When moving to 66kV, availability and compatibility of switchgears and transformers for 66kv installations can be a challenge. Is the industry ready to face the related challenges such as high prices, small availability and installation difficulties? Find out more details in the article here: http://bit.ly/-Article_MovingTo66kV
This article describes ABB power supply solutions and communication and control system technology used in the Rio Tinto Alcan ISAL Smelter Production Upgrade project.
Authors: Bjarni Jonsson (RTA), Halflidi Loftsson (Staki Automation ehf.), Max Wiestner (ABB product group Aluminium)
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY , GURUKULA KANGARI UNIVERSITY ,HARIDWARashwini kumar
THIS PROJECT IS RELATED TO GAS INSULATED SUBSTATION,,IN THIS SUBSTATION SF6 GAS IS USED
ASHWINI KUMAR
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING(FINAL YEAR)
ashwinikmr555@gmail.com
+919027134556
This article describes ABB power supply solutions and communication and control system technology used in the Rio Tinto Alcan ISAL Smelter Production Upgrade project.
Authors: Bjarni Jonsson (RTA), Halflidi Loftsson (Staki Automation ehf.), Max Wiestner (ABB product group Aluminium)
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY , GURUKULA KANGARI UNIVERSITY ,HARIDWARashwini kumar
THIS PROJECT IS RELATED TO GAS INSULATED SUBSTATION,,IN THIS SUBSTATION SF6 GAS IS USED
ASHWINI KUMAR
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING(FINAL YEAR)
ashwinikmr555@gmail.com
+919027134556
Catalog thiết bị đóng cắt Fuji Electric - 07 - ELCB
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CTY TNHH HẠO PHƯƠNG - Nhà phân phối chính thức các thiết bị điện công nghiệp và tự động hóa của hãng FUJI ELECTRIC JAPAN tại Việt Nam
Xem chi tiết các sản phẩm Fuji Electric tại
http://haophuong.com/b1033533/fuji-electric
CIGRE Position Paper on the Application of SF6
in Transmission and Distribution Networks
SF6 is essential for the transmission and distribution equipment and switchgear, because
of its excellent dielectric, arc quenching, heat transfer and chemical recombination
properties.
This has been successfully proven since the 1960s for high-voltage equipment and
since beginning of the 1980s for medium-voltage equipment. The size of equipment
and switchgear has been significantly reduced since the beginning of the SF6 technology.
Nowadays, SF6 technology is even more important to bring bulk power at high-voltage
level closer to the consumers as for mega cities.
Moreover, compact SF6 switchgear support applications such as offshore platforms or
wind power installations where small sizes and light weights are requested.
In spite of all the technical advantages of the SF6 technology, SF6 is a potent greenhouse
gas which is covered by the Kyoto Protocol [1]. Therefore SF6 must be managed within a
closed cycle, avoiding any deliberate release to the atmosphere. During the last 20 years, as
a consequence, significant effort has been undertaken to reduce SF6 emissions. The focus
for manufacturers and asset owners was on finding ways of increasing the tightness of
equipment and reducing handling losses.
Nexans Euromold 600 series high voltage bushings feature 5/8" threaded bushings for in air installed HV equipment including transformers, switchgears and capacitors. Nexans Euromold bushings are moulded from epoxy resin in accordance with CENELEC EN 50181.
Nexans Euromold bolted type equipment bushings meet the requirements of IEC137, IEC71 and ANSI/IEEE std. 386.
* Nexans Euromold Bushings 600TBC 11kV 12kV
* Nexans Euromold Bushings K600TBC 24kV
Solution of the problems associated with the development of safe and environmentally clean power industry.
Research in the field of energy conservation, chemical power generation, raising the efficiency of utilization of fuel, and utilization of renewable sources of energy.
Catalog thiết bị đóng cắt Fuji Electric - 07 - ELCB
*********************************************************************
CTY TNHH HẠO PHƯƠNG - Nhà phân phối chính thức các thiết bị điện công nghiệp và tự động hóa của hãng FUJI ELECTRIC JAPAN tại Việt Nam
Xem chi tiết các sản phẩm Fuji Electric tại
http://haophuong.com/b1033533/fuji-electric
CIGRE Position Paper on the Application of SF6
in Transmission and Distribution Networks
SF6 is essential for the transmission and distribution equipment and switchgear, because
of its excellent dielectric, arc quenching, heat transfer and chemical recombination
properties.
