The document discusses various theories of motor control including reflex theory, hierarchical theory, systems theory, motor programming theory, dynamic systems theory, and ecological theory. It provides an overview of each theory, their limitations, and clinical implications. The document also discusses the sensory components of motor control including touch, proprioception, and vision. Finally, it examines neurologic rehabilitation approaches including reflex-based and task-oriented approaches, and provides a recent example of a task-specific locomotor training strategy for patients with cerebellar disease.
The document discusses postural control and balance, defining it as the ability to control body position in space. It describes static and dynamic postural control, and notes an intervention program should be based on an accurate evaluation. The summary provides exercises to improve postural alignment, control of movement, adaptation to tasks/environments, and fall prevention. A balance training program incorporates steady state, anticipatory and reactive exercises focusing on static and dynamic postural control.
The Bobath concept is an approach to treating mobility difficulties caused by neurological conditions like cerebral palsy and strokes. It was developed over 50 years ago by Bertha and Karel Bobath based on clinical experience and the neuroscience of the time. The Bobath approach uses specialized handling techniques to reduce abnormal tone and facilitate normal movements. Through positioning and handling, stiffness can be reduced and muscle control and movement improved. The overall aim is to enable better functioning in daily life.
Understanding the various theories of motor control- reflex-hierarchal theory, ecological theory, dynamic systems theory and it's clinical application; also forming the basis of neurological rehabilitation techniques like Task-orient approach, Constraint induced movement therapy (CIMT), NDT (Neurodevelopmental Facilitation).
This document discusses prehension, or gripping, which is made possible by the opposable thumb in humans. It describes two main types of grip: power grip, which involves the whole hand and is used to hold cylindrical or spherical objects, and precision grip, which requires finer motor control and pad-to-pad, tip-to-tip, or pad-to-side contact between the thumb and fingers. Specific grips like hook, spherical, and lateral grips are subtypes of power grip. Precision grips depend on intact sensation and muscles like the flexor pollicis brevis and opponens pollicis. The functional position of the wrist and fingers optimizes power and efficiency of grip.
This document outlines foundational concepts of therapeutic exercise, including definitions, types of exercises, and safety considerations. It defines therapeutic exercise as planned bodily movements intended to remediate or prevent impairments, improve function, reduce health risks, and optimize health. The document discusses key aspects of physical function such as balance, flexibility, mobility and muscle performance. It also describes different types of therapeutic exercises and emphasizes patient and therapist safety.
Rood's approach is a neurophysiological technique developed in 1940 based on reflex models of motor control. It uses sensory stimulation to normalize tone and elicit desired muscle responses based on developmental sequences. The key concepts are:
1. Categorizing muscles as tonic or phasic for stability or mobility.
2. Using ontogenic sequences of motor and vital functions development.
3. Applying appropriate sensory stimuli like touch or vibration to proprioceptive, exteroceptive, and vestibular receptors.
4. Manipulating the autonomic nervous system with techniques like icing or warming.
This document discusses several theories of motor control including reflex theory, hierarchical theory, motor programming theory, systems theory, dynamic action theory, and ecological theory. It provides an overview of each theory, their implications for understanding movement and clinical practice, and their limitations. The value of theory for guiding examination and intervention in physical therapy is discussed.
Effects of various types of lifting like stoop lifting, squat lifting, semi-squat lifting on the body and also when to use which type of lift to help prevent or minimize the risk of musculoskeletal injury.
The document discusses postural control and balance, defining it as the ability to control body position in space. It describes static and dynamic postural control, and notes an intervention program should be based on an accurate evaluation. The summary provides exercises to improve postural alignment, control of movement, adaptation to tasks/environments, and fall prevention. A balance training program incorporates steady state, anticipatory and reactive exercises focusing on static and dynamic postural control.
The Bobath concept is an approach to treating mobility difficulties caused by neurological conditions like cerebral palsy and strokes. It was developed over 50 years ago by Bertha and Karel Bobath based on clinical experience and the neuroscience of the time. The Bobath approach uses specialized handling techniques to reduce abnormal tone and facilitate normal movements. Through positioning and handling, stiffness can be reduced and muscle control and movement improved. The overall aim is to enable better functioning in daily life.
Understanding the various theories of motor control- reflex-hierarchal theory, ecological theory, dynamic systems theory and it's clinical application; also forming the basis of neurological rehabilitation techniques like Task-orient approach, Constraint induced movement therapy (CIMT), NDT (Neurodevelopmental Facilitation).
This document discusses prehension, or gripping, which is made possible by the opposable thumb in humans. It describes two main types of grip: power grip, which involves the whole hand and is used to hold cylindrical or spherical objects, and precision grip, which requires finer motor control and pad-to-pad, tip-to-tip, or pad-to-side contact between the thumb and fingers. Specific grips like hook, spherical, and lateral grips are subtypes of power grip. Precision grips depend on intact sensation and muscles like the flexor pollicis brevis and opponens pollicis. The functional position of the wrist and fingers optimizes power and efficiency of grip.
This document outlines foundational concepts of therapeutic exercise, including definitions, types of exercises, and safety considerations. It defines therapeutic exercise as planned bodily movements intended to remediate or prevent impairments, improve function, reduce health risks, and optimize health. The document discusses key aspects of physical function such as balance, flexibility, mobility and muscle performance. It also describes different types of therapeutic exercises and emphasizes patient and therapist safety.
