The brokerage institutions and smallholder market linkages in the marketing of horticultural crops in Fogera Woreda, South Gondar, Amhara National Regional State
The document summarizes a study on the role of brokerage institutions in linking smallholder farmers to wholesalers in the marketing of horticultural crops in Fogera Woreda, Ethiopia. Most brokers are young, male farmers who facilitate trade between smallholder farmers and wholesalers. Brokers provide important services like market information, bargaining, and creating economies of scale, but some engage in exploitative practices like weight cheating. The study aims to better understand the brokerage system and its impacts on smallholders and wholesalers under imperfect market conditions.
Presented Simegnew Tamir, Kinde Getnet and Jema Haji at the Nile Basin Development Challenge (NBDC) Science Workshop–2013, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 9 – 10 July 2013
Findings from the Study on Nutrition-Sensitive Value Chains in the Feed the Future Zone of Influence in Tajikistan by Abduaziz Kasymov, Tajikistan. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
ANALYSING THE SUCCESS OF VERTICAL INTEGRATION THROUGH SMALL COFFEE GROWERS CO...Devesh Shukla
Issues of marketing of and trade in Coffee assumes importance due to its export potential as well as the livelihood dependency of large number of small growers (98% of holdings).To help the small growers move up in value chain, vertical integration becomes a greatest measure. So, we are proposing a research to understand the success of vertical integration through cooperatives and the factors affecting the same.
Opportunity to drive Consumption and distribution of OTC Fabrics in KeralaSabarinath S U
Market research project on finding out various opportunity in driving OTC fabrics ( cut pieces of men's fabrics) in Kerala and involves various suggestion to convert a readymade user to a fabric user
Over the past two decades, there has been an increasing trend in analyzing international trade from the
perspective of “value chains”, particularly in agro industry. For many countries, particularly developing
countries including Vietnam, agriculture is the backbone of economic development and the main source of
income. Together with rice production, Vietnam is also known as one of the most ancient home of tea. Tea
industry in Vietnam has a history of up to three thousand years and tea plays a vital role in income
improvement and poverty alleviation in rural areas, especially in the Northern Uplands and North East
South. In addition, tea is a high-value product that Viet Nam is already exporting to many other countries
and territories worldwide. Having all these importance, there are still challenges facing the Vietnam tea
industry including high fragmentation, small-scale operation and weak linkage among participants in the
tea manufacturing process. This paper, hence, seeks to investigate the roles and benefits of participants in
this single crop through value chain analysis to help them upgrade their position in the tea chain.
The document discusses the importance of cold chain systems for horticultural crops like grapes. It outlines the various steps in a cold chain, including careful harvesting, pre-cooling, storage, transportation and marketing. Proper cold chain practices can reduce losses, improve quality and increase profits for growers. The seminar focuses on reducing costs, improving product integrity and customer satisfaction for grape farmers through utilizing improved cold chain systems from the field to consumers.
IMPACT OF WTO ON HORTICULTURAL SECTOR OF INDIAthekireeti
This document discusses the impact of the World Trade Organization (WTO) on India's horticultural sector. Some key points:
1) The WTO and Agreement on Agriculture provide new export opportunities for agricultural products that India has yet to fully capitalize on, particularly for fruits and vegetables where India is a major global producer.
2) Horticulture is an important sector for India's economy, contributing to food security, employment, and GDP. However, India's share of global horticultural exports is only about 1%.
3) For India to better utilize opportunities under WTO agreements, infrastructure and post-harvest technologies need strengthening to overcome impediments to large-scale investment and value addition in the agricultural
Presented Simegnew Tamir, Kinde Getnet and Jema Haji at the Nile Basin Development Challenge (NBDC) Science Workshop–2013, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 9 – 10 July 2013
Findings from the Study on Nutrition-Sensitive Value Chains in the Feed the Future Zone of Influence in Tajikistan by Abduaziz Kasymov, Tajikistan. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
ANALYSING THE SUCCESS OF VERTICAL INTEGRATION THROUGH SMALL COFFEE GROWERS CO...Devesh Shukla
Issues of marketing of and trade in Coffee assumes importance due to its export potential as well as the livelihood dependency of large number of small growers (98% of holdings).To help the small growers move up in value chain, vertical integration becomes a greatest measure. So, we are proposing a research to understand the success of vertical integration through cooperatives and the factors affecting the same.
Opportunity to drive Consumption and distribution of OTC Fabrics in KeralaSabarinath S U
Market research project on finding out various opportunity in driving OTC fabrics ( cut pieces of men's fabrics) in Kerala and involves various suggestion to convert a readymade user to a fabric user
Over the past two decades, there has been an increasing trend in analyzing international trade from the
perspective of “value chains”, particularly in agro industry. For many countries, particularly developing
countries including Vietnam, agriculture is the backbone of economic development and the main source of
income. Together with rice production, Vietnam is also known as one of the most ancient home of tea. Tea
industry in Vietnam has a history of up to three thousand years and tea plays a vital role in income
improvement and poverty alleviation in rural areas, especially in the Northern Uplands and North East
South. In addition, tea is a high-value product that Viet Nam is already exporting to many other countries
and territories worldwide. Having all these importance, there are still challenges facing the Vietnam tea
industry including high fragmentation, small-scale operation and weak linkage among participants in the
tea manufacturing process. This paper, hence, seeks to investigate the roles and benefits of participants in
this single crop through value chain analysis to help them upgrade their position in the tea chain.
The document discusses the importance of cold chain systems for horticultural crops like grapes. It outlines the various steps in a cold chain, including careful harvesting, pre-cooling, storage, transportation and marketing. Proper cold chain practices can reduce losses, improve quality and increase profits for growers. The seminar focuses on reducing costs, improving product integrity and customer satisfaction for grape farmers through utilizing improved cold chain systems from the field to consumers.
