Objective: Natural compounds can act as metal chelators and oxygen free radical scavengers, which allows them to be used as bioactive antagonists to heavy metals neurotoxicity. The aim of the study to analyze the morphometric effects of Coriandrum sativum (C. sativum) on lead-induced neurotoxicity.
Materials and Methods: Forty Sprague-Dawley albino rats were divided into four equal groups (ten in each group): control group; coriander group: received aqueous C. sativum extracts (600 mg/kg BW for 60 days orally); lead (Pb) group: received a daily dose of lead acetate (Pb) (10 mg/kg BW for 60 days orally); Pb+ coriandrum group: received: aqueous C. sativum extract (600 mg/kg BW) prior to 10 mg/kg BW of Pb. The following parameters malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were measured. Layers thickness and nuclei density were analyzed.
Results: Lead levels in blood and tissues were decreased significantly in the Pb group and those findings were corrected significantly (p=0.001) with C. sativum addition. Data exhibited an increase in oxidative stress marker MDA and a decrease in antioxidant enzymes activities (SOD, CAT, and GPx) significantly in the Pb group and those effects were reversed significantly (p=0.001) by C. sativum administration. The cerebellar cortex and all layers of the somatosensory cortex thickness and nuclei density were diminished significantly in the Pb group. The morphometrical measurements were corrected significantly (p=0.001) by C. sativum.
Conclusion: From the findings of the current study, Pb caused noticeable structural and functional variations in the cerebellar cortex and somatosensory cortex. C. sativum corrected these parameters as it possesses chelating and antioxidant potentials.
Morphohistometric analysis of the effects of Coriandrum sativum on cortical a...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
The document summarizes a study that analyzed the effects of Coriandrum sativum (C. sativum) on lead-induced neurotoxicity in the cerebellar cortex and somatosensory cortex of rats. The study found that lead exposure increased oxidative stress in the brain and caused structural changes in the cerebellar and cortical layers. However, supplementation with C. sativum extract reduced lead levels in the blood and brain, decreased oxidative stress, and corrected the changes to layer thickness and nuclei density caused by lead exposure. The results suggest that C. sativum has protective effects against lead neurotoxicity due to its antioxidant and metal-chelating properties.
Anusha Daragshetti has experience as a junior immunologist, R&D executive, and intern conducting research. She has worked on projects related to type 2 diabetes, cosmeceutical product development, and photoactivity of doped nano-titania. Anusha holds an MSc in Immunology and Immunogenetics from the University of Manchester and a BSc in Chemistry, Microbiology, and Biotechnology. She has skills in various biomedical techniques and data analysis methods.
This document summarizes research purifying and characterizing a novel antioxidant peptide from the hard-shelled mussel Mytilus coruscus. Enzymatic hydrolysis was used to generate hydrolysates from M. coruscus, which were screened for antioxidant activity. The papain hydrolysate showed the highest free radical scavenging activity. Further purification using chromatography yielded a novel 10 amino acid peptide. In vitro and in vivo assays found the peptide to have potent antioxidant effects, inhibiting oxidative stress markers and enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity in mice. This is the first report of an antioxidant peptide from M. coruscus with potential anti-inflammatory properties.
Thermal and Physical Properties of Biofield Treated Bile Salt and Proteose Pe...Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
Bile salt (BS) and proteose peptone (PP) are important biomacromolecules being produced inside the human body. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of biofield treatment on physicochemical properties of BS and PP. The study was performed in two groups (control and treated). The control group remained as untreated, and biofield treatment was given to treated group. The control and treated BS and PP samples were characterized by particle size analyzer (PSA), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). PSA results showed increase in particle size (d50 and d99) of both treated BS and PP as compared to control. Surface area analysis showed minimal decrease by 1.59%, in surface area of treated BS as compared to control. However, the treated PP showed increase (8%) in surface area as compared to control. DSC characterization showed increase in melting temperature of treated BS as compared to control. Whereas, DSC thermogram of treated PP showed decrease in melting temperature with respect to control. Moreover, the DSC of control and treated PP showed presence of exothermic peaks which were possibly due to protein aggregation. The treated PP showed higher exothermic transition temperature as compared to control. XRD analysis revealed slight reduction in crystalline nature of BS as compared to control. On the other hand, XRD data of control and treated PP showed an amorphous nature. TGA analysis of treated BS showed maximum thermaldecomposition temperature at 22°C which was higher as compared to control sample (106°C). This could be due to biofield treatment which may enhance the thermal stability of treated BS with respect to control. However, the TGA thermogram of treated PP showed decrease in maximum thermal stability as compared to control. The overall results showed that biofield treatment has significantly altered the physical and thermal properties of BS and PP.
