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Mozambique Coal 2016_Geology
- 1. THE COAL DEPOSITSOF MOZAMBIQUE PRESENTED BY ANDY LLOYD DRAWING ON FFF PRESENTATIONS FROM:- • JOHN HANCOX, • LOPO VASCONCELES, • & GAVIN ANDREWS.
- 2. Overview Regional Geology Karoo Basinsof Mozambique • Early History • Tectonic Setting General Geology Tete Province focus Exploration learnings Summary • So what’s in the ground • Geology vs Economy Elephants in the room or Elephant country?
- 3. What do wemean by coal Geologically • Coal (from the Old English term col, which has meant "mineral of fossilized carbon" since the 13th century) is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams. The harder forms, such as anthracite coal, can be regarded as metamorphic rock because of later exposure to elevated temperature and pressure. Coal is composed primarily of carbon along with variable quantities of other elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulphur, oxygen, and nitrogen. Economically • That which can be mined for economic benefit. And for Mozambique? • Which numbers are to be believed? • What numbers are important? Extractable Coal Economic Coal Un-economic Coal Geological Coal
- 4. Early History First coaldocumented in 1859 by Richard Thornton on one of Dr Livingstone’s expeditions. “Mr. Thornton stated that the coal, which was dug by natives from an outcropping seam on the bank of the River Muntizi, showed no tendency to cake; was free-burning; contained very little sulphur or iron although a large proportion of ash along with a small amount of gaseous matter “ Early geological investigations in the area were undertaken by Guyot (1882), Lapierre (1883), Zeiller (1883), Kuss (1884) and Potonié (1899). These authors mainly described the lithostratigraphy of coal bearing seams in the lower part of the Karoo Supergroup around Moatize. Commercial mining in the Moatize Coalfield commenced in the early 1900s on a small scale.
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- 7. Karoo Basins ofMozambique
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- 14. Vúzi Formation -Tillites
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- 17. Chipanga – The1st thick coal
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- 21. Productive Sequence Outcrop FacingEast Possible Chipanga Tillites Low angle faults – possibly 100m’s of throw Channel Roof
- 22. Building a Facies model •Re-logging old core • Integrating with Geophysics • Looking for geological fundamentals
- 23. Just Productive Seriescoal? Coal Outcrop in Matinde Formation Coal development in the tillites Productive Matinde Upper
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- 25. Faulting on Macroand Micro scale
- 26. Geology –D Seam(Upper Chipanga) View of North wall and D-Seam Erosional “roof” contact Fining up sequence of a migrating channel Resulting in a thinner coal seam Channel 1 Channel 2 Coal Bearing Unit
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- 28. Generalised section throughMoatize Basin Gavin Andrews, 2014
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- 32. Productive Sequence –formational Cartoon – ICVL Seam names. A B C D E F G H I J Chipanga
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- 37. MUCANHA-VÚZI SANÂNGOÈ MOATIZE ~340m ~200m ~75m(?) Metangula ~340m CoalType log comparison
- 38. Back to Basics GeologyFundamentals Sedimentary units Facies Changes
- 39. Data and Modelconsolidation Geology Model Stratigraphy Coal Analyses Data
- 40. Conventional and RTCMcurrent thinking B – Sousa Pinto C – Chipanga E – Grande Falesia D – Bananeiras