IMPACT OF WTO ON HORTICULTURAL SECTOR OF INDIAthekireeti
This document discusses the impact of the World Trade Organization (WTO) on India's horticultural sector. Some key points:
1) The WTO and Agreement on Agriculture provide new export opportunities for agricultural products that India has yet to fully capitalize on, particularly for fruits and vegetables where India is a major global producer.
2) Horticulture is an important sector for India's economy, contributing to food security, employment, and GDP. However, India's share of global horticultural exports is only about 1%.
3) For India to better utilize opportunities under WTO agreements, infrastructure and post-harvest technologies need strengthening to overcome impediments to large-scale investment and value addition in the agricultural
This document provides information about a book titled "Seed Storage of Horticultural Crops" by S.D. Doijode. The book covers seed storage techniques for many fruits, vegetables, and ornamental crops. It is divided into four sections covering introduction to seed storage, seed storage in fruit crops, seed storage in vegetable crops, and seed storage in ornamental crops. The book contains the latest information on seed storage strategies for temperate, tropical, and subtropical horticultural crops and will benefit students, researchers, farmers and the horticulture industry.
The document summarizes ex-situ gene bank management in Egypt. It describes the location and challenges facing Egyptian agriculture, including limited land, water issues, and loss of local varieties. It then outlines Egypt's approach to conserving plant genetic resources, including through the National Gene Bank (NGB). The NGB conducts collection missions and maintains departments and facilities for conserving crops ex-situ, including field crop, horticultural, and microbial collections. It summarizes the NGB's objectives, departments, laboratories, facilities, projects, and achievements over 10 years in conserving thousands of accessions and conducting research. Other organizations involved in ex-situ conservation in Egypt are also mentioned.
In situ/On farm Conservation and Use of Agricultural Biodiversity (Horticultu...Bioversity International
This document discusses the in situ and on-farm conservation of agricultural biodiversity in Central Asia. It notes that Central Asia contains over 8,100 plant species and is a center of origin for many globally important crops. However, the replacement of local varieties and land degradation threaten biodiversity. The project worked in 5 Central Asian countries to conserve diversity of 10 fruit crops on farms and in nature. It established 58 nurseries and 72 demonstration plots conserving over 1,500 local varieties. The project increased knowledge of crop diversity and developed guidelines to protect farmers' rights and access and benefit sharing. Case studies showed how using local drought-resistant fruit varieties helped restore degraded lands and improve livelihoods in the region.
Germplasm Conservation in situ, ex situ and on-farm and BiodiversityKK CHANDEL
The variability among living organisms from all sources including terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are a part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems
This document provides an overview of rural marketing and agriculture production in India. Some key points:
- India is a major global producer of agriculture, ranking 2nd in farm output and among the top 5 producers for many crops. Agriculture contributes 18% to India's GDP.
- Marketing of agricultural produce is complex due to the perishable and seasonal nature of crops. It has traditionally involved many middlemen, exploiting farmers.
- Cooperative marketing societies were formed to help increase farmer incomes and reduce exploitation. However, only a few have succeeded in processing industries.
- Regulated markets were established to improve quality of produce and ensure fair prices for farmers through transparency. They are democratically managed committees.
value addition and processing of agri-productssurabhi mishra
- The document discusses opportunities and challenges for value addition and processing of agricultural products in India.
- It outlines high levels of post-harvest losses on farms and in supply chains, as well as low levels of agro-processing and value addition compared to other countries.
- The document advocates for strategies like expanding processing levels, modernizing food processing sectors, and promoting seamless value chains to reduce losses and add more value to agricultural commodities in India.
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth at all levels, from genes to ecosystems. High levels of biodiversity are important for ecosystem functioning and human well-being. However, biodiversity is being lost due to threats like habitat loss, overexploitation, pollution, and climate change. Conservation approaches include protected areas as well as international agreements like CITES and the Convention on Biological Diversity, which aim to protect threatened species and ecosystems.
http://inarocket.com
Learn BEM fundamentals as fast as possible. What is BEM (Block, element, modifier), BEM syntax, how it works with a real example, etc.
The document discusses how personalization and dynamic content are becoming increasingly important on websites. It notes that 52% of marketers see content personalization as critical and 75% of consumers like it when brands personalize their content. However, personalization can create issues for search engine optimization as dynamic URLs and content are more difficult for search engines to index than static pages. The document provides tips for SEOs to help address these personalization and SEO challenges, such as using static URLs when possible and submitting accurate sitemaps.
The analysis of traders in a developing country value chain: Pig traders in U...ILRI
The study analyzed pig traders in Kampala, Uganda to better understand their functions and constraints. Researchers used three sampling frames - lists from local producers, retailers, and authorities - to survey 33 traders. Younger traders sourced from producers and retailers traded more piglets, purchased from groups, and faced constraints of capital and transport. Older traders sourced from authorities traded fewer piglets, purchased less from groups, and faced constraints of customers, competition, and prices. The study aims to improve methods for sampling informal traders.
Sesame value chain finance instruments in northwestern amhara region, ethiopiaAndualemTadesseAyele
The document summarizes an MSc thesis on assessing the challenges of the sesame value chain financial services in Northwest Ethiopia. The thesis examines the sesame value chain actors and financing instruments available, identifies the major challenges, and aims to provide options to improve the financing system. Key findings include that the major financing sources are informal money lenders, cooperatives, friends/relatives, with formal institutions having stringent conditions. The study uses a multivariate probit regression model and value chain analysis to assess factors influencing financing source selection and identify leverage points for strengthening the sesame value chain financing.
