This document provides definitions and types of motivation from various scholars and researchers. It defines motivation as the direction and intensity of one's effort to achieve something. It then outlines several types of motivation: - Primary motivation refers to basic biological functions of self-preservation like eating and avoiding pain. Secondary motivations are learned desires to accomplish goals. - Intrinsic motivation comes from internal enjoyment of an activity, while extrinsic motivation involves external rewards from one's environment. - Addiction motivation develops from habit formation when one becomes attached to something over long periods. Subconscious motivation can involve defense mechanisms operating below conscious awareness. - Motivation can also be oriented toward moving away from pain ("stick people") or toward

1. Presented By:-
PRASHANT KUSHWAHA
Research Scholar
Department of Physical Education
University of Lucknow, Lucknow
Supervisor :-
Dr. SHASHI KANAUJIA
Assistant Professor
Department of Physical Education
University of Lucknow, Lucknow

2. Meaning & Definition
 Motivation, in psychology, refers to the initiation,
direction, intensity and persistence of behaviour. It is
temporal and dynamic state that should not be confused
with personality or emotion. It involves having the desire
and willingness to do something.
 Motivation word comes from French word “Motiver”
 Germen word “Motivieren”
 Latin word “Movere”
 Meaning is “to move”.

3.  Motivation can be defined simply as the direction and
intensity of one’s effort to achieve something.
- (Sage,1977)
 Is considered with the arousal of the interest in learning
and to that extend, is basic to learning.
- (Crow and Crow)
 Motivation is the central factor in the effective
management of the process of learning. Some types of
motivation must be present in learning.
- (Kelley)

4. TYPES OF MOTIVATION
 Primary Motivation
 Secondary Motivation
 Intrinsic Motivation
 Extrinsic Motivation
 Addiction Motivation
 Subconscious Motivation
 Towards or Away from orientation Motivation

5. Primary Motivation
 Biologically oriented primary motivation is the very basic
function of self-preservation.
 The need to eat, drink, be warm, avoid pain and even
participate in sex is driven by primary motivation.
 Many crimes have been reportedly carried out by those
who feel “driven” to steal food or to kill another human
being to stop inhumane treatment.
 Primary motivation is instinctive and unlearnt, it carries a
strong force of seething emotional energy inside us.

6. Secondary Motivation
 Secondary motivations are learned motivation, and vary
from person to person.
 They are what propel us through life, a conscious desire
for doing or accomplishing something specific, whether a
goal or a result that makes us act in such a manner that
achievement of it remains our sole focus of attention.
 Learning and perfecting a new skill can be a great
example of this.
 Parents, teachers, peers and significant others have a
significant role to play in secondary motivations.

7. Intrinsic Motivation
 Intrinsic motivation emerges from within, it is fully self-
determined and characterized by interest in, and
enjoyment derived from sports participation.
 It gushes forth from rewards inherent to a task or activity
itself – the enjoyment of a puzzle or the love of playing. In
a person’s chosen field of activity – Education, business,
sport, acting, music, fine arts etc.
 Intrinsic motivation is considered to be the healthiest type
of motivation and reflects an athlete’s motivation to
perform an activity simply for the reward inherent in their
participation.

8. Extrinsic Motivation
 Motivation, coming from outside of the performer is
extrinsic motivation.
 It is geared toward external rewards and reinforces.
 Some examples of external rewards are money, pay-
promotion, praise, awards, rewards, feedback, working
conditions, disciplinary action, etc. – things that comes
from one’s environment, and controlled by others.
 Extrinsic motivation is said to be less effective because it
comes from outside the person. External reinforcers, for
instance, are usually in the form of control.

9. Addiction Motivation
 When it is something we really like and happen to have or
do it for long time we get attached to it terribly and feel
driven to do it.
 In more direct language, we get addicted to it, whatever it
is – a particular wine, woman, wealth, food, drink or even
muscle building exercise.
 In other words, motivation does not always lead in a
positive direction. The process has its genesis in
repetitiousness or habit formation.
 In the late stage of addiction we no longer get the reward
but the reinforcer gets stronger.

10. Subconscious Motivation
 Addiction is an example of subconscious motivation, we
may not know “why we do it” or “how that could happen”
when we find ourselves in trouble again.
 It is long known that the subconscious mind uses defense
mechanisms to ward off pain and anxiety.
 These defensive strategies are learned programmes that
run automatically from neural networks.
 Exampling that “one part of me wants to do X….but
another part of me holds me back”. These “parts” are
programmes installed on conflicting neural networks.
 These parts to resolve subconscious conflicts.

11. “Toward” or “Away From”
Orientation Motivation
 We all know about “Carrot-or-Stick” types of motivation.
 Our common sense suggests that some people are
motivated more by the stick, others by the carrot.
 “Stick People” respond better to external and internal
reinforcers while “Carrot People” respond better to
external and internal rewards.
 Stick people are oriented to move away from pain. Carrot
people move toward pleasure.
 Carrot people tend to be idealists who can set the course,
but Stick people are good at seeing the bumps in the road.

12. Thank You!