U]

41. Usedto undo the effectsof formattingadisk.
VER
(Internal)
VER
Displaysthe DOSversionnumber.
VERIFY
(Internal)
VERIFYon|off
Turns on the verifymode;the programchecksall copyingoperationstoassure thatfilesare copied
correctly.
VOL
(Internal)
VOL [d:]
Displaysadisk'svolume label.
VSAFE
(External)
VSAFE[/option[+|-]...] [/NE][/NX][Ax|/Cx][/N][/D][/U]
VSAFEisa memory-residentprogramthatcontinuouslymonitorsyourcomputerforvirusesanddisplays
a warningwhenitfindsone.

42. XCOPY
(External)
XCOPY[d:][path]filename [d:][path][filename][/A][/D:(date)][/E][/M][/P][/S][/V][/W][Y-Y]
Copiesdirectories,subdirectories,andfiles.
List of DOS commands
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Wikibooks has a book on the topic of
Guide to Windows Commands
Contents
[hide]
 1 Resident and transient commands
 2 Command line arguments
 3 Windows command prompt
o 3.1 Command line help
 4 Commands
o 4.1 append
o 4.2 assign
o 4.3 attrib
o 4.4 backup and restore
o 4.5 BASIC and BASICA
o 4.6 Call
o 4.7 cd or chdir
o 4.8 chcp
o 4.9 chkdsk
o 4.10 choice
o 4.11 cls
o 4.12 copy
o 4.13 ctty

43. o 4.14 defrag
o 4.15 del or erase
o 4.16 deltree
o 4.17 dir
o 4.18 echo
o 4.19 edit
o 4.20 edlin
o 4.21 exe2bin
o 4.22 exit
o 4.23 fastopen
o 4.24 fc or comp
o 4.25 fdisk
o 4.26 find
o 4.27 format
o 4.28 help
o 4.29 intersvr & interlnk
o 4.30 join
o 4.31 label
o 4.32 loadfix
o 4.33 loadhigh, lh
o 4.34 md or mkdir
o 4.35 mem
o 4.36 memmaker
o 4.37 mode
o 4.38 more
o 4.39 move
o 4.40 msd
o 4.41 path
o 4.42 pause
o 4.43 pcpark
o 4.44 print
o 4.45 rd or rmdir
o 4.46 rem
o 4.47 ren
o 4.48 scandisk
o 4.49 set
o 4.50 setver
o 4.51 share
o 4.52 smartdrive
o 4.53 sort
o 4.54 subst

44. o 4.55 sys
o 4.56 time and date
o 4.57 tree
o 4.58 truename
o 4.59 type
o 4.60 undelete
o 4.61 Ver
o 4.62 verify
o 4.63 xcopy
 5 See also
 6 References
 7 External links
In the personal computer operating systems MS-DOS and PC-DOS, a number of standard system
commands were provided for common tasks such as listing files on a disk or moving files. Some
commands were built-in to the command interpreter, others existed as transient commands
loaded into memory when required. Over the several generations of MS DOS, commands were
added for the additional functions of the operating system. In the current Microsoft Windows
operating system a text-mode command prompt window can still be used. Some DOS commands
carry out functions equivalent to those in a UNIX system but always with differences in details
of the function.
[edit] Resident and transient commands
The command interpreter for MS DOS runs when no application programs are running; after an
application exits, if the memory used for the command interpreter was overwritten, MS DOS will
re-load the command interpreter from disk storage. The command interpreter is usually stored in
a file called "COMMAND.COM". Some commands are built-into COMMAND.COM. When the
user types a line of text at the operating system command prompt, COMMAND.COM will parse
the line, and attempt to match a command name to a built-in command or to the name of an
excecutable program file or batch file on disk. If no match is found, an error message is printed
and the command prompt is refreshed.
Resident commands varied slightly between revisions of MS DOS. Typically, the functions DIR
(list directory), ERASE or DEL (erase a file or directory), COPY (copy files), DATE (display or
set date), TIME (display or set time), CD (change working directory), MD (make a directory on
the current disk), REN (rename a file or directory) and some others were resident in
COMMAND.COM.