Rood's approach is a neurophysiological technique developed in 1940 based on reflex models of motor control. It uses sensory stimulation to normalize tone and elicit desired muscle responses based on developmental sequences. The key concepts are:
1. Categorizing muscles as tonic or phasic for stability or mobility.
2. Using ontogenic sequences of motor and vital functions development.
3. Applying appropriate sensory stimuli like touch or vibration to proprioceptive, exteroceptive, and vestibular receptors.
4. Manipulating the autonomic nervous system with techniques like icing or warming.
This document discusses several theories of motor control including reflex theory, hierarchical theory, motor programming theory, systems theory, dynamic action theory, and ecological theory. It provides an overview of each theory, their implications for understanding movement and clinical practice, and their limitations. The value of theory for guiding examination and intervention in physical therapy is discussed.
Effects of various types of lifting like stoop lifting, squat lifting, semi-squat lifting on the body and also when to use which type of lift to help prevent or minimize the risk of musculoskeletal injury.
The discipline of Motor Control is the study of human movement and the systems that control it under normal and pathological conditions.
Depends upon -
Environmental result of the movement (Outcome)
Movement pattern
Neuromotor processes underlying movement
Motor learning is the understanding of acquisition and/or modification of movement.
As applied to patients, motor learning involves the reacquisition of previously learned movement skills that are lost due to pathology or sensory, motor, or cognitive impairments. This process is often referred to as recovery of function.
Motor learning is the study of acquiring and modifying movement through practice and experience. Theories of motor learning include Adams' closed loop theory involving sensory feedback, Schmidt's schema theory of updating memory representations with practice, and Newell's ecological theory of coordinating perception and action. Stages of learning motor skills are described by Fitts and Posner's three stages of cognitive, associative, and autonomous learning and Gentile's two stages of understanding the task and refining the movement.
Neurodynamics, mobilization of nervous system, neural mobilizationSaurab Sharma
This is the presentation which was delivered to third year Bachelor of Physiotherapy students at Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences (KUSMS), Dhulikhel, Nepal. Different schools of thoughts in manual therapy are the part of curriculum for the undergraduate students at KUSMS.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to movement analysis including:
I. The motor unit and structure of muscle tissue. II. The role of neurotransmitters like acetylcholine in stimulating muscle contraction. III. The sliding filament theory of muscle contraction involving calcium ions, troponin, and the myosin power stroke. IV. Types of muscle fibers and muscle contractions including eccentric, concentric, and isometric. V. Types of joint movements and muscle actions. The document also discusses biomechanical concepts such as forces, vectors, Newton's laws of motion, and linear and angular momentum.
The document discusses disablement, its process, and common models used to describe it. It defines disablement and outlines Nagi, ICIDH, and ICF models of the disablement process. These models progress from pathology and impairment at the tissue/organ level to functional limitation and disability at the personal level to participation restrictions at the societal level. The document also discusses how therapeutic exercise can impact different levels of the disablement process by reducing impairments and improving function. Common physical therapy impairments, limitations, activity categories, and risk factors are also outlined.
This document discusses motor learning and recovery of function. It covers several key points:
1) Motor learning involves the acquisition and modification of movement skills through practice and is enabled by neural plasticity in the brain.
2) Neural plasticity allows for both short-term and long-term changes in synaptic connections that support motor learning and recovery of function after injury.
3) Recovery of function involves both functional changes like unmasking existing connections as well as structural changes such as remapping of sensory or motor cortex.
4) Motor learning can be declarative, requiring conscious effort, or non-declarative and automatic, through mechanisms like classical conditioning, sensitization, and procedural learning.
The document summarizes the physiology of human movement. It discusses how distinct areas of the brain plan, execute, and provide feedback for movements. The motor cortex, brainstem, cerebellum, basal ganglia, and spinal cord all contribute to different types of movement like postural control, ambulation, and reaching/grasping. Descending pathways like the corticospinal tract transmit signals from the motor cortex to the spinal cord to control muscle activation. Sensory feedback through pathways like the dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway provides information to coordinate movement.
Important structures associated with neural control of locomotion- CPGs, Peripheral receptors and afferents, Basal ganglia, Cerebellum, Brainstem, Cerebellar Cortex.
This document discusses several theories of motor control including reflex theory, hierarchical theory, dynamical systems theory, motor programming theory, system theory, and ecological theory. It provides details on the key aspects and proposals of each theory as well as examples and criticisms of each approach to understanding human movement and motor control.
Muscle tone and Deep tendon reflex assessmentshuchij10
The document discusses various types of muscle tone abnormalities including hypertonia, hypotonia, spasticity, rigidity, dystonia, and their clinical presentations and assessments. Spasticity is characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to stretch and may result in contractures and functional limitations. Rigidity differs from spasticity in being independent of movement velocity. Various assessments of tone are discussed including observation of posture and movement, palpation of muscles, passive range of motion testing, scales like the Modified Ashworth Scale, and reflex testing.