Dr. Ravi Shankar Pandey is a scientist at the Cancer Research Lab of the Institute of Life Sciences in Bhubaneswar, India. He received his PhD in Medicinal Biochemistry from the Institute of Medical Sciences at Banaras Hindu University. He has held several postdoctoral positions in the United States and research positions in India. His research focuses on macrophage function in atherosclerosis and inflammation. He has published over 15 papers in peer-reviewed journals and presented his work at several conferences.
Objective: To evaluate the results of the effect of nebivolol on tibial bone defect and graft application in new bone development in the rat.
Study Design: Thirty Wistar albino rats were divided into 3 groups. In the Control group, tibia bone defect was created without any treatment. In the Defect+ Graft group, allograft treatment was performed by forming a 6 mm tibial bone defect. In the Defect+Graft+ Nebivolol group, alloplastic bone graft was placed in the calvarial bone defect and then nebivolol (0.34 mg/mL solution/day) treatment was intraperitoneally applied for 28 days.
Results: Histopathological examination revealed inflammation in the defect area, congestion in the vessels, degeneration in collagen fibers, and an increase in osteoclast cells. There was an increase in inflammation and blood vessel structure in graft application, and osteoblastic activity matrix formation after reorganization nebivolol application in collagen fibers. Osteonectin expression was positive in the collagen fiber and matrix, starting in the Graft group, in osteoblasts, whereas in the Nebivolol group, osteoblasts increased in osteocytes and new bone formation.
Conclusion: Nebivolol is thought to have a positive effect on osteoinductive bone growth factors and contribute to the cell-matrix interaction, in addition to the supporting effect of the graft with its antioxidative effect.
Keywords: allograft; bone; bone regeneration; disease models, animal; nebivolol; orthopedic procedures; osteonectin; rats; tibia; tibial defect
Morphohistometric analysis of the effects of Coriandrum sativum on cortical a...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
The document summarizes a study that analyzed the effects of Coriandrum sativum (C. sativum) on lead-induced neurotoxicity in the cerebellar cortex and somatosensory cortex of rats. The study found that lead exposure increased oxidative stress in the brain and caused structural changes in the cerebellar and cortical layers. However, supplementation with C. sativum extract reduced lead levels in the blood and brain, decreased oxidative stress, and corrected the changes to layer thickness and nuclei density caused by lead exposure. The results suggest that C. sativum has protective effects against lead neurotoxicity due to its antioxidant and metal-chelating properties.
Anusha Daragshetti has experience as a junior immunologist, R&D executive, and intern conducting research. She has worked on projects related to type 2 diabetes, cosmeceutical product development, and photoactivity of doped nano-titania. Anusha holds an MSc in Immunology and Immunogenetics from the University of Manchester and a BSc in Chemistry, Microbiology, and Biotechnology. She has skills in various biomedical techniques and data analysis methods.
This document summarizes research purifying and characterizing a novel antioxidant peptide from the hard-shelled mussel Mytilus coruscus. Enzymatic hydrolysis was used to generate hydrolysates from M. coruscus, which were screened for antioxidant activity. The papain hydrolysate showed the highest free radical scavenging activity. Further purification using chromatography yielded a novel 10 amino acid peptide. In vitro and in vivo assays found the peptide to have potent antioxidant effects, inhibiting oxidative stress markers and enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity in mice. This is the first report of an antioxidant peptide from M. coruscus with potential anti-inflammatory properties.