45. Other programs were too large to keep in the command processor, or were less frequently used.
Such utility programs would be stored on disk and loaded just like regular application programs,
but were distributed with the operating system. Copies of these utility command programs had to
be on an accessible disk, either on the current logged-in floppy drive or on the command path set
in the command interpreter.
[edit] Command line arguments
Main article: Command-line interface
Parts of an MS DOS command line, showing a system prompt, command and command line
arguments, drive letters, file spec with wildcard character and command line switches.
In the list below, when a command can accept more than one filename, or a filename including
wildcards (* and ?), it is said to accept a filespec parameter. Commands that can accept only a
single filename are said to accept a filename parameter. Additionally, zero or more command
line switches, or other parameter strings, can be supplied on the command line. Spaces, and
symbols such as a "/" or a "-" may be used to allow the command processor to parse the
command line into file names, file specifications, and other options.
In DOS commands, unlike Unix, lower-case and capital letters are equivalent for file name
specifiers; DOS commands preserve case, but do not require file specifiers to match case. Often
parameters or arguments are also independent of case, especially in those programs developed
only for DOS. Utility programs that also have versions running under UNIX-like operating
systems often use upper and lower case arguments to mean different things. Sometimes a hyphen
("-") may be used instead of a slash ("/"); very early versions of DOS made the setting of the
delimiter character a user-controlled option.
Commands which are not built into the command interpreter may follow the same conventions.
For some commands, a UNIX command with similar functions is given. Comparisons are
approximate. While many commands are the same across many DOS systems (MS-DOS, PC-
DOS, DR-DOS, FreeDOS, etc.) some differ in command syntax or name.
[edit] Windows command prompt
Microsoft Windows supports a number of commands which may be invoked by typing them in a
command window; they are usually similar to their MS-DOS equivalents. Typing help followed

46. by a carriage return at a command prompt will list the commands. File and path names used as
arguments may be long, unlike MS-DOS 8.3 names, and may contain embedded spaces; names
with spaces must be enclosed between a pair of double-quote characters (").
Two command-line interfaces can be used in current versions of Microsoft Windows, providing
access to the functions of the MS-DOS commands. The old DOS command.com interpreter is
similar to that used by the original DOS systems. Since this 16-bit executable is based on the
DOS command.com, it does not support all the extended file name syntax of Windows.
Windows applications and other Windows executables can be started. The Windows Console
Command Interpreter, cmd.exe, is a native Windows Process that provides the functionality built
in the old DOS command.com and a much extended syntax to run, invoke commands and other
tasks.
[edit] Command line help
In versions 5 of DOS and later, the user can get help by typing help at the shell prompt. To get
help on a DOS command, the command-line switch /? can be used. For example, to get help for
the xcopy command, type the following at the DOS prompt:
xcopy /?
The operating system will execute the command and the /? parameter instructs the command to
display a help page about itself, in this case xcopy. To view this help page, see the xcopy entry
on this page.
[edit] Commands
A partial list of the most common commands for DOS follows.
[edit] append
Display or sets the search path for data files. DOS will search the specified path(s) if the file is
not found in the current path. This had some creative uses, such as allowing non-CD based
games to be run from the CD, with configuration/save files stored on the HD.
append;
append [d:]path[;][d:]path[...]
append [/X:on|off][/E]
[edit] assign
The command redirects requests for disk operations on one drive to a different drive.

47. assign [x[:]=y[:][...]]
assign /STATUS
Options:
 x The drive letter to reassign.
 y The drive letter that x: will be assigned to.
 /STATUS Displays the current drive assignments.
If typed without parameters then all drive letters are reset to original assignments.
The command is available in MS-DOS 5.00.
[edit] attrib
Change or view the attributes of one or more files. It defaults to displaying the attributes
of all files in the current directory.
ATTRIB [+R|-R] [+A|-A] [+S|-S] [+H|-H][drive:][path][filename] [/S [/D]]
Options:
 To add an attribute attach a '+' in front of it.
 To remove an attribute attach a '-' in front of it
 Attributes include
o R - Read-only
o A - Archive
o S - System
o H - Hidden
o /D - Process folders as well.
o /S - Process matching files in the current folder and all subfolders.
Note: Everything inside a brace [option] is an optional item. Roughly equivalent to the Unix
commands chattr and lsattr.
[edit] backup and restore
Programs to back up and restore files from an external disk. These appeared in version 2,
and continued to PC-DOS 5 and MS-DOS 6 (PC-DOS 7 had a deversioned check).
In DOS 6, these were replaced by commercial programs (CPBACKUP, MSBACKUP),
which allowed files to be restored to different locations.