The document provides an overview of coordination and its assessment. It defines coordination as the ability to execute smooth, accurate movements through integration of the motor, cerebellar, vestibular and sensory systems. Coordination involves appropriate speed, direction, muscle tension and synergist influences. Coordination deficits are often related to conditions involving the cerebellum, basal ganglia or dorsal columns. Common tests of coordination include finger-to-nose, heel-to-knee, rapid alternating movements and Romberg's test. Treatment focuses on techniques like PNF, balance exercises, and Frenkel's exercises to improve coordination.
NDT, BOBATH TECHNIQUE, BASIC IDEA OF BOBATH, CONCEPT OF BOBATH, NEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF NDT, ICF MODEL, PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT OF NDT IN STROKE AND CP, AUTOMATIC AND EQUILIBRIUM REACTIONS, KEY POINTS OF CONTROL, FACILITATION, INHIBITION AND HANDLING IN NDT
Ap facilitatory and inhibitatory techniqueAnwesh Pradhan
This document discusses several sensory motor approaches used in neurophysiotherapy, including Rood's approach, PNF, neurodevelopmental approach, sensory integration, and Brunnstrom's movement therapy. It provides details on the theoretical basis, principles, techniques, and strategies of each approach. Rood's approach focuses on normalizing muscle tone through sensory stimulation to produce purposeful movement. PNF uses techniques like manual contacts, stretch, and traction to stimulate proprioceptors and facilitate desired movement. The neurodevelopmental approach was developed by Bobath and aims to modify abnormal movement patterns.
This document discusses the biomechanics of lifting. It defines lifting as moving an object from one location to another, generally involving vertical and horizontal movement. There are two main types of lifts discussed: stoop lifting, which involves trunk flexion without knee bending, and squat lifting, which keeps the spine erect and bends at the hips and knees. Squat lifting is preferable as it reduces pressure on the discs of the spine compared to stoop lifting. Proper lifting technique involves keeping loads close to the body, using both hands to hold the load securely, and choosing the appropriate lift type based on the load and situation.
-Detailed Introduction, Patho-physiology, Evaluation & Physiotherapy Management of Parkinsonism.
-Clinical classification is discussed.
-Various measures of evaluation and physical therapy is discussed in this.
The document discusses motor control and various theories of motor control. It defines motor control as the ability to regulate movement and discusses five main theories: reflex theory, hierarchical theory, motor programming theory, systems theory, and ecological theory. It also discusses the physiology of motor control in the nervous system and how clinical practice has evolved parallel to developments in scientific theories of motor control. Theories provide frameworks to interpret behavior and guide clinical actions, but no single theory can fully explain motor control.
You will know what a motor control is
What are the theories and clinical implications of motor control
Physiology of motor control
Latest evidence on motor control in a musculoskeletal condition
The discipline of Motor Control is the study of human movement and the systems that control it under normal and pathological conditions.
Depends upon -
Environmental result of the movement (Outcome)
Movement pattern
Neuromotor processes underlying movement
Motor learning is the understanding of acquisition and/or modification of movement.
As applied to patients, motor learning involves the reacquisition of previously learned movement skills that are lost due to pathology or sensory, motor, or cognitive impairments. This process is often referred to as recovery of function.
Motor learning is the study of acquiring and modifying movement through practice and experience. Theories of motor learning include Adams' closed loop theory involving sensory feedback, Schmidt's schema theory of updating memory representations with practice, and Newell's ecological theory of coordinating perception and action. Stages of learning motor skills are described by Fitts and Posner's three stages of cognitive, associative, and autonomous learning and Gentile's two stages of understanding the task and refining the movement.
Neurodynamics, mobilization of nervous system, neural mobilizationSaurab Sharma
This is the presentation which was delivered to third year Bachelor of Physiotherapy students at Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences (KUSMS), Dhulikhel, Nepal. Different schools of thoughts in manual therapy are the part of curriculum for the undergraduate students at KUSMS.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to movement analysis including:
I. The motor unit and structure of muscle tissue. II. The role of neurotransmitters like acetylcholine in stimulating muscle contraction. III. The sliding filament theory of muscle contraction involving calcium ions, troponin, and the myosin power stroke. IV. Types of muscle fibers and muscle contractions including eccentric, concentric, and isometric. V. Types of joint movements and muscle actions. The document also discusses biomechanical concepts such as forces, vectors, Newton's laws of motion, and linear and angular momentum.
The document discusses disablement, its process, and common models used to describe it. It defines disablement and outlines Nagi, ICIDH, and ICF models of the disablement process. These models progress from pathology and impairment at the tissue/organ level to functional limitation and disability at the personal level to participation restrictions at the societal level. The document also discusses how therapeutic exercise can impact different levels of the disablement process by reducing impairments and improving function. Common physical therapy impairments, limitations, activity categories, and risk factors are also outlined.
This document discusses motor learning and recovery of function. It covers several key points:
1) Motor learning involves the acquisition and modification of movement skills through practice and is enabled by neural plasticity in the brain.
2) Neural plasticity allows for both short-term and long-term changes in synaptic connections that support motor learning and recovery of function after injury.
3) Recovery of function involves both functional changes like unmasking existing connections as well as structural changes such as remapping of sensory or motor cortex.
4) Motor learning can be declarative, requiring conscious effort, or non-declarative and automatic, through mechanisms like classical conditioning, sensitization, and procedural learning.