Thermal and Physical Properties of Biofield Treated Bile Salt and Proteose Pe...Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
Bile salt (BS) and proteose peptone (PP) are important biomacromolecules being produced inside the human body. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of biofield treatment on physicochemical properties of BS and PP. The study was performed in two groups (control and treated). The control group remained as untreated, and biofield treatment was given to treated group. The control and treated BS and PP samples were characterized by particle size analyzer (PSA), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). PSA results showed increase in particle size (d50 and d99) of both treated BS and PP as compared to control. Surface area analysis showed minimal decrease by 1.59%, in surface area of treated BS as compared to control. However, the treated PP showed increase (8%) in surface area as compared to control. DSC characterization showed increase in melting temperature of treated BS as compared to control. Whereas, DSC thermogram of treated PP showed decrease in melting temperature with respect to control. Moreover, the DSC of control and treated PP showed presence of exothermic peaks which were possibly due to protein aggregation. The treated PP showed higher exothermic transition temperature as compared to control. XRD analysis revealed slight reduction in crystalline nature of BS as compared to control. On the other hand, XRD data of control and treated PP showed an amorphous nature. TGA analysis of treated BS showed maximum thermaldecomposition temperature at 22°C which was higher as compared to control sample (106°C). This could be due to biofield treatment which may enhance the thermal stability of treated BS with respect to control. However, the TGA thermogram of treated PP showed decrease in maximum thermal stability as compared to control. The overall results showed that biofield treatment has significantly altered the physical and thermal properties of BS and PP.
Dr. Ravi Shankar Pandey is a scientist at the Cancer Research Lab of the Institute of Life Sciences in Bhubaneswar, India. He received his PhD in Medicinal Biochemistry from the Institute of Medical Sciences at Banaras Hindu University. He has held several postdoctoral positions in the United States and research positions in India. His research focuses on macrophage function in atherosclerosis and inflammation. He has published over 15 papers in peer-reviewed journals and presented his work at several conferences.
Objective: To evaluate the results of the effect of nebivolol on tibial bone defect and graft application in new bone development in the rat.
Study Design: Thirty Wistar albino rats were divided into 3 groups. In the Control group, tibia bone defect was created without any treatment. In the Defect+ Graft group, allograft treatment was performed by forming a 6 mm tibial bone defect. In the Defect+Graft+ Nebivolol group, alloplastic bone graft was placed in the calvarial bone defect and then nebivolol (0.34 mg/mL solution/day) treatment was intraperitoneally applied for 28 days.
Results: Histopathological examination revealed inflammation in the defect area, congestion in the vessels, degeneration in collagen fibers, and an increase in osteoclast cells. There was an increase in inflammation and blood vessel structure in graft application, and osteoblastic activity matrix formation after reorganization nebivolol application in collagen fibers. Osteonectin expression was positive in the collagen fiber and matrix, starting in the Graft group, in osteoblasts, whereas in the Nebivolol group, osteoblasts increased in osteocytes and new bone formation.
Conclusion: Nebivolol is thought to have a positive effect on osteoinductive bone growth factors and contribute to the cell-matrix interaction, in addition to the supporting effect of the graft with its antioxidative effect.
Keywords: allograft; bone; bone regeneration; disease models, animal; nebivolol; orthopedic procedures; osteonectin; rats; tibia; tibial defect
This study investigated the effects of gallic acid on testicular injury caused by ischemia-reperfusion in a rat testicular torsion model. Forty rats were divided into four groups: a control group, a torsion group, a torsion/detorsion group, and a torsion/detorsion plus gallic acid group. Biochemical markers and immunohistochemical staining for caspase-3 and TNF-α were analyzed. The results showed that gallic acid treatment decreased oxidative stress markers, reduced apoptosis and inflammation, and helped protect testicular tissue compared to the torsion/detorsion group without treatment. The study suggests that gallic acid may be a potential therapeutic agent for testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Aamir Javed Mimosa pudica in oxidative stress Aamir Javed
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a major role in biochemical and pathological changes associated with myocardial ischemic-reperfusion injury (IRI).The need to specify agents with a potential for preventing such damage with therapeutic importance. In the present study, chronic oral.
International Journal of Medicinal Plants. Photon 107 (2014) 572-579
https://sites.google.com/site/photonfoundationorganization/home/international-journal-of-medicinal-plants
Original Research Article. ISJN: 6672-4384: Impact Index: 3.12
Objective: To study the effects of resveratrol in neuronal structures in traumatic brain injury (TBI).