48. [edit] BASIC and BASICA
An implementation of the BASIC programming language for PCs.
IBM computers had BASIC 1.1 in ROM, and IBM's versions of BASIC used code in this
ROM-BASIC, which allowed for extra memory in the code area. BASICA last appeared
in IBMDOS 5.02, and in OS/2 (2.0 and later), the version had ROMBASIC moved into
the program code.
Microsoft released GW-BASIC for machines with no ROM-BASIC. Some OEM releases
had basic.com and basica.com as loaders for GW-BASIC.EXE.
[edit] Call
Calls one batch program from another. A new batch file context is created with the
specified arguments and control is passed to the statement after the label specified.
Syntax:
call [filespec][batch file parameters]
 filespec: name and if necessary path of the new batch file
 parameters: switches
[edit] cd or chdir
Change current working directory. Displays the current working directory when used
without a path parameter.
cd
displays the current working directory on the current drive.
cd directory
changes the working directory on the current drive to directory.
chdir e:directory
changes the working directory on E: to directory.
cd ..
changes the working directory to the parent directory (up one directory level).

49. cd
changes the working directory to the root (top level) directory of the current drive.
Equivalent to the Unix command cd (with a path parameter), or pwd (without a
parameter). cd .. changes to the parent directory.
[edit] chcp
Changes the code page used to display character glyphs in a console window.
chcp [codepage]
With a numeric parameter, this command changes the codepage setting to codepage. Without a
parameter, the command displays the currently active codepage.
[edit] chkdsk
Verifies a storage volume (hard disk, partition, floppy disk, flash drive, etc) for file
system integrity.
Options:
 /F : Fixes errors on the volume (without /F , chkdsk only detects errors)
 /P : Forces a full verification
 /R : Searches for defective sectors and recovers legible information (applies /F)
 /X : Unmounts the volume before processing if needed. (Note: Unmounting temporarily
invalidates all pointers/handlers to the volume until process is completed)
chkdsk volume letter: [[path]filename] [/F] [/P] [/R] [/X]
Equivalent to the Unix command fsck
[edit] choice
Allows for batch files to prompt the user to select one item from a set of single-character
choices.
Introduced in MS-DOS 6;[1] DR-DOS 7.03.[2] Earlier versions of DR-DOS supported this
function with the switch command (for numeric choices) or by beginning a command
with a question mark.[2]
[edit] cls
Clears the screen.

50. cls
Equivalent to the Unix clear.
[edit] copy
Copies files from one location to another. The destination defaults to the current
directory. If multiple source files are indicated, the destination must be a directory, or an
error will result.
Syntax:
copy from [sourcefilename] to [destinationfolder]
Files may be copied to devices. For example, copy file lpt1 sends the file to the
printer on LPT1. copy file con outputs file to the screen ("console"), which can also be
done using type file. Devices themselves may be copied: copy con file takes the
text typed into the console and puts it into file, stopping when EOF (Ctrl+Z) is typed.
Files may be concatenated using +. For example, copy file1+file2 file_cat will
concatenate the files and output them as file_cat. There are two switches to modify the
command's behaviour, /a (text mode, the default) and /b (binary mode). In text mode,
copy will stop when it reaches the EOF character; in binary mode, the files will be
concatenated in their entirety, ignoring EOF characters.
Examples of usage:
copy /a alpha.txt + beta.txt gamma.txt
copy /b alpha.mpg + beta.mpg gamma.mpg
Equivalent Unix commands are cp (for copying) and cat (for concatenation). Device
files may be copied in Unix as well, e.g. cp file /dev/tty will display a file on the
screen (but cat file is more commonly used here).
Equivalent RT-11/RSX-11/OpenVMS command is copy.
Examples of usage:
copy con filename.extension
Everything typed at the console is sent to the file, until a control Z character is typed.
[edit] ctty
Defines the device to use for input and output.
Syntax:
ctty device
 device: The terminal device to be used.
Example of usage:
ctty COM1
hello

51. [edit] defrag
(in MS/PC-DOS; diskopt in DR-DOS)
Defragments a disk drive.
Options:
 -A – Analyses the fragmentation of a disk drive
 -F – Force defragmentation even if disk space is low
 -V – Verbose output mode
 -H – Defrag hidden files
Example of usage:
defrag driveletter: -a -v
No Unix equivalent.
[edit] del or erase
Deletes one or more files.
This command is used to delete a particular or more files.
Syntax:
del filename
erase filename
Options
*.* All files in current folder
*.* /s all files in current folder and sub folders,
Equivalent to the Unix command rm.
Equivalent in RT-11/RSX-11/OpenVMS operating systems line is delete command
which can be contracted to del.
[edit] deltree
Deletes a directory along with all of the files and subdirectories that it contains.
Normally, it will ask for confirmation of such a drastic action.
deltree [/y] directory