The document summarizes the physiology of human movement. It discusses how distinct areas of the brain plan, execute, and provide feedback for movements. The motor cortex, brainstem, cerebellum, basal ganglia, and spinal cord all contribute to different types of movement like postural control, ambulation, and reaching/grasping. Descending pathways like the corticospinal tract transmit signals from the motor cortex to the spinal cord to control muscle activation. Sensory feedback through pathways like the dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway provides information to coordinate movement.
Important structures associated with neural control of locomotion- CPGs, Peripheral receptors and afferents, Basal ganglia, Cerebellum, Brainstem, Cerebellar Cortex.
This document discusses several theories of motor control including reflex theory, hierarchical theory, dynamical systems theory, motor programming theory, system theory, and ecological theory. It provides details on the key aspects and proposals of each theory as well as examples and criticisms of each approach to understanding human movement and motor control.
Muscle tone and Deep tendon reflex assessmentshuchij10
The document discusses various types of muscle tone abnormalities including hypertonia, hypotonia, spasticity, rigidity, dystonia, and their clinical presentations and assessments. Spasticity is characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to stretch and may result in contractures and functional limitations. Rigidity differs from spasticity in being independent of movement velocity. Various assessments of tone are discussed including observation of posture and movement, palpation of muscles, passive range of motion testing, scales like the Modified Ashworth Scale, and reflex testing.
The document provides an overview of coordination and its assessment. It defines coordination as the ability to execute smooth, accurate movements through integration of the motor, cerebellar, vestibular and sensory systems. Coordination involves appropriate speed, direction, muscle tension and synergist influences. Coordination deficits are often related to conditions involving the cerebellum, basal ganglia or dorsal columns. Common tests of coordination include finger-to-nose, heel-to-knee, rapid alternating movements and Romberg's test. Treatment focuses on techniques like PNF, balance exercises, and Frenkel's exercises to improve coordination.
NDT, BOBATH TECHNIQUE, BASIC IDEA OF BOBATH, CONCEPT OF BOBATH, NEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF NDT, ICF MODEL, PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT OF NDT IN STROKE AND CP, AUTOMATIC AND EQUILIBRIUM REACTIONS, KEY POINTS OF CONTROL, FACILITATION, INHIBITION AND HANDLING IN NDT
Ap facilitatory and inhibitatory techniqueAnwesh Pradhan
This document discusses several sensory motor approaches used in neurophysiotherapy, including Rood's approach, PNF, neurodevelopmental approach, sensory integration, and Brunnstrom's movement therapy. It provides details on the theoretical basis, principles, techniques, and strategies of each approach. Rood's approach focuses on normalizing muscle tone through sensory stimulation to produce purposeful movement. PNF uses techniques like manual contacts, stretch, and traction to stimulate proprioceptors and facilitate desired movement. The neurodevelopmental approach was developed by Bobath and aims to modify abnormal movement patterns.
This document discusses the biomechanics of lifting. It defines lifting as moving an object from one location to another, generally involving vertical and horizontal movement. There are two main types of lifts discussed: stoop lifting, which involves trunk flexion without knee bending, and squat lifting, which keeps the spine erect and bends at the hips and knees. Squat lifting is preferable as it reduces pressure on the discs of the spine compared to stoop lifting. Proper lifting technique involves keeping loads close to the body, using both hands to hold the load securely, and choosing the appropriate lift type based on the load and situation.
-Detailed Introduction, Patho-physiology, Evaluation & Physiotherapy Management of Parkinsonism.
-Clinical classification is discussed.
-Various measures of evaluation and physical therapy is discussed in this.
The document discusses motor control and various theories of motor control. It defines motor control as the ability to regulate movement and discusses five main theories: reflex theory, hierarchical theory, motor programming theory, systems theory, and ecological theory. It also discusses the physiology of motor control in the nervous system and how clinical practice has evolved parallel to developments in scientific theories of motor control. Theories provide frameworks to interpret behavior and guide clinical actions, but no single theory can fully explain motor control.
You will know what a motor control is
What are the theories and clinical implications of motor control
Physiology of motor control
Latest evidence on motor control in a musculoskeletal condition
This document provides an overview of assistive technologies for physiotherapy. It begins with foundational theories of sensory-motor rehabilitation including motor control, motor learning, and neural plasticity. It then discusses the human activity assistive technology model and rehabilitation model. The document outlines assistive technologies for mobility, positioning, environmental interaction, augmentation/communication, and education. It covers socioeconomic aspects, standardization, service delivery, and establishing new tracks in physiotherapy practice related to rehabilitation technologies.
The document discusses motor control and motor learning. It defines motor control as the process of initiating, directing, and grading voluntary movement through the coordination of sensory and motor systems. Several theories of motor control are described, including reflex, dynamical systems, hierarchical, motor program, ecological, and systems theories. These theories propose different models for how movement is controlled, from stimulus-response reflexes to emergent patterns that self-organize based on environmental and body dynamics. The theories have implications for understanding normal and abnormal movement and rehabilitating motor skills.
At the end of the lecture, the students should be able to:
Discuss the theoretical basis of the neurodevelopmental approaches
Discuss the concepts and principles underlying the Bobath approach
Discuss the concepts and principles underlying the Brunnstrom approach
Motor control and plasticity in psychologyZeenath Farzu
Motor control theories attempt to explain how voluntary movements are produced and regulated. The main theories discussed are: reflex theory, hierarchical theory, motor program theory, systems theory, dynamic action theory, and ecological theory. Each theory provides insights into motor control but also has limitations, such as not fully accounting for variables like environment, context, and the complex interactions between the nervous system and body.