This document summarizes reports from visits to organizations in Cambodia working on poverty alleviation and social enterprise. It discusses:
1) CEDAC, which supports farmers through marketing assistance and higher prices. It works with over 3,000 farmers and benefits 25,000 households. Challenges include group organization and capital.
2) KAMONOHASHI's community factory model, which employs very low income individuals and conducts research on empowerment. It faces challenges with quality management and marketing.
3) Two conferences that discussed iDE Cambodia's sanitation marketing program that sold over 22,000 toilets, and Impact Investment Exchange Asia, a platform to increase funding for social enterprises.
This document provides a draft market framework for country bean production in Bangladesh. It outlines the vision to increase country bean production and link farmers to relevant markets for better income. The purpose is to improve existing market facilities and access for smallholder farmers. Key interventions include improving the supply of quality seeds, building market linkages between producers and traders/processors, and capacity building for service providers. The expected outcomes are to increase the number of country bean producers and cultivated land, while raising incomes for target households by 15-20%. Partners such as the Department of Agricultural Extension and seed companies would support activities like quality seed promotion, linkage workshops, and demonstrations.
This document discusses different forms of business organization including sole proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations. Sole proprietorships are owned and operated by one individual who has unlimited liability. Partnerships involve two or more co-owners who may have either limited or unlimited liability depending on the type of partnership. Corporations have a legal identity separate from their owners and ownership is divided into shares. The document compares the advantages and disadvantages of each form.
This document discusses different forms of business organization including sole proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations. Sole proprietorships are owned and operated by one individual who has unlimited liability. Partnerships involve two or more co-owners who may have either limited or unlimited liability depending on the type of partnership. Corporations have a legal identity separate from their owners and ownership is divided into shares. The document compares the advantages and disadvantages of each form.
The document discusses value chain analysis for medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) in India, focusing on Ashwagandha. It describes the cultivation, processing, and marketing of Ashwagandha. Key points include common varieties cultivated, production costs and profits for farmers, procurement channels from farmers to traders to buyers, and price points along the supply chain from crude to standardized extract forms.
Asia Regional Stakeholders Consultation: A Nature Positive Trade for Sustaina...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Agus Purnomo (Senior Advisor, Golden Agri Resources) at "A nature-positive trade for sustainable agriculture supply chains and inclusive development", Jakarta, Indonesia, on 26 - 27 Sep 2023
This study analyzed the potato value chain in Dedo district of Ethiopia. It identified the key actors as input suppliers, producers, collectors, wholesalers, retailers, small scale processors and consumers. It found that small scale processors capture the largest share of margins (65.01%) and profits (63.52%) in the chain. Producers obtain 12.29% of margins and 15.16% of profits. Major constraints included high seed costs, poor infrastructure, and disease/pests. Recommendations were to strengthen links between actors, support small scale processors, provide training on storage/disease control, and improve producers' bargaining power.
This presentation shows the characteristics of Contract Farming in Nepal. This includes Nepalese agriculture policy, Land Use Pattern and Productivity and a success story in Vegetable Seed.
This document provides information about a book titled "Seed Storage of Horticultural Crops" by S.D. Doijode. The book covers seed storage techniques for many fruits, vegetables, and ornamental crops. It is divided into four sections covering introduction to seed storage, seed storage in fruit crops, seed storage in vegetable crops, and seed storage in ornamental crops. The book contains the latest information on seed storage strategies for temperate, tropical, and subtropical horticultural crops and will benefit students, researchers, farmers and the horticulture industry.
The document summarizes ex-situ gene bank management in Egypt. It describes the location and challenges facing Egyptian agriculture, including limited land, water issues, and loss of local varieties. It then outlines Egypt's approach to conserving plant genetic resources, including through the National Gene Bank (NGB). The NGB conducts collection missions and maintains departments and facilities for conserving crops ex-situ, including field crop, horticultural, and microbial collections. It summarizes the NGB's objectives, departments, laboratories, facilities, projects, and achievements over 10 years in conserving thousands of accessions and conducting research. Other organizations involved in ex-situ conservation in Egypt are also mentioned.
In situ/On farm Conservation and Use of Agricultural Biodiversity (Horticultu...Bioversity International
This document discusses the in situ and on-farm conservation of agricultural biodiversity in Central Asia. It notes that Central Asia contains over 8,100 plant species and is a center of origin for many globally important crops. However, the replacement of local varieties and land degradation threaten biodiversity. The project worked in 5 Central Asian countries to conserve diversity of 10 fruit crops on farms and in nature. It established 58 nurseries and 72 demonstration plots conserving over 1,500 local varieties. The project increased knowledge of crop diversity and developed guidelines to protect farmers' rights and access and benefit sharing. Case studies showed how using local drought-resistant fruit varieties helped restore degraded lands and improve livelihoods in the region.
Germplasm Conservation in situ, ex situ and on-farm and BiodiversityKK CHANDEL
The variability among living organisms from all sources including terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are a part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems
This document provides an overview of rural marketing and agriculture production in India. Some key points:
- India is a major global producer of agriculture, ranking 2nd in farm output and among the top 5 producers for many crops. Agriculture contributes 18% to India's GDP.
- Marketing of agricultural produce is complex due to the perishable and seasonal nature of crops. It has traditionally involved many middlemen, exploiting farmers.
- Cooperative marketing societies were formed to help increase farmer incomes and reduce exploitation. However, only a few have succeeded in processing industries.
- Regulated markets were established to improve quality of produce and ensure fair prices for farmers through transparency. They are democratically managed committees.
value addition and processing of agri-productssurabhi mishra
- The document discusses opportunities and challenges for value addition and processing of agricultural products in India.