- 41. On the ground… CoalOutcrop in Matinde Formation Coal development in the tillites
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- 43. Geology – BengaD Seam Channel 1 Channel 2 Coal Bearing Unit Geology Model Stratigrap hy Coal Analyses Data
- 44. Moatize and Minjova- underlying basin structure Basement Karoo - Uplifted Basement Karoo Post Karoo Intrusion Benga Moatize Zambeze 945 Geology Model Stratigrap hy Coal Analyses Data Strong evidence of syn-depositional and post-depositional faulting Complex basin structure
- 45. Textural Mapping Geology Model Stratigrap hy Coal Analyses Data ConventionalView Enhanced Imagery
- 46. Type log forthe Moatize and Matinde formations 1.3km Fluvial River channel system? Discordant lenses Marsh Marsh system with thick (approx. 20-30m) coal packages consisting of interbanded coal and mudstone. Sandstone partings commonly display coarsening up sequences. Thicker upper seams River Channel and Marsh Transition zone between the underlying river channel system with a series of abandoned channels and the overlying marsh system with thick mudstone dominated packages. Discordant lenses N+ Fluvial River channel system with a series of abandoned channels. Seams are less correlatable. J,K,L,M H,I F,G E D C B A Carboniferous VuziFm. Glacial Glacial till deposited by melting glaciers. Meso Proterozoic Stenian Intrusive The Tete Complex is the basement rock consisting of serpentinised gabbro; the basement includes intrusive stocks and plutons. Depositional Process Coals Contained Formation Stratigraphy Palaeozoic Fluvial Era Period Super-group Group Depositional Environment MoatizeFm. Permian Karoo LowerKaroo Post Glacial Post Glacial outwash fans and channels. Lake and marsh system at top of sequence containing C-seam. River channel system with correlatable seams. Braided Delta Braided delta system with interchannel coal formation. MatindeFm. Geology Model Stratigrap hy Coal Analyses Data
- 47. 945 Sedimentary surfaces– improving seam correlation Geology Model Stratigrap hy Coal Analyses Data
- 48. Basin fill directions GeologyModel Stratigrap hy Coal Analyses Data Hiatus’s with coal erosion
- 49. Ash chemistry variations GeologyModel Stratigrap hy Coal Analyses Data
- 50. Benga & 945LGeology
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- 56. Yield Comparison –Ply’s 1.45SG C C C E E E
- 57. Seam comparison – VM& CCC Yield E D C C – seam variogram ranking
- 58. Benga - Plyby ply CCC yield variation C1 C4 C3 C2 Benga – C Seam
- 59. 945L plys bymaceral 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0 C1 C2 C3 C4 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 E1 E2 E3 E4 F0 F1 G1 G2 G3 H1 H2 I L M1 M2 M3 N1 N2 O P Q S1 S2 S3 S4 V1 V2 V3 %Composition Average of Vitrinite Average of Exinite_Liptinite Average of Semifusinite_React Average of Semifusinite_Inert Average of Fusinite_Secretinite
- 60. 10 15 20 25 30 35 5 40 wash_145_vm_ad_D A52 B11 B12 B2 B3 B4 B51 B52 B6 C1 C2 C3 C4 D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 E1 E2 E3 E4 EL F0 F1 F21 F22 G1 G2 G3 H1 H2 I J11 J12 J13 J14 J15 J21 J22 J31 J32 J33 K0 K11 K12 K2 L M1 M2 M3 N1 N2 O P P1 P2 Q RR1 RR2 S S1 S2 S3 S4 T1 T2 T3 U V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 W1 W2 W3 X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 Y Z Plys and CoalQuality – 1.45SG VM% Vuzi Moatize Lower Matinde Upper Matinde Hard Coking Coal