This has been successfully proven since the 1960s for high-voltage equipment and
since beginning of the 1980s for medium-voltage equipment. The size of equipment
and switchgear has been significantly reduced since the beginning of the SF6 technology.
Nowadays, SF6 technology is even more important to bring bulk power at high-voltage
level closer to the consumers as for mega cities.
Moreover, compact SF6 switchgear support applications such as offshore platforms or
wind power installations where small sizes and light weights are requested.
In spite of all the technical advantages of the SF6 technology, SF6 is a potent greenhouse
gas which is covered by the Kyoto Protocol [1]. Therefore SF6 must be managed within a
closed cycle, avoiding any deliberate release to the atmosphere. During the last 20 years, as
a consequence, significant effort has been undertaken to reduce SF6 emissions. The focus
for manufacturers and asset owners was on finding ways of increasing the tightness of
equipment and reducing handling losses.
Nexans Euromold 600 series high voltage bushings feature 5/8" threaded bushings for in air installed HV equipment including transformers, switchgears and capacitors. Nexans Euromold bushings are moulded from epoxy resin in accordance with CENELEC EN 50181.
Nexans Euromold bolted type equipment bushings meet the requirements of IEC137, IEC71 and ANSI/IEEE std. 386.
* Nexans Euromold Bushings 600TBC 11kV 12kV
* Nexans Euromold Bushings K600TBC 24kV
Solution of the problems associated with the development of safe and environmentally clean power industry.
Research in the field of energy conservation, chemical power generation, raising the efficiency of utilization of fuel, and utilization of renewable sources of energy.
The transition to 66 kV cables, transformers and switchgears has long been touted as a necessary step for the wind industry. In the space of a few short years progression has been very quick as the industry attempts to streamline every aspect of wind farm construction and energy production to realise reductions in the levelised cost of energy.
Read this article and get an insight into the following aspects:
- JDR Cables 66 kV Inter-Array Cables
- Commercial Applications
- Prysmian Group Manufacturing 66 kV Submarine Cable Cores
- ABB WindSTAR Transformer
- Siemens Transformer and Switchgear
http://bit.ly/2uT4Bvf
PES Wind Magazine - Analysis of optimal wind turbine topology up to 15MWIngeteam Wind Energy
The evolution of technology within the wind sector has experienced a very rapid development during the last years. Every year the most important manufacturers present new turbines. The price at auctions has gone hand in hand with this development, experiencing drastic reductions. Thus, manufacturers have upgraded the power rate of their newest turbines trying to reduce the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCoE). Ingeteam analyses the optimal wind turbine topology up to 15MW.
Check out our PPT on our company Makpower, leading Furnace Transformer Manufacturer in India you will get indepth information about our company "About us", "Manufacturing Process", "Products", "Clients", "Infrastructure" & "Contact" section. Click to visit our website: https://www.makpowerts.com/
Underground Cable Accessories
Elastimold® offers the industry's most complete package for managing underground cable connections.
Broad Product Range..
Elastimold accessories, available from 5kV to 138kV, connect, ground, splice, terminate and protect underground cable.
Elastimold Innovation
Elastimold’s long, innovative history includes pioneering such products as extended and repair elbows, jacket seal elbows, and shrink-fit joints.