- It outlines high levels of post-harvest losses on farms and in supply chains, as well as low levels of agro-processing and value addition compared to other countries.
- The document advocates for strategies like expanding processing levels, modernizing food processing sectors, and promoting seamless value chains to reduce losses and add more value to agricultural commodities in India.
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth at all levels, from genes to ecosystems. High levels of biodiversity are important for ecosystem functioning and human well-being. However, biodiversity is being lost due to threats like habitat loss, overexploitation, pollution, and climate change. Conservation approaches include protected areas as well as international agreements like CITES and the Convention on Biological Diversity, which aim to protect threatened species and ecosystems.
http://inarocket.com
Learn BEM fundamentals as fast as possible. What is BEM (Block, element, modifier), BEM syntax, how it works with a real example, etc.
The document discusses how personalization and dynamic content are becoming increasingly important on websites. It notes that 52% of marketers see content personalization as critical and 75% of consumers like it when brands personalize their content. However, personalization can create issues for search engine optimization as dynamic URLs and content are more difficult for search engines to index than static pages. The document provides tips for SEOs to help address these personalization and SEO challenges, such as using static URLs when possible and submitting accurate sitemaps.
Similar to The brokerage institutions and smallholder market linkages in the marketing of horticultural crops in Fogera Woreda, South Gondar, Amhara National Regional State
The analysis of traders in a developing country value chain: Pig traders in U...ILRI
The study analyzed pig traders in Kampala, Uganda to better understand their functions and constraints. Researchers used three sampling frames - lists from local producers, retailers, and authorities - to survey 33 traders. Younger traders sourced from producers and retailers traded more piglets, purchased from groups, and faced constraints of capital and transport. Older traders sourced from authorities traded fewer piglets, purchased less from groups, and faced constraints of customers, competition, and prices. The study aims to improve methods for sampling informal traders.
Sesame value chain finance instruments in northwestern amhara region, ethiopiaAndualemTadesseAyele
The document summarizes an MSc thesis on assessing the challenges of the sesame value chain financial services in Northwest Ethiopia. The thesis examines the sesame value chain actors and financing instruments available, identifies the major challenges, and aims to provide options to improve the financing system. Key findings include that the major financing sources are informal money lenders, cooperatives, friends/relatives, with formal institutions having stringent conditions. The study uses a multivariate probit regression model and value chain analysis to assess factors influencing financing source selection and identify leverage points for strengthening the sesame value chain financing.
This document summarizes reports from visits to organizations in Cambodia working on poverty alleviation and social enterprise. It discusses:
1) CEDAC, which supports farmers through marketing assistance and higher prices. It works with over 3,000 farmers and benefits 25,000 households. Challenges include group organization and capital.
2) KAMONOHASHI's community factory model, which employs very low income individuals and conducts research on empowerment. It faces challenges with quality management and marketing.
3) Two conferences that discussed iDE Cambodia's sanitation marketing program that sold over 22,000 toilets, and Impact Investment Exchange Asia, a platform to increase funding for social enterprises.
This document provides a draft market framework for country bean production in Bangladesh. It outlines the vision to increase country bean production and link farmers to relevant markets for better income. The purpose is to improve existing market facilities and access for smallholder farmers. Key interventions include improving the supply of quality seeds, building market linkages between producers and traders/processors, and capacity building for service providers. The expected outcomes are to increase the number of country bean producers and cultivated land, while raising incomes for target households by 15-20%. Partners such as the Department of Agricultural Extension and seed companies would support activities like quality seed promotion, linkage workshops, and demonstrations.
This document discusses different forms of business organization including sole proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations. Sole proprietorships are owned and operated by one individual who has unlimited liability. Partnerships involve two or more co-owners who may have either limited or unlimited liability depending on the type of partnership. Corporations have a legal identity separate from their owners and ownership is divided into shares. The document compares the advantages and disadvantages of each form.
This document discusses different forms of business organization including sole proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations. Sole proprietorships are owned and operated by one individual who has unlimited liability. Partnerships involve two or more co-owners who may have either limited or unlimited liability depending on the type of partnership. Corporations have a legal identity separate from their owners and ownership is divided into shares. The document compares the advantages and disadvantages of each form.
The document discusses value chain analysis for medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) in India, focusing on Ashwagandha. It describes the cultivation, processing, and marketing of Ashwagandha. Key points include common varieties cultivated, production costs and profits for farmers, procurement channels from farmers to traders to buyers, and price points along the supply chain from crude to standardized extract forms.
Asia Regional Stakeholders Consultation: A Nature Positive Trade for Sustaina...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Agus Purnomo (Senior Advisor, Golden Agri Resources) at "A nature-positive trade for sustainable agriculture supply chains and inclusive development", Jakarta, Indonesia, on 26 - 27 Sep 2023
This study analyzed the potato value chain in Dedo district of Ethiopia. It identified the key actors as input suppliers, producers, collectors, wholesalers, retailers, small scale processors and consumers. It found that small scale processors capture the largest share of margins (65.01%) and profits (63.52%) in the chain. Producers obtain 12.29% of margins and 15.16% of profits. Major constraints included high seed costs, poor infrastructure, and disease/pests. Recommendations were to strengthen links between actors, support small scale processors, provide training on storage/disease control, and improve producers' bargaining power.
This presentation shows the characteristics of Contract Farming in Nepal. This includes Nepalese agriculture policy, Land Use Pattern and Productivity and a success story in Vegetable Seed.