- 61. Plys and AshChemistry – TS% 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 0.4 2.2 wash_145_ts_ad_D A52 B11 B12 B2 B3 B4 B51 B52 B6 C1 C2 C3 C4 D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 E1 E2 E3 E4 EL F0 F1 F21 F22 G1 G2 G3 H1 H2 I J11 J12 J13 J14 J15 J21 J22 J31 J32 J33 K0 K11 K12 K2 L M1 M2 M3 N1 N2 O P P1 P2 Q RR1 RR2 S S1 S2 S3 S4 T1 T2 T3 U V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 W1 W2 W3 X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 Y Z <1% Sulphur Vuzi Moatize Lower Matinde Upper Matinde
- 62. Plys and AshChemistry – P% 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 -0.05 0.4 wash_145_p_ad_D A52 B11 B12 B2 B3 B4 B51 B52 B6 C1 C2 C3 C4 D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 E1 E2 E3 E4 EL F0 F1 F21 F22 G1 G2 G3 H1 H2 I J11 J12 J13 J14 J15 J21 J22 J31 J32 J33 K0 K11 K12 K2 L M1 M2 M3 N1 N2 O P P1 P2 Q RR1 RR2 S S1 S2 S3 S4 T1 T2 NovaliddataT3 NovaliddataU V1 V2 V3 V4 NovaliddataV5 W1 W2 W3 X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 Y Z <0.07% Phos Vuzi Moatize Lower Matinde Upper Matinde
- 63. Benga Qualities –Spatial view
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- 65. Geology of RTCMLicenses
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- 68. Coal Type log •Up to 60 coal seams in the basin (seam >1m) • Seams thickness’s up to 90m • Interburdens average 40-50m • Coal characteristics • Sulphur – 1% • Phos – 0.07% • Vols – 20-35% • Coke Yields – 5-60% • Rank – 0.8-1.7 • Additional Thermal Yields – 10-30% • Potential resources • Faulted • Seams show varying continuity • Intrusions become more prevalent to the east VuziProductiveLowerMatinde Upper Matinde ICVL Zambeze ICVL Benga Vale ICVL Tete East Eta Star Cahora Bassa
- 69. P% S% Fluvial River channelsystem? Discordant lenses Marsh Marsh system with thick (approx. 20-30m) coal packages consisting of interbanded coal and mudstone. Sandstone partings commonly display coarsening up sequences. Thicker upper seams 0.03 0.9 River Channel and Marsh Transition zone between the underlying river channel system with a series of abandoned channels and the overlying marsh system with thick mudstone dominated packages. Discordant lenses N+ 0.02 1.1 Fluvial River channel system with a series of abandoned channels. Seams are less correlatable. J,K,L,M 0.01 1.0 H,I 0.08 0.9 F,G 0.06 0.8 E 0.08 0.8 D 0.08 0.9 C 0.11 0.7 B 0.01 0.9 A 0.00 1.3 Carboniferous VuziFm. Glacial Glacial till deposited by melting glaciers. Meso Proterozoic Stenian Intrusive The Tete Complex is the basement rock consisting of serpentinised gabbro; the basement includes intrusive stocks and plutons. MatindeFm. Post Glacial outwash fans and channels. Lake and marsh system at top of sequence containing C-seam. River channel system with correlatable seams. Braided Delta Braided delta system with interchannel coal formation. Palaeozoic Fluvial Era Period Super- group Group Depositional Environment MoatizeFm. Permian Karoo LowerKaroo Post Glacial Depositional Process Coals Contained Formation Stratigraphy Coal Characteristics
- 70. Product Coal 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 1.3 1.351.4 1.45 1.5 1.55 1.6 1.65 1.7 1.75 1.8 % WHOLE SEAM DENSITY (SG) Schematic of Coal Seams and Yield % of Seams in Basin Coking Coal yield
- 71. What about thecoal, are they seams and do they have ply´s?
- 72. Coking, Thermal, Domestic Whatare the different types of coal? Vitrinite bands in mixtures of bright to dull coals within bands of siltstone and mudstone.
- 73. Coking Coal –Thermal Coal - Discard The finer you go the more coking coal you get. It´s a question of liberation and processing efficiency – more from Mark Cresswell later.