Final Project: Understanding The Brain: The Neurobiology of Every Life Marisol Parrao
This document discusses sensory integration therapy and the underlying neurobiology. It describes a typical sensory integration session, focusing on how the vestibular and motor systems are engaged. It explains the basic premise of sensory integration theory, which is that adequate sensory processing and integration in the brain leads to adaptive behaviors. Specific sensory systems like vision, touch, and balance are involved. The interventions aim to enhance a child's ability to utilize sensation through controlled vestibular, proprioceptive and tactile input. The vestibular system relies on acceleration signals being integrated in the midbrain. Motor modulation involves the cerebellum organizing movement based on sensory feedback and the basal ganglia initiating movement.
1. Neurodevelopmental therapy (NDT) was developed in 1948 by Berta and Karel Bobath to treat patients with central nervous system damage like hemiplegia and stroke.
2. NDT uses a problem-solving approach involving examination of posture, movement, functional skills, and systems to develop individualized treatment plans. The goal is to minimize impairments and prevent secondary disabilities.
3. The NDT examination process evaluates clients holistically, incorporates their family/environment, and identifies both limitations and competencies to inform treatment planning.
This document provides an overview of mirror therapy as a treatment approach to support upper extremity recovery after stroke. It discusses the theoretical foundations of mirror therapy, describing how visual feedback of movement can facilitate cortical reorganization. Several studies are summarized that demonstrate the effectiveness of mirror therapy for improving motor function, activities of daily living, and pain when used as an adjunct to traditional stroke rehabilitation. The document concludes with a demonstration of how mirror therapy is performed in a clinical setting.
This document discusses several theories of motor learning:
1. Fitts and Posner's three-stage model of motor learning involving cognitive, associative, and autonomous stages.
2. Gentile's two-stage model involving understanding task dynamics and refining movements.
3. The systems three-stage model involving constraining degrees of freedom as a novice, releasing constraints as advanced, and optimal efficiency as an expert.
4. Schmidt's schema theory involving recall and recognition schemas updated through practice.
5. Ecological theory framing motor learning as coordinating perception and action based on task and environmental constraints. The document provides examples and clinical implications of applying each theory.
The document discusses system model theory, which explains that neural control over movement cannot be understood without considering the interacting systems that produce movement. It states that movements are controlled not by any single central or peripheral system, but through interactions among multiple systems. These systems include subsystems within the individual like the body mechanics, peripheral nervous system, cerebellum, and motor cortex. External constraints on movement include task attributes and environmental factors. The clinical implications are that understanding these various constraints can help clinicians help patients regain motor function after assessing movements in context.
This is explanation about the motor relearning technique, which is one of the approach used to treat patient in rehabilitation with neurological conditions.
The cell was first discovered and named by Robert Hooke in 1665.
He remarked that it looked strangely similar to cellula or small rooms which monks inhabited, thus deriving the name. However what Hooke actually saw was the dead cell walls of plant cells (cork) as it appeared under the microscope.
surface Anatomy: The study of anatomical landmarks that can be identified by observing the surface of the body. Sometimes called superficial anatomy.
microscopic anatomy: The study of minute anatomical structures on a microscopic scale, including cells (cytology) and tissues (histology).
Gross (or macroscopic) anatomy: The study of anatomical features visible to the naked eye, such as internal organs and external features.
embryology: The science of the development of an embryo from the fertilization of the ovum to the fetal stage.
dissection: The process of disassembling an organism to determine its internal structure and understand the functions and relationships of its components.
surface Anatomy: The study of anatomical landmarks that can be identified by observing the surface of the body. Sometimes called superficial anatomy.
microscopic anatomy: The study of minute anatomical structures on a microscopic scale, including cells (cytology) and tissues (histology).
Gross (or macroscopic) anatomy: The study of anatomical features visible to the naked eye, such as internal organs and external features.
embryology: The science of the development of an embryo from the fertilization of the ovum to the fetal stage.
dissection: The process of disassembling an organism to determine its internal structure and understand the functions and relationships of its components.
Physiotherapy Intervention for patients with Motor Control disease.pptAnuragDwivedi671505
This document provides an overview of physiotherapy interventions for patients with motor control diseases. It discusses that interventions have evolved from empirical knowledge to being evidence-based. The therapist's role is to determine a patient's strengths/limitations and develop a collaborative plan of care considering the task, individual, and environment. Interventions are organized from restorative to promote optimal function, to impairment-specific, to augmented using hands-on assistance for limited mobility, to compensatory for severe impairment using altered movements. A variety of motor learning strategies and interventions are presented including functional training, strength/flexibility exercises, balance/coordination training, gait rehabilitation, neurodevelopmental techniques, and assistive strategies.
It is a technique developed by Janet H Carr and Roberta B Shepherd which provides physiotherapists and occupational therapists with an approach to stroke rehabilitation that is clear, relevant, and effective, building on the research-based model created by the authors
The story of Dr. Ranjit Jagtap's daughters is more than a tale of inherited responsibility; it's a narrative of passion, innovation, and unwavering commitment to a cause greater than oneself. In Poulami and Aditi Jagtap, we see the beautiful continuum of a father's dream and the limitless potential of compassion-driven healthcare.