Join us at the Wind Turbine Towers Conference to stay competitive by learning advanced #tower concepts and by getting a global perspective of the wind energy sector! Taking place between 27 – 29 August 2019, at Swissôtel in Bremen, Germany. Bitly: http://bit.ly/SS_Wind_Turbine_Towers_Agenda
Be there at the ISO26262 Conference on the 25-28 March 2019 at the Holiday Inn, Munich City Center, Germany. Confirmed speakers from Delphi Technologies, Toyota Research Institute, Texas Instruments. Read the details here: http://bit.ly/2Esno5h
Would you like to know how SOTIF addresses possible hazards caused by intended behavior? Discuss the first draft of the SOTIF standard with international working group members and functional safety experts during the SOTIF Conference. Find out more here: http://bit.ly/SOTIF_Agenda_2019
Daimler, Audi, and Volvo, at Advanced E-Motor - Advanced E-Motor Technology C...Torben Haagh
Preview of the 7th E-Motor Conference 2019 Agenda, taking place at the Hotel Palace Berlin. Get the full Agenda here: http://bit.ly/E-Motor_Agenda_2019
Volkswagen, Ford, and PSA Group - Intelligent Automotive Lighting Agenda 2019Torben Haagh
Have a glimpse of the next years Intelligent Automotive Lighting Conference. Join us on the 20-22 February 2019 at the Hilton Hotel, Mainz. Download the full Agenda here: http://bit.ly/Automotive_Lighting_Agenda_2019
14th International Conference Innovative Seating 2019Torben Haagh
Get an idea of this year's Innovative Seating Conference topic areas. Download the entire Agenda here and join us at the Conference on 18 - 21 February in Düsseldorf. http://bit.ly/InnovativeSeating2019-Agenda
Agenda - Airport Operational Excellence and Automation 2019, Frankfurt Am Ma...Torben Haagh
Have a sneak peak of the latest agenda, with confirmed speakers from Lufthansa, German Aerospace Center, and Athens International Airport. Download the full agenda for free here:
http://bit.ly/Airport_Excellence_Agenda_2019
Agenda: Interior Cabin Innovation for Automated Vehicles 2019Torben Haagh
Learn about the confirmed speakers from BMW, Bentley Motors, PSA Peaugot Citroën, Fiat and Volvo and the interesting topic areas they will talk about. Meet them at the Interior Cabin Innovation Conference in January 2019 in Berlin. http://bit.ly/Interior_Cabins_Agenda2019
First and only technology cutting-edge event in Europe bringing you real cognitive automation use cases from end-users, 12 – 14 March 2019 in Berlin, Germany
Join the event and learn:
• how to deal with unstructured data for better predictive analytics and forecasting
• how to set up an AI or machine learning department with fast results and roll out into the rest of the organization
• how to guarantee Data Readiness, Data Creation and Normalisation
• how to leverage Tensorflow, Keras, Neural Network, Deep learning, and Dataset, for your business success
Meat AI & intelligent robotics experts from YES BANK, UBS, Xing, Alibaba, idealo internet, DHL, Turkcell, Solvay, Unicredit, ieso digital health, Zurich Group, Magic Unicorn Inc., Unbabel, and many more top companies at the Cognitive Automation Conference between 12 - 14 March in Berlin, Germany.
Download the FULL AGENDA to see the entire speaker list, round table sessions, focused workshops and at the following link: http://bit.ly/CognitiveAutomation2019FullAgenda
Präsentation zu Roll-Out Messsysteme Infrastruktur bei EnBWTorben Haagh
In der Präsentation von Herrn Albertsmeyer, Teilprojektleiter ROMI (Roll-Out Messsysteme Infrastruktur) bei Netze BW/EnBW, erfahren Sie, wie der Aufbau der Messsystem-Infrastruktur gelingt. Hier finden Sie die gesamte Präsentation: http://bit.ly/2mGnwDt
Is there potential for robotics in finance and accounting?Torben Haagh
In the presentation, you read about "Robotics in Finance" by Mr. Rode, Project Manager at Allianz. Here you can find the full presentation: http://bit.ly/2DdaNPQ
In der Präsentation des Director General Statistics bei der EZB, lesen Sie mehr über den langfristigen strategischen Ansatz des ESZB bei der Erhebung von Bankdaten. Hier finden Sie die gesamte Präsentation: http://bit.ly/2DkRxnP
Expert interview with Nexans - the 66kV cabling technologyTorben Haagh
Stefaan Mensaert, Product Line Manager Renewables at Nexans gave us the opportunity to talk to him about 66 kV cables, junction boxes and connectors. As an experienced cable manufacturer, he gave us some answers to the following topics:
- Major challenges to overcome in order to deliver 66 kV XLPE insulated submarine cable and the accessories, junction boxes and connectors
- What kind of tests they executed to ensure quality and high performance of 66 kV cabling technology
- Nexans and the Blyth project in the UK
- Future for offshore wind energy 66 kV inter-array cabling
http://bit.ly/2fLLn2c
ENERCON - Energy System Change: Era of Feed-in Tariffs is coming to an endTorben Haagh
Andreas Linder, Grid Integration & SCADA Sales by Enercon gave a presentation about system services by wind energy on last years Digital Data Integration and Management conference.