Contract Farming and its Prospective in NepalExternalEvents
This study shows the contract farming experience in Nepal highlighting its essential elements, the Nepalese agriculture, the land use pattern and productivity. A successful story on contract farming for vegetable seeds is also included.
The document discusses a proposed model to boost agricultural productivity in India through cooperative farming. It involves farmers pooling their land into cooperative production societies for mechanized farming. A public-private partnership is formed between these cooperatives, research and technical assistance groups from government institutions, and rural entrepreneurs who provide services and implement recommendations. This model aims to address issues from small land holdings and improve productivity through cooperative farming, access to machinery, and knowledge sharing.
Approaches to value chain analysis for sheep and goat value chains developmen...ILRI
Presented by Getachew Legese (ICARDA consultant) at the ICARDA-ILRI Training on Tools for Rapid Assessment of Sheep and Goat Value Chains in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, 5-8 November 2012
Strategies to link smallholder farmers to markets in ZimbabweGcazo14
The document analyzes strategies for linking smallholder pig farmers in Goromonzi district, Zimbabwe to formal markets. It finds that there are three main pig value chains, with various players and constraints faced. Smallholder farmers lack access to inputs, credit, markets and information. The strategies identified for linking farmers to markets include developing producer organizations, strengthening market relations, improving access to credit and training facilities, and contract farming arrangements. The conclusion recommends further research on integrating new players in pig value chains and promoting coordination between actors.
1) The study examines the teff value chain from major production areas in Ethiopia to Addis Ababa to test common perceptions about inefficiencies and farmers receiving a small share of prices.
2) The study finds that the typical teff value chain involves three intermediaries and that farmers receive around 80% of the final retail price.
3) Distress sales, where farmers would accept a lower price, make up 19% of transactions, occurring most in months immediately after harvest.
Using evidence in unraveling food supply chains in Ethiopia: The case of teff...essp2
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI) in collaboration with Ethiopian Economics Association (EEA). Eleventh International Conference on Ethiopian Economy. July 18-20, 2013
1. The document discusses various aspects of distribution channels and structures when conducting international marketing. It covers topics like types of domestic and foreign intermediaries, factors to consider when selecting distribution channels, and the use of the internet and logistics in distribution.
2. Distribution channel selection involves identifying target markets, goals, financial commitments, and control requirements. Important considerations include cost, capital needs, coverage, and continuity.
3. Managing distribution channels requires seeking out potential middlemen, selecting those that fit requirements, and establishing working relationships. The document provides tips on locating and screening middlemen.
Similar to The brokerage institutions and smallholder market linkages in the marketing of horticultural crops in Fogera Woreda, South Gondar, Amhara National Regional State (20)
By Asad Sarwar Qureshi, Samina Yasmin, Nikar C. Holader, Timothy J. Krupnik
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
By J. Bhattacharya, M.K. Mondal, E. Humphreys, M.H. Rashid, P.L.C. Paul, S.P. Ritu
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
By M. Maniruzzaman, J.C. Bisawas, M.A.I. Khan, G.W. Sarker, S.S. Haque, J.K. Biswas, M.H. Sarker, M.A. Rashid, N.U. Sekhar, A. Nemes, S. Xenarios, J. Deelstra
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
1) The study evaluated the feasibility of growing three rice crops per year in the coastal zones of Bangladesh where fresh water is available year-round.
2) The study tested different establishment dates for aus and aman rice varieties as well as sowing dates for boro rice. It found that growing three rice crops per year is possible and can yield 13.4 to 17.2 tons per hectare per year.
3) The study recommends further evaluating the system over a range of weather conditions and developing ecologically friendly management practices to address potential increases in pests and diseases from triple rice cropping.
By M. Harunur Rashid, Faruk Hossain, Deb Kumar Nath, Parimal Chandra Sarker, AKM Ferdous, Timothy Russel
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
By Camelia Dewan, Marie-Charlotte Buisson and Aditi Mukherji
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
The document discusses using innovation platforms to improve goat markets and farming systems in Zimbabwe. Key points:
- Innovation platforms bring together farmers, traders, processors, researchers and others to identify challenges and opportunities to improve goat production and marketing.
- Objectives are to improve market efficiency, reduce transaction costs, promote productivity-increasing technologies, and build local innovation capacity.
- Results included dramatically reduced goat mortality rates (from 25% to under 10%), higher prices for farmers, and investments in improved feeding and health practices.