Test bank clinical nursing skills a concept based approach 4e pearson educati...rightmanforbloodline
Test bank clinical nursing skills a concept based approach 4e pearson education
Test bank clinical nursing skills a concept based approach 4e pearson education
Test bank clinical nursing skills a concept based approach 4e pearson education
Fit to Fly PCR Covid Testing at our Clinic Near YouNX Healthcare
A Fit-to-Fly PCR Test is a crucial service for travelers needing to meet the entry requirements of various countries or airlines. This test involves a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for COVID-19, which is considered the gold standard for detecting active infections. At our travel clinic in Leeds, we offer fast and reliable Fit to Fly PCR testing, providing you with an official certificate verifying your negative COVID-19 status. Our process is designed for convenience and accuracy, with quick turnaround times to ensure you receive your results and certificate in time for your departure. Trust our professional and experienced medical team to help you travel safely and compliantly, giving you peace of mind for your journey.www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
VEDANTA AIR AMBULANCE SERVICES IN REWA AT A COST-EFFECTIVE PRICE.pdfVedanta A
Air Ambulance Services In Rewa works in close coordination with ground-based emergency services, including local Emergency Medical Services, fire departments, and law enforcement agencies.
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Test bank advanced health assessment and differential diagnosis essentials fo...rightmanforbloodline
Test bank advanced health assessment and differential diagnosis essentials for clinical practice 1st edition myrick.
Test bank advanced health assessment and differential diagnosis essentials for clinical practice 1st edition myrick.
Test bank advanced health assessment and differential diagnosis essentials for clinical practice 1st edition myrick.
Basics of Electrocardiogram
CONTENTS
●Conduction System of the Heart
●What is ECG or EKG?
●ECG Leads
●Normal waves of ECG.
●Dimensions of ECG.
● Abnormalities of ECG
CONDUCTION SYSTEM OF THE HEART
ECG:
●ECG is a graphic record of the electrical activity of the heart.
●Electrical activity precedes the mechanical activity of the heart.
●Electrical activity has two phases:
Depolarization- contraction of muscle
Repolarization- relaxation of muscle
ECG Leads:
●6 Chest leads
●6 Limb leads
1. Bipolar Limb Leads:
Lead 1- Between right arm(-ve) and left arm(+ve)
Lead 2- Between right arm(-ve) and left leg(+ve)
Lead 3- Between left arm(-ve)
and left leg(+ve)
2. Augmented unipolar Limb Leads:
AvR- Right arm
AvL- Left arm
AvF- Left leg
3.Chest Leads:
V1 : Over 4th intercostal
space near right sternal margin
V2: Over 4th intercostal space near left sternal margin
V3:In between V2 and V4
V4:Over left 5th intercostal space on the mid
clavicular line
V5:Over left 5th intercostal space on the anterior
axillary line
V6:Over left 5th intercostal space on the mid
axillary line.
Normal ECG:
Waves of ECG:
P Wave
•P Wave is a positive wave and the first wave in ECG.
•It is also called as atrial complex.
Cause: Atrial depolarisation
Duration: 0.1 sec
QRS Complex:
•QRS’ complex is also called the initial ventricular complex.
•‘Q’ wave is a small negative wave. It is continued as the tall ‘R’ wave, which is a positive wave.
‘R’ wave is followed by a small negative wave, the ‘S’ wave.
Cause:Ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
Duration: 0.08- 0.10 sec
T Wave:
•‘T’ wave is the final ventricular complex and is a positive wave.
Cause:Ventricular repolarization Duration: 0.2 sec
Intervals and Segments of ECG:
P-R Interval:
•‘P-R’ interval is the interval
between the onset of ‘P’wave and onset of ‘Q’ wave.
•‘P-R’ interval cause atrial depolarization and conduction of impulses through AV node.
Duration:0.18 (0.12 to 0.2) sec
Q-T Interval:
•‘Q-T’ interval is the interval between the onset of ‘Q’
wave and the end of ‘T’ wave.
•‘Q-T’ interval indicates the ventricular depolarization
and ventricular repolarization,
i.e. it signifies the
electrical activity in ventricles.
Duration:0.4-0.42sec
S-T Segment:
•‘S-T’ segment is the time interval between the end of ‘S’ wave and the onset of ‘T’ wave.
Duration: 0.08 sec
R-R Interval:
•‘R-R’ interval is the time interval between two consecutive ‘R’ waves.
•It signifies the duration of one cardiac cycle.
Duration: 0.8 sec
Dimension of ECG:
How to find heart rhytm of the heart?
Regular rhytm:
Irregular rhytm:
More than or less than 4
How to find heart rate using ECG?
If heart Rhytm is Regular :
Heart rate =
300/No.of large b/w 2 QRS complex
= 300/4
=75 beats/mins
How to find heart rate using ECG?