Study Design: Thirty rats were categorized as (1) control group (n=10), saline solution administered i.p. for 14 days, (2) TBI group (n=10), trauma induced by weight-drop model on brain, and (3) TBI+Resveratrol group (n=10), 15 minutes after injury the rats were given resveratrol (10 μmoL/kg/i.p.) for 14 days. At the end of the experiment the cerebellum was excised for routine paraffin tissue protocol. Blood samples were tested for serum biochemical markers (MDA, SOD, CAT, and GSH-x).
Results: SOD, GPx, and CAT values were lowest in the TBI group. MDA and histological scores of dilations in vessels, inflammation, degeneration in neurons, apoptosis in microglia, ADAMTS8, and GFAP expressions were highest in the TBI group. Sections of the control group showed normal cerebellar histology. The trauma group showed degenerated ganglion layer, pyknotic and apoptotic Purkinje cell nuclei. Vascular thrombus was seen in the substantia alba and substantia grisea. In the Trauma+Resveratrol group, most pa- thologies observed in the TBI group were improved. In the control group, GFAP protein was expressed in granular cells, axons, dendrites, Purkinje cells, and microglia cells. In the trauma group, increased GFAP expression was observed in glial processes, neurons, and Purkinje cells. In the Trauma+Resveratrol group, GFAP was expressed in molecular layer and glial processes. In the control group, ADAMTS-4 activity was observed in granulosa layer, glial cells, and Purkinje cells. In the trauma group, ADAMTS-4 expression was positive in Purkinje cells and glial cells. In the Trauma+ Resveratrol group, ADAMTS-4 was expressed in Purkinje cells, granular cells, and glial cells.
Conclusion: GFAP and ADAMTS-4 proteins may be involved in regeneration of damaged astroglial cells and other glial cells, Purkinje cells, and synaptic extensions. We suggest that antioxidative drugs such as resveratrol may be alternative target agents in neurological disease.
Keywords: ADAMTS-4, brain, cerebellum, GFAP, rat, resveratrol, traumatic brain injury
Phytochemical Profile and in vitro and in vivo Anticonvulsant and Antioxidant...Self-employed researcher
This study presents the phytochemical profile and in vitro and in
vivo anticonvulsant and antioxidant activities of Epilobium hirsutum, which
has been traditionally used in the treatment of epilepsy by local people of
Turkey. In vitro studies revealed that the extract contained a pronounced
amount of phenolics (206.3±0.9 mg Gallic acid Eq/g extract) and exhibited
significant levels of antioxidant (FRAP; 6226 µmol Fe2+/g extract, ORAC;
6593 µmol Trolox Eq/g extract, DPPH; IC50:33.8 ug/mL and metal chelation;
IC50:114 ug/mL) and anticonvulsant (AChE; IC50:71.2 ug/mL, BChE; IC50:92.5
ug/mL, GABA-T; IC50:94.7 ug/mL) activities. In vivo studies shown that the
the extract exhibited high anticonvulsant activities. In addition, the extracts
regulated the behavior, locomotion, and mental activities of the mice tested.
Biochemical evaluation of the brain tissue revealed that the extract inhibited
the production of MDA and stimulated the increase of antioxidant enzyme
levels, which suggest the possible antioxidative role of the extract that worked
as neuroprotective agents by scarfing the free radicals produced through PTZ
seizure inducer and attenuate convulsions. Moreover the extract regulated
serum biochemical parameters, total antioxidants, total oxidant, and ischemia modified albumin levels. Chromatographic studies were revealed that gallic
acid principally might be the major contributor of anticonvulsant and
antioxidant activities with the additive contributions of fatty acids and mineral
compounds. Findings obtained from this study partially justified the traditional
use of Epilobium hirsutum in the treatment of epilepsy and suggest potential
use of the extract as an industrial or pharmaceutical agent.