52. The /y parameter, if present, tells the deltree command to carry out without first prompting for
confirmation.
The deltree command is not included in recent Microsoft Windows operating systems.
Deleting a non-empty directory in those versions of Windows where the command is not
included, can be achieved by using the rmdir command as in the following example:
rmdir /s [/q] directory
In Unix, the functionality of deltree is provided by the rm command with the parameter -r (or
-rf for the /y switch).
[edit] dir
Lists the contents of a directory.
The dir command typed by itself, displays the disk's volume label and serial number; one
directory or filename per line, including the filename extension, the file size in bytes, and the
date and time the file was last modified; and the total number of files listed, their cumulative
size, and the free space (in bytes) remaining on the disk. The command is one of the few
commands that exist from the first versions of DOS.
dir [drive:][path][filename] [parameters]
Most commonly used parameters of dir include:
 /W : Displays the listing in wide format, with as many as five filenames or directory
names on each line.
 /P : Pause at every page
 /S : Also look in subdirectories
 /Axx: Display files with the specified attributes only
 /Oxx: Modifies sort order
 /B : Uses bare format (no heading information or summary)
 > [drive:][path][filename] : To Store Result in a text file;(c:dir > c:fileList.txt)
(this is not a parameter, it is output redirection)
Possible attributes for the A parameter are D (directories), R (read-only files), H (hidden files), A
(files/directories with the archive bit on), and S (system files). The prefix - negates an attribute;
attributes can be combined (e.g. /A:DA means directories with the archive bit on).
Possible sort orders are N (name), S (size), E (extension), D (date and time), A (last access date),
and G (group directories first). The prefix - reverses the order.

53. Other less commonly used parameters of dir include:
 /D : Display wide format but sorted by column
 /L : Display forced into lowercase
 /N : Display forced into long file name format instead of 8.3
 /Q : Displays the owner of each file
 /X : Display shows 8.3 names next to long file names
The default parameters of dir can be set using the DIRCMD environment variable.
Equivalent to the Unix command ls (the option -l is "long" list format, it works the opposite
way from /w.)
Equivalent in RT-11/RSX-11/OpenVMS operating systems line is directory command which
can be contracted to dir.
[edit] echo
Prints its own arguments back out to the DOS equivalent of the standard output stream.
Usually, this means directly to the screen, but the output of echo can be redirected like
any other command. Often used in batch files to print text out to the user.
echo this is text Outputs 'this is text'
echo. Outputs a blank line
Another important use of the echo command is to toggle echoing of commands on and
off in batch files.
echo on turns on echoing of commands
echo off turns off echoing of commands
Traditionally batch files begin with the @echo off statement. This says to the interpreter
that echoing of commands should be off during the whole execution of the batch file thus
resulting in a "tidier" output. The @ symbol declares that this particular command (echo
off) should also be executed without echo. For example the following 2 batch files are
equivalent:
Batch1.bat:
@echo off
echo The files in your root directory:
dir /b /a-d c:
Batch2.bat:
@echo The files in your root directory:
@dir /b /a-d c:
Echo can be used to write to files directly from the console, by redirecting the output
stream:
echo text > filename
Echo can also be used to append to files directly from the console, again by redirecting
the output stream:

54. echo text >> filename
To type more than one line from the console into a file, use copy con (above).
Equivalent to the Unix command echo.
[edit] edit
Full-screen text editor, included with MS-DOS 5 and 6, OS/2 and Windows NT to 4.0
 Windows 95 and later, and W2k and later use Edit v 2.0
 PC-DOS 6 and later use the DOS E Editor.
 DR-DOS used editor up to version 7.
[edit] edlin
DOS line-editor. It can be used with a script file, like debug, this makes it of some use
even today. The absence of a console editor in MS/PC-DOS 1-4 created an after-market
for third-party editors.
In DOS 5, an extra command "?" was added to give the user much needed help.
DOS 6 was the last version to contain EDLIN, for MS-DOS 6, it's on the supplemental
disks, PC-DOS 6 had it in the base install. Windows NT 32-bit, and OS/2 have Edlin.
[edit] exe2bin
Converts an executable (.exe) file into a binary file with the extension .com, which is a
memory image of the program.
The size of the resident code and data sections combined in the input .exe file must be
less than 64KB. The file must also have no stack segment.
[edit] exit
Exits the current command processor. If the exit is used at the primary command, it has
no effect unless in a DOS window under Microsoft Windows, in which case the window
is closed and the user returns to the desktop.
exit [/B]
/B When used within a batch script, exits the script without closing the
calling DOS window
Exit also exists in Unix-shells. If an exit command is used in the primary command shell
under Unix, however, it will logoff the user, similar to the control-D keystroke.
[edit] fastopen
Main article: FASTOPEN