If heart Rhytm is irregular:
Heart rate = 10×No.of QRS complex in 6 sec 5large box = 1sec
5×6=30
10×7 = 70 Beats/min
Abnormalities of ECG:
Cardiac Arrythmias:
1.Tachycardia
Heart Rate more than 100 beats/min
Ensure the highest quality care for your patients with Cardiac Registry Support's cancer registry services. We support accreditation efforts and quality improvement initiatives, allowing you to benchmark performance and demonstrate adherence to best practices. Confidence starts with data. Partner with Cardiac Registry Support. For more details visit https://cardiacregistrysupport.com/cancer-registry-services/
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1. THEORIES OF MOTOR
CONTROL
Simran Jethani MPTh-1st
Department of NeuroPhysiotherapy
DVVPF’s College of Physiotherapy, Ahmednagar
Date:-19-07-2023
2. Learning Objectives:
• Understand :-
1. Various Theories Of Motor Control
2. Clinical Application Of The Theories
• Discuss the relationship between theories of motor control
and the parallel development of clinical methods related to
neurologic rehabilitation
• Compare and contrast various Rehabilitation Approaches
4. Introduction
• Motor control is defined as the ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms
essential to movement.
• Physical and occupational therapists have been referred to as “applied motor
control physiologists” (Brooks, 1986).
• As they spend a considerable amount of time retraining patients who have motor
control problems producing functional movement disorders.
Shumway cook. Motor Control. Issues & theories 4th edition
6. Theories Of Motor Control
• A theory is a set of interconnected statements that describe
unobservable structures or processes and relate them to each other
and to observable events.
• Shumway cook. Motor Control. Issues & theories 4th edition
• Richard Magi , David Anderson. Motor Learnin and Control. Concepts and Applications. Tenth Edition
8. Reflex Theory- Sherrington 1906
• For Sherrington, reflexes were the building blocks of complex behavior.
• Complex behaviour could be explained through the combined action of
individual reflexes that were chained together
LIMITATIONS
Does not explain
1.Both voluntary & spontaneous activity.
2.Movement In absence of sensory stimulus
3. Movement too rapid to allow sensory feedback
4.Single stimulus resulting in varying responses
depending on context and descending commands.
Shumway cook. Motor Control. Issues & theories 4th edition
9. Clinical Implication
• If chained reflexes are basis for function- Clinical strategies designed to test
reflexes should allow therapists to predict function.
• Patient’s movement behaviours would be interpreted in terms of the presence or
absence of controlling reflexes.
• Retraining motor control for functional skills would focus on enhancing or
reducing the effect of various reflexes during motor tasks.
Shumway cook. Motor Control. Issues & theories 4th edition
10. Hierarchical Theory- Hughlings Jackson 1997
• Organisational Control – Top down
• Each successively higher level exerts control
over the level below it.
LIMITATIONS
Cannot explain the dominance of reflex behavior in
certain situations in normal adults.
For Eg. Withdrawal from a hot surface.
Shumway cook. Motor Control. Issues & theories 4th edition
11. Clinical Implication
• Abnormalities Of reflexes- Explain disorders in motor control
• Signe Brunnstrom - Influence of higher Centres temporarily or
permanently interfered with, normal reflexes become exaggerated
and so called pathological reflexes appear.
• Berta Bobath - The release of motor responses integrated at lower
levels from restraining influences of higher centers, especially that of
the cortex, leads to abnormal postural reflex activity
Shumway cook. Motor Control. Issues & theories 4th edition
12. Motor Programming Theories- Bernstein, 1967; Keele, 1968; Wilson, 1961
• The concept of a central motor pattern, or motor program, is more flexible than the concept of a
reflex because it can either be activated by sensory stimuli or by central processes.
• The grasshopper or locust experiment- evidence
• Hierarchically organized motor programs.
LIMITATIONS
• Central motor program cannot be considered to
be the sole determinant of action
• Does not take into account that the nervous system must
deal with both musculoskeletal and environmental variables
in achieving movement control.
Shumway cook. Motor Control. Issues & theories 4th edition
13. Clinical Implications
• Explanations for abnormal movement have been expanded to include
problems resulting from abnormalities in central pattern generators
or in higher level motor programs.
• In patients whose higher levels of motor programming are affected,
motor program theory suggests the importance of helping patients
relearn the correct rules for action.
Shumway cook. Motor Control. Issues & theories 4th edition
14. Systems Theory- Bernstein, 1967
• Bernstein, recognized that you cannot understand the neural control of
movement without an understanding of the characteristics of the system you
are moving and the external and internal forces acting on the body.
• Whole body- a mechanical system, with mass, and subject to both external
forces such as gravity and internal forces such as both inertial and movement-
dependent forces.
• Many degrees of freedom that need to be controlled - hierarchical control
exists to simplify the control of the body’s multiple degrees of freedom.
• Higher levels > lower levels > synergies, or groups of muscles that are
constrained to act together as a unit.
15. Dynamic Systems Theory- Kamm Et Al., 1991; Kelso & Tuller, 1984; Kugler &
Turvey, 1987; Perry, 1998; Thelen Et Al., 1987
• Dynamic systems theory comes from the broader study of dynamics or synergetics within the physical
world.
• “self-organization” is a fundamental principle of dynamic systems.
• This principle states that when a system of individual parts comes together, its elements behave
collectively in an ordered way.
• This principle applied to motor control predicts that movement could emerge as a result of interacting
elements, without the need for specific commands or motor programs within the nervous system.