- Other actors like NGOs and the government also increased support like building sale pens and improving veterinary services. The approach transformed the system from crop-focused to more livestock-focused and
By Urs Schulthess, Timothy J. Krupnik, Zia Uddin Ahmed, Andy J. McDonald
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
By Parvesh Kr Chandna, Andy Nelson, Zahirul Khan, Moqbul Hossain, Sohel Rana, Fazlur Rashid, M. Mondal, T.P. Tuong
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
By Parvesh Kumar Chandna, Andy Nelson, Sohel Rana, Marie-Charlotte Buisson, Sam Mohanty, Nazneed Sultana, Deepak Sethi, T.P. Tuong
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
By Asad Sarwar Qureshi, Samina Yasmin, Nikar C. Howlader, Timothy J. Krupnik
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
By Dr. Md. Ataur Rahman (Wheat Research Centre, BARI)
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
By Sanjida P. Ritu, M.K. Mondal, T.P. Tuong, S.U. Talukdar, E. Humphreys
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
By Kazi Ahmed Kabir, S.B. Saha, Manjurul Karim, Craig A. Meisner, Michael J. Phillips
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
By S.B. Saha, K.A. Kabir, M.K. Mondal, M. Karim, P.L.C. Paul, M. Phillips, E. Humphreys, T.P. Tuong
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
BRAC aims to increase agricultural and aquacultural productivity in coastal Bangladesh through several strategies. These include converting single cropping areas to double or triple cropping, introducing short-duration rice varieties, stress-tolerant crops and fish varieties, and integrating fish/prawn-rice-vegetable systems in ghers. Technologies are disseminated to over 55,000 farmers across 59 upazilas. Hybrid rice varieties yield up to 9.5 tons/hectare. Integrated ghers provide net profits from 172,558-416,975 taka/hectare. Aquaculture in floodplains involves 257 farmers utilizing 73 acres in 2013, yielding an average 795 kg/hect
By Subhra Bikash Bhattacharyya, Tapas Kumar Ghoshal, Jitendra Kumar Sundaray (Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, India)
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
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The brokerage institutions and smallholder market linkages in the marketing of horticultural crops in Fogera Woreda, South Gondar, Amhara National Regional State
1. SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES
HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY
THE BROKERAGE INSTITUTIONS AND
SMALLHOLDER MARKET LINKAGES IN THE
MARKETING OF HORTICULTURAL CROPS IN
FOGERA WOREDA, SOUTH GONDAR, AMHARA
NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE
Simegnew Tamir (MSc)
Major Advisor: Kinde Getnet (PhD)
Co-Advisor: Jema Haji (PhD)
October, 2012
3. 1.INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
• Primary development goal of the Government is
to achieve food security and
sustain high economic and export growth levels
• Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) investment areas:
scaling up model farmers practices
improving agricultural water use and irrigation
increasing the production of high value crops
4. Background Cont…
• Ethiopia has highly-diversified agro-ecological
conditions which are suitable for production of
horticultural crops
• Amhara Region is one of the potential area
• Fogera Woreda is an emerging commercial agriculture
in which smallholders produce and market horticultural
crops for the local and national markets using the
brokerage institutions
5. 1.2. Problem Statement
• Fogera Woreda is an emerging commercial area in the
production of horticultural crops
• To sustain this well structured market networks and
linkages are required (organization among
farmers, institutions and infrastructure)
• The horticulture market is characterized by imperfect
information
• Thus, the existence of strong brokerage institutions in
Fogera is a characteristic feature
6. Problem Statement Cont…
• The Woreda experts and decision makers tried to stop
the brokers by using cooperatives
• However, the cooperatives failed in linking farmers to
wholesalers due to nature of the products, lack of
organized market system and imperfect market
information
• Issues of market coordination and the institutional
environment attract a considerable attention among the
development community
7. Problem Statement Cont…
• Of all the institutions, several studies have documented
the crucial role played by brokers
• ARARI (PRA), illegal brokerage activity in
horticultural marketing is one of the priority research
problem.
• However, the institutions are not studied in the area, no
attempt has been made to explain the interaction
between the brokers and smallholders
• The study focused to fill such knowledge gaps
8. 1.3. Objectives of the Study
The general objective of the study was:
• To assess the economic roles played by the brokerage
institution in smallholder market linkages under imperfect
market condition in the study area
The specific objectives of the study were:
• To assess the socioeconomic profile, economic
roles, constraints and opportunities of the brokerage
institutions
• To identify the determinants of farmers decision whether to
use brokerage institutions or not as a means of market
linkage to wholesalers
9. • To measure the impact of brokerage institutions on
farmers market participation and income generation
capacity
• To identify the determinants of wholesalers decisions
on whether to use brokerage institutions or not as a
means of market linkage to farmers; and
• To identify the determinants of wholesalers extent of
brokerage intuitions usage under imperfect market
condition of horticultural marketing
10. 3. RESEARCH METHDOLOGY
3.1. Description of the Study Area
• Fogera Woreda, South Gondar Zone, Amhara Region
• Woreta town, 625 km from Addis Ababa and 55 km from
Bahir Dar
• 27 rural and 3 urban PAs Map of study area.docx
3.2. Methods of Data Collection
• Both primary and secondary data were used
• Primary data: semi-structured questionnaire and check-list
• Trained enumerators were used for data collection
• Pre-testing and rapid market appraisal(RMA)
11. 3.3. Sampling Procedures
Brokers, rural assemblers
, wholesalers and retailers
Farmers sampling sampling
• 5 kebeles selected • Monitoring, 4 months
randomly • Friends: Brokers (Baye and
• Farmers grouped in to Huno), Wholesalers
(Mengistu, Setegn and Gizat)
participant and non
participant in the • Peaceful Café and Pension
(agreement and payment place)
brokerage institutions
• 55 brokers (snowball sampling)
• 143 farmers selected
• 52 wholesalers (randomly)
randomly from both
• 20 rural assemblers and 45 retailers
groups
from main retail markets
12. 3.4. Methods of Data Analysis
3.4.1. Descriptive statistics