55. [edit] fc or comp
Compares two files or sets of files and displays the differences between them.
FC [/A] [/C] [/L] [/LBn] [/N] [/T] [/W] [/nnnn] [drive1:][path1]filename1
[drive2:][path2]filename2
FC /B [drive1:][path1]filename1 [drive2:][path2]filename2
/A Displays only first and last lines for each set of differences.
/B Performs a binary comparison.
/C Disregards the case of letters.
/L Compares files as ASCII text.
/LBn Sets the maximum consecutive mismatches to the specified number of
lines.
/N Displays the line numbers on an ASCII comparison.
/T Does not expand tabs to spaces.
/W Compresses white space (tabs and spaces) for comparison.
/nnnn Specifies the number of consecutive lines that must match after a
mismatch.
[drive1:][path1]filename1 Specifies the first file or set of files to
compare.
[drive2:][path2]filename2 Specifies the second file or set of files to
compare.[citation needed]
Equivalent to the Unix commands comm, cmp and diff.
[edit] fdisk
Manipulates hard disk partition tables. The name derives from IBM's habit of calling hard
drives fixed disks. When run from the command line, it displays a menu of various
partitioning operations:
1. Create DOS partition or Logical DOS Drive
2. Set active partition
3. Delete partition or Logical DOS Drive
4. Display partition information
5. Change current fixed disk drive (only available if the computer has more
than one hard drive)
FDISK /MBR installs a standard master boot record on the hard drive.
FDISK /MBR #: where # is other partition on system. Completes above command on
indicated partition.
e.g.: "C:FDISK /MBR D:" would install boot record on D:
partition.
Fdisk exists under Unix with the same name, but it is an entirely different program.
However they share purposes.
[edit] find
A filter to find lines in the input data stream that contain or don't contain a specified
string and send these to the output data stream.

56. Find may also be used as a pipe.
find "keyword" < ''inputfilename'' > ''outputfilename''
Searches for a text string in a file or files.
FIND [/V] [/C] [/N] [/I] "string" [[drive:][path]filename[ ...]]
/V Displays all lines NOT containing the specified string.
/C Displays only the count of lines containing the string.
/N Displays line numbers with the displayed lines.
/I Ignores the case of characters when searching for the string.
"string" Specifies the text string to find.
[drive:][path]filename Specifies a file or files to search.
If a pathname is not specified, FIND searches the text typed at the prompt
or piped from another command.
Equivalent to the Unix command grep. The Unix command find performs an entirely
different function analogous to dir /s.
[edit] format
Delete all the files on the disk and reformat it for MS-DOS
In most cases, this should only be used on floppy drives or other removable media. This
command can potentially erase everything on a computer's hard disk.
/autotest and /backup are undocumented features. Both will format the drive without a
confirmation prompt.
format [options] drive
FORMAT drive: [/V[:label]] [/Q] [/F:size] [/B | /S] [/C]
FORMAT drive: [/V[:label]] [/Q] [/T:tracks /N:sectors] [/B | /S] [/C]
FORMAT drive: [/V[:label]] [/Q] [/1] [/4] [/B | /S] [/C]
FORMAT drive: [/Q] [/1] [/4] [/8] [/B | /S] [/C]
/V[:label] Specifies the volume label.
/Q Performs a quick format.
/F:size Specifies the size of the floppy disk to format (such
as 160, 180, 320, 360, 720, 1.2, 1.44, 2.88).
/B Allocates space on the formatted disk for system files.
/S Copies system files to the formatted disk.
/T:tracks Specifies the number of tracks per disk side.
/N:sectors Specifies the number of sectors per track.
/1 Formats a single side of a floppy disk.
/4 Formats a 5.25-inch 360K floppy disk in a high-density drive.
/8 Formats eight sectors per track.
/C Tests clusters that are currently marked "bad."
There is also an undocumented /u parameter for "unconditional" that will write strings of
zeros on every sector. This is now an official switch in Windows Vista and 7 but with the
parameter /p instead.
Equivalent to the Unix command mkfs.