• Dynamic theory suggests that the new movement emerges because of a critical change in one of the
systems, called a “control parameter.”
• A control parameter is a variable that regulates change in the behavior of the entire system.
Shumway cook. Motor Control. Issues & theories 4th edition
16. • Little variability ~ repetative task~ prone to injury
• Much variability ~ impaired movement
Performance ~eg. Ataxia
• DST = Small variability ~ Highly stable behaviour ~
attractor state
• Attractor states may be considered highly stable,
preferred patterns of movement; many are used to accomplish common activities of daily
life.
Shumway cook. Motor Control. Issues & theories 4th edition
17. Limitations
Presumption that the nervous system has a less important role in determining the animal’s
behavior, giving mathematical formulas and principles of body mechanics a more dominant
role in describing motor control.
Understanding the application and relevance of this type of analysis to clinical practice can
be very difficult.
Clinical Implications
When working with the patient who has a CNS deficit, the therapist must be careful to
examine the contribution of impairments in the musculoskeletal system, as well as the
neural system, to overall loss of motor control.
Examination and intervention must focus not only on the impairments within individual
systems contributing to motor control, but also on the effect of interacting impairments
among multiple systems.
Shumway cook. Motor Control. Issues & theories 4th edition
18. Ecological Theory – Gibson 1966
• The ability to use perceptions to guide action emerges early in life.
• Actions require perceptual information that is specific to a desired goal-
directed action performed within a specific environment.
• Gibson stressed that it was not sensation per se that was important to the
animal, but perception.
• Broadened the understanding of nervous system function from that of a
sensory/motor system, reacting to environmental variables, to that of a
perception/action system that actively explores the environment to satisfy
its own goals.
Shumway cook. Motor Control. Issues & theories 4th edition
19. Limitations
• It has tended to give less emphasis to the organization and function of the nervous system
that led to this interaction.
• The research emphasis has shifted from the nervous system to the organism/environment
interface
Clinical Implications
• The active exploration of the task and the environment in which the task is performed allows
the individual to develop multiple ways to accomplish a task.
• Adaptability is important not only in the way we organize movements to accomplish a task,
but also in the way we use perception.
• The ability to develop multiple adaptive solutions to accomplishing a task requires
that the patient explore a range of possible ways to accomplish a task and discover
the best solution, given his or her set of limitations.
Shumway cook. Motor Control. Issues & theories 4th edition
20. Sensory Components of Motor Control
• 3 important sensory aspects of motor control are :
Touch
• Movement accuracy
• Movement consistency
• Movement timing
• Movement force
adjustments
• Estimate movement
distance
Proprioception
• Feedback about limb
displacement- basis for
spatial position
• Feedback - limb
velocity & force, which
influence movement
distance accuracy.
Vision
• Monocular & Binocular
vision
• Central & peripheral
Vision
• The Coordination of
Vision and Movement
21. Neurologic Rehabilitation: Reflex-Based
Neurofacilitation Approaches:
• Various Approaches such as : Bobath approach, the Rood approach, Brunnstrom’s
approach, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF), and sensory
integration therapy
Based on the assumptions drawn from both reflex & hierarchical theories of motor
control
22. Task-oriented Approach:
• Assumed - normal movement emerges - interaction among different systems,-
each contributing different aspects of control
• Abnormal motor control suggest - movement problems - impairments within
one or more systems- controlling movement
• Mvt – organized towards behavioural goal
• Abnormal Mvt – is not only lesion but effort from remaining systems to
compensate for the loss and still functional.
23. Clinical Implication:
• Retraining movement- essential to work on functional tasks rather than movement
patterns for movement’s sake alone
• Patients learn - actively attempting to solve problems inherent in a functional task
rather than by repetitively practicing normal patterns of movement
• patients are helped to learn a variety of ways to solve the task goal rather than a
single muscle activation pattern.
Shumway cook. Motor Control. Issues & theories 4th edition
24. Recent Advances
The effect of a task-specific locomotor training strategy on gait stability
in patients with cerebellar disease: a feasibility study
Seung-Jin Im et. al. Disability and Rehabilitation May 2016
• Nineteen patients with degenerative cerebellar ataxia were recruited to participate
in the study
• 12-week locomotor training program, two times per week for 1.5 h per session
• Outcome measures – 1.The patients disease severity was evaluated using the
International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale (ICARS)
2. stride-to-stride variability - walking stability and control.
3. Slow walking test- instability during gait
25. Intervention-
1. The training began with the transferring of
the center of the body weight safely in upright
standing.
2. Locomotor relearning training- In each
walking phase, their attention was directed to
the conscious perception and control of the
center of the body stability, trunk and limb
alignment, and stepping kinematics
Conclusion:
This study has provided preliminary evidence
that restorative rehabilitation strategies
targeting disease specific locomotion
symptoms may be helpful for reducing ataxic
gait and improving motor control during
walking in patients with cerebellar
dysfunction.
26. References :-
• Shumway cook. Motor Control. Issues & theories 4th edition
• Richard Magi , David Anderson. Motor Learnin and Control. Concepts and Applications.
Tenth Edition
• The effect of a task-specific locomotor training strategy on gait stability in patients with
cerebellar disease: a feasibility study, Disability and Rehabilitation, DOI:
10.1080/09638288.2016.1177124