• Percentages, standard deviation, t-test and chi squared
test were used
3.4.2. Econometric models
3.4.2.1. Propensity score matching model
• To achieve 2nd and 3rd objective, participants and non
participants comparison were used, steps:
1. Estimation of the propensity scores
2. Identify the common support region
3. Matching using matching algorithms and Balancing test
4. Estimation of average treatment effect and Bootstrapping
5. Sensitivity analysis
13. 3.4.2.2. Heckman two stage model
• To achieve the 4th and 5th objective, Heckman two
stage model with selection bias were used
• Assumption: traders follow a sequential decision
process, with a discrete choice on ‘whether or not’ to
use brokers and
• A subsequent continuous decision on ‘how much’ to
use brokers
• Two equations
1. Selection equation
2. Outcome equation
14. 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1. The Brokerage Institutions
4.1.1. Socioeconomic profile of brokers
Variables Category Percent (%)
Sex Male 100
Female 0
Religion Orthodox 100
Others 0
Marital status Single 16.4
Married 83.6
Education level Illiterate 3.6
Adults education 16.4
Literate 80
Main occupation Farmer 58.2
Youth 21.8
Trader 20
15. Results….Cont
• Most of the brokers are
youngsters (18-63)
• Strong brokerage activity in
onion marketing
• Only 4.2% of the farmers use
brokerage institutions for
marketing of tomato -2 brokers
• Brokers act as rural assemblers
in tomato marketing
16. 4.1.2. Characteristics and economic roles of
brokerage institutions
• Most of the brokers (98.2%) work the business informally
without having license
• The study characterized brokers in to two ways:
Based on place:
Rural brokers
Peri-urban brokers (Gumara and Abewana Kokit)
Urban brokers (Woreta)
Based on occupation:
Farmer Brokers
Youth Brokers (grade 10 and 12 complete and school
dropouts)
Cereal traders (rice)Brokers chain and transaction flow.docx
17. The brokerage institutions main characteristics and
roles in the area include:
• Are better informed
• Are skilled socially to bargain and facilitate linkage
• Create economies of scale
• They stabilize market conditions
• They reduce transaction cost
• Sources of secure market for smallholders
• Provide credit for the wholesalers being as collateral
for the farmer (trust and credit based transaction)
18. 4.1.3. Brokerage institutions and their activity in
the context of Fogera Woreda
• Brokers act in different ways:
1. When the wholesaler comes to Fogera Woreda: here
they act in two ways
A. When the wholesaler is regular customer or residence in
the Woreda (10%):
They directly contact the wholesaler with the farmer , the
payment of 0.10 ETB/Kg as a commission fee
B. When the wholesaler is not regular customer (20%):
No contact between farmer and wholesalers (brokers, first
discuss with farmer then negotiate wholesaler)
0.10 ETB/Kg commission fee + FERQ (0.1 ETB- 1 ETB)
19. 2. Thrust based transaction (70%):
• This case happens when the wholesaler do not come
to Fogera Woreda
• Transaction will be made only by wholesaler
telephone order
• No contact between farmers and wholesalers
• In addition to 0.10 ETB/Kg commission fee, there is
FERQ (0.10 ETB - 1.00 ETB) depending on the
volume of transaction and customer relationships.
20. 4.1.4. Brokers attraction mechanism of wholesalers
• Brokers attract wholesalers by two ways:
1. Weight cheating from farmers and
2. Reducing FERQ
• Weight cheating has two advantages for the broker
obtaining regular wholesaler customers for the future
and
having his own share from it
• Weight cheating ranges from 6% to 20%
21. 4.1.5. The rationale behind the emergence of
farmer brokers
Attract wholesalers from
Commercialization different parts of
Ethiopia
To cover wide areas
(PAs), employ farmer Creates demand for urban
and youth brokers and peri-urban brokers
Experience creates This linkage creates new
wholesaler customers and demand for employed
direct linkage to stop the youth and farmer brokers
exploitive act of urban and
peri-urban brokers
To satisfy the new demand
and cover distant areas
they employ other farmer
brokers
22. 4.1.6. Market outlets or target markets of
brokerage institutions
Brokerage institutions base almost all parts of Ethiopia as
market outlets (50%,15%,13%,10%,5%,3%,2%,2%)
Addis Ababa
Amhara
Tigray
Oromiya
Benishangul-Gumz
Somali
Harar
SNNPR
0 10 20 30 40 50
Percent
23. 4.1.7. Producers perception of brokerage
institutions
• Most (73.4%) farmers believe that brokers play significant
and important role in linking farmers to traders
• Brokers provide price and quality information
• All of the farmers believe that brokers cheat weight, provide
false price information and block direct contact of farmers
to traders
24. 4.1.8. Night transaction and loading
• Most (more than 92%) of the transaction is undertaken
during the night time
• There are two ideas:
Brokers believe that night loading helps to reduce the
perishablity of the horticulture during transportation to
distant area
Producers believe that night loading is the system
developed to easily cheat weight and block direct contact
between producers and wholesalers
25. 4.1.8. Constraints of brokerage institutions
• The brokerage institutions are constrained by :
Working capital
Contract failure
Strong competition between brokers
There are no any financial institutions
There is no formal contractual agreement ,and
Territory conflict
26. 4.1.9. Opportunities to the brokers
• There are opportunities for the business in the area:
– Increasing production of horticultural crop
– Increasing demand from different parts of the country
– Information and linkage gaps between farmers and
wholesalers
– Brokers are residents in the area
27. 4.2. Brokerage Institutions and Smallholder
Market Linkages
• The result is based on 143 (76-participant and 67 non
participant) sample farm households
4.2.1. Descriptive Statistics
• Socioeconomic, demographic and social capital aspects
Variables Category Participant Non participant χ2
(76) (67)
Percent (%) Percent (%)
Sex Female 13.16 4.48 2.88*
male 86.84 95.52
Cell phone No 81.58 64.18 31.56***
Yes 18.42 35.52
28. Variables Participant (76) Non participant T-value
(67)
Mean Mean
Age 42.54 37.01 -2.86***
Education level 1.52 3.42 3.42***
Family size 3.36 3.26 -0.47
TLU 5.97 5.40 -1.11
Total land (ha) 1.43 1.69 1.43
Irrigable land (ha) 0.77 1.16 2.2**
Exper. in Hort. Pro. 9.18 8.79 -0.61
Distance from DAs 4.41 2.69 -2.92***
Distance from Woreta 14.64 10.49 -3.4***
Distance from asphalt 3.76 1.37 -6.16***
No. regular customers 0.85 2.12 3.29***
No. of trading contact 7.95 8.17 0.18
29. 4.2.2. Propensity score matching model
4.2.2.1. Estimation of propensity scores
• Binary variable which indicates whether the household is
participated in the brokerage institutions or not (dependent
variable)
• Explanatory variables (socioeconomic, social capital..)