Have a look at the presentation to get an overview of the following:
- System Change: Status Quo Regulation & projects, examples and rolemodels
- The Energy System: Centralised versus decentralised
- Differentiation minimum requirements versus Services for the Grid
- Control reserve by wind - why not? Status quo - TSOs, IT-Requirements, Regulator
- Advantages and challenges
http://bit.ly/2wDLMe4
Innovative Ansätze im Mahn- und Inkassoprozess - Kundenorientiertes Mahnen in...Torben Haagh
Ralph Rochau, Experte Forderungsmanagement bei der BKW Energie AG gibt Einblicke in drei große Bereiche für innovative Ansätze im Bereich Forderungsmanagement:
- Mahnstrategie/Mahnverfahren
- Kommunikation und Kundenorientierung
- Infrastruktur
Für die komplette Präsentation inklusive der Potenziale und Stolpersteine der einzelnen Bereiche, klicken Sie hier:
http://bit.ly/2qiWLIK
Effizienter mit Kooperationen bei Integra-PartnernTorben Haagh
N-Ergie, enercity & Mainova haben das Projekt „IT-Servicemanagement“ (ITSM) partnerschaftlich umgesetzt - dieses beschreiben und analysieren Frau Dr. Ernst und Herr Lübcke in einer Präsentation, die Sie hier kostenlos herunterladen: http://bit.ly/2n3tIFE
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.
Moving to 66kV: Are current switchgears and transformers adequate?
1. Upgrading to 66kv: Switchgears and
Transformer Technology Challenges
By Dr. Magdalena Kurkowska
Transfer to 66kv inter-array voltage systems presents an attractive option, but also generates a number of
challenges to address. One of them is availability and compatibility of switchgears and transformers for 66kv
installations. Although there is an array of high voltage switchgears and transformers readily available on
the market, the offshore wind industry has its own unique requirements that cannot be compromised. These
specifications include: limited space available for installation, exposure to the high shocks and accelerations
at every stage, from transport, construction to installation, operation and commissioning on site, as well as
highly saline environment.
The question then arises: is the current switchgears and transformers technology adequate for 66kv offshore
installations? If not, what technological advancements would benefit the industry?
Wind turbine switchgears require downsizing
An increase of the inter-array voltage from 33kV to 66kV generates construction constrains and new
requirements for offshore wind turbine switchgears.
Although there are standard switchgears for rated voltages of up to 72.5kV available on the market, most of
them have too large dimensions to be installed inside the turbine tower. It is also possible to install a switch-
gear in a separate compartment placed underneath the nacelle or mounted in a lower location outside the
tower. These solutions, however, create incremental costs, as additional structural support structures are
required.There is a clear demand for small, compact-size switchgears suitable for offshore applications. Some
manufacturers (like Alstom and Siemens) already offer standard SF6 insulated high voltage switchgears that
can be installed within the transition compartment of wind turbine structure and able to accommodate
single, double or triple cable system connections.
Siemens compact gas-insulated switchgear launched last year only needs 200 cubic meters of space. When
used on an offshore platform, the platform size can thus be decreased by approximately 10 percent, the
company claims. Other makers are developing similar, space-saving products.
At present 66kv switchgears used in offshore wind projects are significantly more expensive than 33kv switch-
gears. Hopefully, new developments would lead to substantial price reductions.
Environmental and standards challenges
Insufficient level of standards for high voltage (HV) switchgears used in offshore wind turbines is another
issue. The gap covers such critical matters as: the shocks and accelerations, or the environmental
conditions the equipment is required to resist. Some developers, like Alstom used similarities in the
earthquake-withstand capability when designing and testing their products.
Another, difficult to ignore industry challenge is uncertain future of sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)-insulated
switchgear technology.
www.66kv-offshore-wind.com
2. Search of SF6 replacement
Perceived as almost perfect insulation material, sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) has been commonly used in
switchgears’technology from 1970s. Since then, the evidence of environmental impacts associated with SF6
has started to emerge: sulphur hexafluoride has been recognised as the most potent greenhouse gas, with
a global warming potential 23,900 times that of CO2. Moreover, if released to the atmosphere, the gas could
impact the climate for up to 3,200 years. As a result, SF6 has been placed on the Kyoto list of substances the
use and emission of which must be minimised.