- 74. Properties of Mozambiquancoal In general, the Mozambican Permian coals are: • Rank: Bituminous (from high to low volatile bituminous) coals, occasionally anthracitic • Type: Vitrinite dominant, Very low Liptinite content, • Ash yield : generally high, • Minerals are finely intergrown with the organic matrix, thereby posing difficulties in liberation during beneficiation Petrography • Dominance of vitrinite; Low content of liptinite (Mucanha-Vúzi) or almost absence (Moatize-Minjova-Mutarara). • References to the petrography of coals from other regions were found only for Metangula coals: • Chipanga Seam (Benga): V content of 72% (Top), 77 & 78% (Middle) 72 & 79% (Bottom) • Mineral-rich (28% - 48%); • Vitrinite varying from 36% to 51%; • Liptinite in the range 2% to 3%
- 75. Coal Qualities Moatize: • increasein rank with depth: from 1,28% in Grande Falésia (Bituminous B) to 1,51% in S. Pinto (Bituminous A). • %VR varies from 1,16% in Top Chipanga Seam to 1,27-1,29% in Middle Chipanga and 1,27-1,37 in Bottom Chipanga, i.e., increases with depth. Minjova: • %VR ranging between 1,36-1,43% - MVB (or Bituminous B) to these coals Mucanha-Vúzi: • lower rank than Moatize, %VR that varies between 1,00-1,10%, approximate border between HVB-MVB (Bituminous B). Mutarara: • %VR between 1,93-3,86%, showing an anthracitic stage, some coal in LVB (many dolerite intrusions) Metangula: • No information available on reflectance of coals from the Basin. Reports refer to Bituminous C-D
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- 77. Exploration Focus Vale ICVL Minas deRevuboé Beacon Hill Ncondezi JSPL ENRC JSW ETA Star Midwest Coal of India Limited KingHo Various Private Companies
- 78. Resources and Reserves Lackof reliable numbers fail to illustrate the real situation. The Mining Directorate of Mozambique (DNM, 2012) compiled a table of coal reserves (JORC) with the information provided by the coal companies and with more recent updates: TOTAL of 29,342 Mt, • Measured/Indicated – 11,924 Mt • Inferred – 17,248 Mt Notes • Numbers apply to 12 licenses only from Moatize-Ncondézi-Mutarara & Sanângoè- Mefidézi • Chicôa-Mecúcoè: CAMEC (2009) refers to 3,6 Bt of coal reserves (included in Sanângoè-Mefidézi figures • Niassa Province, no information Data originally presented by Lopo Vasconceles in 2014
- 79. How much “coal”is there in Mozambique?? • Possibly >30Bt of Geological Coal • Moatize (Vale) – >4Bt • ICVL – >10Bt • Minas de Revuboé – 1Bt • ETA Star – 2Bt • Jindal – 0.7Bt • KingHo – 0.5Bt • ENRC – 3Bt • How much is extractable? • Yield – 30% • Interburdens – 40-50m • How Deep? • At current coal prices? • At current Infrastructure costs? Extractable Coal Economic Coal Un-economic Coal Geological Coal 30Bt ??Bt
- 80. Reality Check –Cost of product Infrastructure Rail Opex Rail Fees Port Costs Capex Mining Waste Mining Coal Mining CHPP Rail load out Capex Royalties Taxes Comparable to Global Average?
- 81. Cost components inCoal Mining Waste Mining Coal Mining CHPP Rail Costs Rail Fees Port Costs Current Coal Price 3 year average Coal Price Cost Pit to Port
- 82. 30Bt of Coal– 5% Economic Zoom o rightExpanded on right
- 83. 30Bt of Coal– 15% Economic Expanded on right
- 84. 30Bt of Coal– 25% Economic Zoom on ightExpanded on right
- 85. Elephants – “country”rather than “room” Significant resources – multiple Bt resources. But – costs structures need to be addressed. Mozambique Coal is part of the Southern African Karoo system, multiple mines tackle similar challenges – learn from them. There is now technical expertise in coal mining in Mozambique, it should be utilised. Going forwards – unlocking value needs:- • The right people • The right balance of risk – smart rather than prescriptive • The right expertise • Honour the geology • Understand the products and markets
- 86. What does thismean for Mozambique? Coal resource base changes on daily basis – but the geological coal does not. Mozambique Factors • Mining Costs • Infrastructure Global Factors • Coal Price The Moatize basin has the potential to produce a large percentage of the world’s Coking coal, but only if the current cost regime is reduced and the coal price recovers.