57. Equivalent in RT-11/RSX-11/OpenVMS operating systems line is format command
which can not create filesystem. After formatting one should use initialize (contracted
to init) command to create filesystem (Equivalent to MS-DOS command format /q or
"quick format").
[edit] help
Gives help about DOS.
MS-DOS
help 'command' would give help on a specific command. By itself, it lists the contents of
DOSHELP.HLP. Help for a specific command invokes the command with the /? option.
In MS-DOS 6.x this command exists as FASTHELP.
MS-DOS 6.xx help command uses QBASIC to view a quickhelp HELP.HLP file, which
contains more extensive information on the commands, with some hyperlinking etc. The
MS-DOS 6.22 help system is included on Windows 9x cdrom versions as well.
PC-DOS
PC-DOS 7.xx help uses view.exe to open OS/2 style .INF files (cmdref.inf, dosrexx.inf
and doserror.inf), opening these to the appropriate pages.
DR-DOS
In DR-DOS, help is a batch file that launches DR-DOS' online reference, dosbook.
Microsoft Windows
Windows NT, all versions, uses DOS 5 style help, but versions before VISTA have also a
Windows help file (NTCMDS.HLP or NTCMDS.INF) in a similar style to MS-DOS 6.
FreeDOS
FreeDOS uses an HTML help system, which views HTML help files on a specified path.
The path is stored in HELPPATH environment variable, if not specified, default path is
HELP on the drive which HELP is placed.
Partially equivalent to the Unix command man.
[edit] intersvr & interlnk
(in MS-DOS; filelink in DR-DOS)
Network PCs using a null modem cable or LapLink cable. The server-side version of
InterLnk, it also immobilizes the machine it's running on as it is an active app (As
opposed to a TSR) which must be running for any transfer to take place. DR-DOS'
filelink is executed on both the client and server.
New in PC-DOS 5.02, MS-DOS 6.0[3]
No direct Unix equivalent, though some Unices offer the ability to network computers
with TCP/IP through null modem or Laplink cables using PLIP or SLIP.
[edit] join

58. Attaches a drive letter to a specified directory on another drive.[3]
JOIN d: [d:path]
JOIN [/D] (removes drive assignment)
If JOIN a: c:floppy were executed, c:floppy would display the contents of the a:
drive. The opposite can be achieved via the subst command.
[edit] label
Changes the label on a logical drive, such as a hard disk partition or a floppy disk.
In Unix and Unix-like systems, this differs from filesystem to filesystem. e2label can be
used for ext2 partitions.
[edit] loadfix
Loads a program above the first 64K of memory, and runs the program.
loadfix [drive:][path]filename
Included only in MS/PC-DOS. DR-DOS used memmax, which opened or closed lower,
upper, and video memory access, to block the lower 64K of memory.[4]
[edit] loadhigh, lh
Main article: loadhigh
hiload in DR-DOS.
[edit] md or mkdir
Makes a new directory. The parent of the directory specified will be created if it does not
already exist.
md directory
Equivalent to the Unix command mkdir.
[edit] mem
Displays memory usage.
mem
Options:
 /CLASSIFY or /C - Lists the size of programs, provides a summary of memory in use
and lists largest memory block available.
 /DEBUG or /D - Displays status of programs, internal drivers, and other information.
 /PROGRAM or /P Displays status of programs currently loaded in memory.

59. Equivalent to the Unix command free.
[edit] memmaker
Starting from version 6, MS-DOS included the external program MemMakerwhich was
used to free system memory (especially Conventional memory) by automatically
reconfiguring the AUTOEXEC.BAT and CONFIG.SYS files. This was usually done by
moving TSR Programs to the Upper memory. The whole process required three system
restarts. Before the first restart the user was asked whether he/she wanted to enable EMS
Memory or not.
The use of MemMakerwas popular among gamers who wanted to enable or disable
Expanded memory in order to run a game which required EMS or not. Better results
could be achieved by an experienced user manually configuring the startup files to
achieve greater free memory yield.
Options:
 /BATCH Runs MemMaker in batch (unattended) mode. In batch mode, MemMaker takes
the default action at all prompts.
 /UNDO Instructs MemMaker to undo its most recent changes.
PC-DOS uses another program RamBoost to optimize memory, either the
HIMEM/EMM386 or a third-party memory manager.
[edit] mode
Configures system devices. Changes graphics modes, adjusts keyboard settings, prepares
code pages, and sets up port redirection.[5]
[edit] more
Pages through the output so that you can view more than one screen of text.
command | more
Equivalent to the Unix commands more and less.
More may also be used as a filter.
more < inputfilename
[edit] move
Moves files or renames directories.
move filename newname
move driveletter:olddir driveletter:newdir