In accordance with the European Union’s F Gas Regulation from 2014 aiming to bring
down the EU’s F-gas emissions by two-thirds from 2014 levels by 2030, the usage of
sulphur hexafluoride is now banned in most applications, with the exception of medium-
voltage and high-voltage (above 52 kV) switchgears. But even so, the future of SF6 remains uncertain.
Although the 2014 EU F Gas Regulation does not impose restrictions on the use of sulphur hexafluoride in
medium and high voltage systems, it does contain a provision for reviewing the situation in 2020. A complete
phase-out of SF6 cannot therefore be ruled out. Some industry experts go even further dubbing SF6 as a
‘yesterday’s technology’ and projecting the legislative changes are unavoidable.
This uncertainty makes a strong case to avoid SF6 switchgears in new installations, but are there any viable
alternatives? In fact, the situation is not so‘rosy’for the 66kv industry, with only few readily available SF6-free
models on the market.
Sulphur hexafluoride technology obsolescence creates demand for new solutions and some market players
have already responded to this requirement. Alstom, for example, has announced development of new SF6-
free switchgear suitable for use in 66kv offshore installations. Instead of SF6, the technology uses so-called g3
(green gas for grid), non-toxic, non-flammable gas mixture. Developed in cooperation with 3MTM, the new
solution is compliant with switchgears specifications, such as: voltage withstand, current interruption, heat
transfer, low temperature application, compatibility with switchgear materials, stability versus temperature
and time and easy handling for filling and topping-up.
Transformers installation challenges
When it comes to wind turbine transformers for 66kv, availability of products is not such a problem.
Transformers with 66kv as primary voltage represent a proven technology. Liquid-filled transformers are
available as required, while the choice of dry type transformer models suitable for 66kv installation is
somewhat limited at present, but growing. Instead, it is the installation where the challenge lies.
Transformers can be installed either in the nacelle, the transition piece, the turbine tower, or outside the
tower, within an external container, protecting the transformer against elements.The optimum solution is the
installation of transformer in the nacelle close to the generator. Due to limitedspace inside the nacelle,
installation of the transformer can be troublesome. Because of larger electrical design clearances and volume
of insulation materials required, 66kv transformers feature bigger dimensions than their 33kv counterparts of
the same transformation capacities.
www.66kv-offshore-wind.com
3. Therefore, slim and compact transformers are the best choice for 66kv applications. Suitable technologies
include forced cooled KFAF transformers. Other solutions, such as Bio-Slim transformers, using biodegradable
ester as the insulation material, can be also considered.
Maintenance regimes for switchgear components are similar to 33kv systems. Dry-type transformers
require visual inspections and checking of winding temperature controls. In exceptional cases cleaning of
windings and tightening of mechanical parts might be necessary. For oil filled transformers, the maintenance
requirements are higher and include ongoing oil analyses to ensure safe operation of the transformers.
Protection of steel tanks and cooling systems against corrosion caused by humid and saline marine air is also
necessary.
Dry type transformers are therefore easier to maintain. On the other hand, they are more sensitive to
electrical creep, condensation, partial discharges, temperature variations, cracks, and contaminations than
oil-filled models.
Substations equipment and organisation will be affected
As a result of switching to higher inter-array voltage, the substation equipment and organisation
will be also affected, as heavier and larger components will be required: the average weight of 33kv
substation switchgear is 1.4 t, while of 66kv: between 1.9 and 117t. They will also require more space. The
currently available models include: Siemens 8DN8-72.5kV, ABB ENK gas insulated switchgear, or Alstom grid
F35-72.5 kV gas insulated substation. There will be also a requirement for a larger auxiliary generator set.
Larger, heavier and more expansive reactive power compensation equipment will be also needed to
prevent outages and secure uninterrupted smooth operation of the wind farm. Industry experts estimate the
cost of enhanced reactive power compensation equipment for 66kv technology to be about 50% higher in
comparison with a 33kv equivalent. It will also demand increased maintenance and inspection efforts.
Summary
An increase of the inter-array voltage from 33kV to 66kV generates new requirements for offshore wind
turbine switchgears, transformers and other equipment. At present, the major problems the industry faces
are: lack of readily available compact switchgears models, high component prices due to limited competition
on the market and products availability, installation challenges due to space constrains, as well as uncertainty
about the future of SF6 switchgear technology. All this challenges creates demand for new models of switch-
gears and transformers, specifically adapted to offshore wind industry specifications.
www.66kv-offshore-wind.com