• Variance inflation factor (VIF)
• Breusch-Pagan / Cook-Weisberg test for heteroscedasticity
• Logistic regression result
30. Variables Coefficients Z- value
Age 0.056** 2.03
Sex -0.157 -0.16
Marital status -0.308 -0.22
Education level -0.163* -1.90
Family size -0.052 -0.19
Livestock 0.109 1.11
Total land size 0.183 0.31
Irrigable land size -0.022 -0.04
Exp. Hort. production -0.021 -0.33
Distance from DAs 0.156* 1.81
Cell phone -1.710*** -3.09
Distance from Woreta 0.006 0.16
Distance from asphalt 0.631*** 3.67
No. of regular customer -0.331** -2.02
No. trading contacts -0.027 -0.65
constant -2.479 -1.01
31. 4.2.2.2. Common support condition
• Only observations in the common support region are
considered
• 0.06 - 0.9 (p-score for participants)
• 0.003- 0.89 (p-score for non participants)
• P-score (0.060 - 0.89) are in the common support
region
• Kernel density of propensity scores before and after
matching Kernel density estimate.docx
32. 4.2.2.3. Matching of participant and non-
participant households
Selection of matching algorithms:
• Best matching algorithm
Balances all the observable covariates
Ends with low pseudo-R2 and
Gives large number of observations in the common
support
34. 4.3. Impacts of the Brokerage Institutions
4.3.1. Average treatment effect (Impact)
Outcomes ATT T
Net income (Profit) 4393.62 2.53**
% marketed surplus 13.55 2.86**
Amount of production -5.08 -0.25
Land allocation -0.05 -0.24
4.3.4. Sensitivity Analysis
• using Rosenbaum bounding approach
• Shows the effects of unobserved factors
• Resistant up to 200%- pure effect of brokerage institutions
35. 4.4. Brokerage Institutions and Wholesaler Market Linkages
4.4.1.Descriptive Statistics of wholesalers
Variables Participant Non participant T- value
Mean Mean
Distance from the Woreda 165.48 25 -1.96*
Age 31.5 28.17 0.26
Experience in horticulture trading 5.3 5.17 -0.10
Education level 8.69 11.33 1.69*
No. of persons working the business 1.76 1.33 -1.05
Capacity of storage facility 35.17 12.5 -1.77*
Current working capital 24086 22666 -0.21
No. regular farmer customer 2.91 17.83 5.72***
No. regular retailer customer 4.15 0 -2.77***
No. regular wholesaler customer 2.84 0.83 -2.53**
Number of trading contacts to Woreda 8.24 120 4.7**
Total marketing cost 547231 516225 -0.21
36. • Descriptive statistics (wholesalers)
Variables Category Participant Non participant χ2
(%) (%)
Type of road Gravel 6.5 0 0.41
Asphalt 93.5 100
Sex Female 2.2 0 0.13
Male 97.8 100
Marital status Single 30.43 50 0.92
Married 69.57 50
Religion Muslim 8.7 16.67 0.38
Orthodox 91.3 83.33
Storage facility No 17.39 66.67 7.26***
Yes 82.61 33.33
Credit access No 86.96 83.33 0.06
Yes 13.04 16.67
Regular buyer No 17.39 83.33 12.31***
customer Yes 82.61 16.67
37. 4.4.2.Determinants of wholesalers decisions
• 1st step of the Heckman two stage (probit estimation)
Variables Coefficients Z-vale
Distance from the Woreda 0.011* 1.8
Type of road access -1.801 -0.25
Age 0.635 0.31
Experience in hort. trading -0.477 -1.01
Marital status -1.01 -0.32
Education level -0.117 -0.38
No. persons working the business -0.934 -0.44
Ownership of storage facility 5.908** 2.03
Current working capital 0.0001 0.23
Access to credit -4.981 -1.4
No. regular farmer customer -0.594** -1.96
Regular buyer customer in other area 1.871** 2.04
No. of trading contacts to the Woreda -0.055* -1.87
Total marketing cost 0.0001** 2.06
Constant -7.025 -0.51
38. 4.4.3.Determinants of share of brokered transactions (2nd step of the Heckman two
stage (OLS) result)
Variables Coefficients Z-value
Logarithm of distance from the Woreda 3.883 0.84
Type of road access 1.234 0.1
Age -0.571 -1.47
Experience in hort. trading -0.26 -0.08
Marital status 9.915 1.25
Education level 0.369 0.79
No. persons working the business -1.26 -0.37
Logarithm of current working capital 1.803 0.16
Access to credit 3.902 0.52
No. regular farmer customer -1.86* -1.85
No. regular retailer customer 0.908 1.47
No. regular wholesaler customer 3.573* 1.92
Sq. root of experience in using brokers -1.753 -0.12
Sq. root of capacity of storage facility -0.406 -0.38
Logarithm of total marketing cost 0.016 1.05
Constant 70.364 1.35
39. 5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMANDATIONS
Brokerage institutions:
• Are secure source of market for smallholder producers
• Play important role in trust and credit based transaction
by creating market linkage and increasing profit of
producers
• Create employment for youth groups
40. • However, they have problems by providing false
market information
• Thus, formalization of the brokers by forming groups
and providing licenses as well as training
• Standardization of weighing balance
• Training of farmers about weighing, marketing, and
• Providing market information for farmers using
development agents is very crucial to solve the
problems in the area.