60. Example of usage:
move c:old c:new
Equivalent to the Unix command mv. DR-DOS used a separate command for renaming
directories, rendir.
[edit] msd
Main article: Microsoft Diagnostics
Provides detailed technical information about the computer's hardware and software.
msd
New in MS-DOS 6;[6] the PC-DOS version of this command is QCONFIG.[citationneeded]
No Unix equivalent, however in GNU/Linux similar type of information may be obtained
from various text files in /proc directory.
[edit] path
Displays or sets a search path for executable files.
[edit] pause
Suspends processing of a batch program and displays the message 'Press any key to
continue. . .'.
[edit] pcpark
Parks the hard disk heads in order to enable safe shutdown; only used on early versions.
pcpark
No Unix equivalent.
MS-DOS 3.2 (and possibly others) used the command HHSET
[edit] print
Adds a file in the print queue.
Options:
 /D device : Specifies the name of the print devices. Default value is LPT1
 /P filename : Add files in the print queue
 /T : Removes all files from the print queue
 /C filename : Removes a file from the print queue

61. This command was introduced in MS-DOS version 2. Before that there was no built-in support
for background printing files. The user would usually use the copy command to copy files to
LPT1.
Equivalent to the Unix commands lp and lpr.
[edit] rd or rmdir
Remove a directory, which by default must be empty of files for the command to succeed
(the /s flag removes this restriction).
rd directory
Equivalent to the Unix command rmdir.
[edit] rem
Remark statement, normally used within a batch file. An alternative way not to run a
specific statement in a batch file is creating a label that will never be used, ::.
rem > newfilename
In Unix, the # sign can be used to start a comment.
[edit] ren
Renames a file. Unlike the move command, this command cannot be used to rename
subdirectories, or rename files across drives.
ren filename newname
You can rename files in another directory by using the PATH parameter:
ren [path]|[filename] [newfilename]
An example could be:
ren c:Windows filex.txt filey.txt
On DOS with long filename support, care must be taken when directories have spaces in
their names like "Documents and Settings". In these cases double-quotes are used to
enclose them:
ren c:"Documents and Settings""All Users"Desktop filex.txt filey.txt
Mass renames can be accomplished by the use of wildcards. For example, the following
command will change the extension of all files in the current directory which currently
have the extension htm to html:
ren *.htm *.html
In Unix, this functionality of a simple move is provided by the mv command, while batch
renames can be done using the rename command.
[edit] scandisk

62. Disk diagnostic utility. Scandisk was a replacement for the chkdsk utility, starting with
later versions of MS-DOS. Its primary advantages over chkdsk is that it is more reliable
and has the ability to run a surface scan which finds and marks bad clusters on the disk. It
also provided mouse point-and-click TUI, allowing for interactive session to complement
command-line batch run.
chkdsk had surface scan and bad cluster detection functionality included, and was used again on
Windows NT based operating systems.
Equivalent to the Unix command fsck.
[edit] set
Sets environmental variables. See Environment variable.
Since Windows 2000, it can even be used for command line inputs by using Parameter /P
set /p choice=Type your text.
echo You typed: "%choice%"
[edit] setver
TSR designed to return a different value to the version of DOS that is running. This
allows programs that look for a specific version of DOS to run under a different DOS.
Setver appeared in version 4, and has been in every version of DOS, OS/2 and Windows
NT since.
[edit] share
Installs support for file sharing and locking capabilities.
share [/F:space] [/L:locks]
/F:space Allocates file space (in bytes) for file-sharing information.
/L:locks Sets the number of files that can be locked at one time.
[edit] smartdrive
Main article: SmartDrive
[edit] sort
A filter to sort lines in the input data stream and send them to the output data stream.
sort < inputfilename > outputfilename
Similar to the Unix command sort. Handles files up to 64k. This sort is always case
insensitive. [7]

63. [edit] subst
A utility to map a subdirectory to a drive letter.[3]
subst <d:> <path>
subst <d:> /D (Deletes the substitute drive)
If SUBST e: c:edrive were executed, a new drive letter e: would be created, showing
the contents of c:edrive. The opposite can be achieved via the join command.
[edit] sys
A utility to make a volume bootable. Sys rewrites the Volume Boot Code (the first sector
of the partition that Sys is acting on) so that the code, when executed, will look for Io.sys.
Sys also copies the core DOS system files, Io.sys, Msdos.sys, and Command.com, to the
volume. Sys does NOTrewrite the Master Boot Record, contrary to widely-held belief.
[edit] time and date
Display and set the time and date
time
date
When these commands are called from the command line or a batch file, they will display
the time or date and wait for the user to type a new time or date and press RETURN. The
command 'time /t' will bypass asking the user to reset the time.
The Unix command date displays both the time and date, but does not allow the normal
users to change either. Users with superuser privileges may use date -s <new-date-
time> to change the time and date.
The Unix command time performs a different function.
[edit] tree
Shows the directory tree of the current directory
Syntax:
tree [options] [directory]
Options:
 /F (Displays the names of the files in each folder.)
 /A (Use ASCII instead of the extended characters.)
 /? (Shows the help)
[edit] truename
truename
or

64. truename drivename
or
truename filename
or
truename directory
If typed without a parameter then the current active drive pathname is displayed.
MS-DOS can find files and directories given their names, without full path information,
if the search object is on a path specified by the environment variable PATH. For example,
if PATH includes C:PROGRAMS, and file MYPROG.EXE is on this directory, then if MYPROG is
typed at the command prompt, the command processor will execute
C:PROGRAMSMYPROG.EXE
the TRUENAME command will expand a name in an abbreviated form which the command
processor can recognise into its full form, and display the result. It can see through SUBST
and JOIN to find the actual directory. In the above example,
TRUENAME MYPROG
would display
C:PROGRAMSMYPROG.EXE
and for a substituted drive set up by
subst d: c:utiltest
the command
truename d:test.exe
will display
c:utiltesttest.exe
This command also displays the UNC pathnames of mapped network or local CD drives.
This command is an undocumented DOS command. The help switch "/?" defines it as a
"Reserved command name". It is available in MS-DOS 5.00.
This command is similar to the Unix which command, which, given an executable found
in $PATH, would give a full path and name. The C library function realpath performs
this function.
The Microsoft Windows command processors do not support this command.
[edit] type
Display a file. The more command is frequently used in conjunction with this command,
e.g. type long-text-file | more.
type filename
Equivalent to the Unix command cat.
[edit] undelete
Restores file previously deleted with del. By default all recoverable files in the working
directory are restored. The options are used to change this behavior. if the MS-DOS

65. mirror TSR program is used, then deletion tracking files are created and can be used by
undelete.
Syntax:
undelete [filespec] [/list|/all][/dos|/dt]
Options:
 /list : lists the files that can be undeleted.
 /all : Recovers all deleted files without prompting. Uses a number sign for missing first
character.
 /dos : Recover only MS-DOS aware files, ignore deletion tracking file.
 /dt : Recover only deletion tracking file aware files.
In Unix and Unix-like systems this differs from filesystem to filesystem. People who use
the ext2 filesystem can try the command e2undel.
[edit] Ver
An internal DOS command, that reports the DOS version presently running, and since
MS-DOS 5, whether DOS is loaded high. The corresponding command to report the
Windows version is winver.
Options: DOS 5 and later
 /r : revision level, also shows whether DOS is loaded high
 /? : shows command line help.
Value returned:
 MS-DOS up to 6.22, typically derive the DOS version from the DOS kernel. This may be
different from the string it prints when it starts.
 PC-DOS typically derive the version from an internal string in command.com (so PC-
DOS 6.1 command.com reports the version as 6.10, although the kernel version is 6.00.)
 DR-DOS reports whatever value the environment variable OSVER reports.
 OS/2 command.com reports an internal string, with the OS/2 version. The underlying
kernel here is 5.00, but modified to report x0.xx (where x.xx is the OS/2 version).
 Windows 9x command.com report a string from inside command.com. The build version
(e.g. 2222), is also derived from there.
 Windows NT command.com reports either the 32-bit processor string (4nt, cmd), or
under some loads, MS-DOS 5.00.500, (for all builds). The underlying kernel reports 5.00
or 5.50 depending on the interrupt. MS-DOS 5.00 commands run unmodified on NT.

66.  The Winver command usually displays a Windows dialog showing the version, with
some information derived from the shell. In windows before Windows for workgroups
3.11, running winver from DOS reported an embedded string in winver.exe.
[edit] verify
Enables or disables the feature to determine if files have been correctly written to disk.
If no parameter is provided, the command will display the current setting.[8]
verify [on|off]
[edit] xcopy
Copy entire directory trees.
Xcopy is a version of the copy command that can move files and directories from one location to
another.
xcopy directory [destination-directory]
Equivalent to the Unix command cp when used with -r parameter.