The document reports on a study investigating the role of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase p38γ in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. The study found that depletion of p38γ exacerbated neuronal excitotoxicity, cognitive deficits, neuronal circuit abnormalities, and premature mortality in an AD mouse model overexpressing amyloid-β (Aβ). In contrast, increasing p38γ activity abolished these Aβ-induced deficits. Furthermore, mimicking site-specific tau phosphorylation by p38γ alleviated Aβ-induced neuronal death and excitotoxicity. The findings suggest p38γ phosphorylation of tau at specific sites inhibits Aβ toxicity in early AD, challenging the view that tau phosphorylation is purely pathogenic.
Evaluation of the Impact of Biofield Treatment on Physical and Thermal Proper...wilhelm mendel
In the present study, the influence of biofield treatment on physical and thermal properties of Casein Enzyme Hydrolysate (CEH) and Casein Yeast Peptone (CYP) were investigated. The control and treated samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), particle size and surface area analysis. The FTIR results revealed that biofield treatment has caused reduction of amide group (amide-I and amide-II) stretching vibration peak that is associated with strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding in treated CEH as compared to control. However, no significant changes were observed in FTIR spectrum of treated CYP. The TGA analysis of treated CEH showed a substantial improvement in thermal stability which was confirmed by increase in maximum thermal decomposition temperature (217°C) as compared to control (209°C). Similarly, the treated CYP also showed enhanced thermal stability as compared to control. DSC showed increase in melting temperature of treated CYP as compared to control. However the melting peak was absent in DSC of treated CEH which was probably due to rigid chain of the protein. The surface area of treated CEH was increased by 83% as compared to control. However, a decrease (7.3%) in surface area was observed in treated CYP. The particle size analysis of treated CEH showed a significant increase in average particle size (d50) and d99 value (maximum particle size below which 99% of particles are present) as compared to control sample. Similarly, the treated CYP also showed a substantial increase in d50 and d99 values which was probably due to the agglomeration of the particles which led to formation of bigger microparticles. The result showed that the biofield treated CEH and CYP could be used as a matrix for pharmaceutical applications.
Male and female rats were exposed to mercury (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5mg/kg) for 12 weeks to investigate the effects on antioxidant enzymes. Mercury exposure inhibited antioxidant enzymes like catalase and superoxide dismutase in a gender-specific manner. In female rats, mercury inhibited catalase and superoxide dismutase in the plasma, erythrocytes, liver and kidneys. In male rats, mercury inhibited superoxide dismutase in the liver and catalase in the kidneys. Mercury levels in tissues correlated negatively with antioxidant enzyme levels, specifically in females. The findings support that mercury exposure affects antioxidant defenses differently between males and females.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
In silico analysis of human and zebrafish α 2 adrenergic receptorsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes homology modeling studies of human and zebrafish α-2 adrenergic receptors. Models were generated based on the crystal structure of the human dopamine D3 receptor. Key conserved residues in the transmembrane helices that stabilize receptor structure were identified. Novel ligand binding residues and the importance of residues regulating receptor function were also determined. The models provide insights into ligand interactions and orientations of residues that can inform pharmacophore design and mutational analysis to validate the zebrafish model for research on the α-2 adrenergic system.
Astrocytes are neuroprotective glial cells that protect and nourish neurons of the central nervous systems. Rauwolfia vomitoria is a common medicinal plant used for the treatment of various diseases such as insanity, insomnia, hypertension, malaria etc. The comparative examination of reactive astrocytes in the cerebral cortex of adult albino wistar rats following the administration of crude ethanolic root bark and leaf extract of Rauwolfia vomitoria was studied using 25 mature Wistar rats of both sexes. The animals were divided into 5 groups, labeled A, B, C, D, and E. Group A was the control, while groups B, C, D, and E were the experimental. Oral doses of 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg body weight of the root bark extract were administered to groups B and C animals, while groups D and E animals received 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg body weight of the leaf extract respectively for seven days. On the 8th day, the rats were sacrificed; their brains were surgically extracted, and routinely processed for neurohistological study of Astrocytes using Hortegas lithium carbonate method for reactive astrocytes. Results showed hyperplasia of reactive astrocytes in the root bark groups, while there was hypertrophy of reactive astrocytes in the leaf extract groups when compared to the controls. Thus, the plant may have some adverse effects on neurons within the cerebral cortex.
In vivo modulation of dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathways by cytisine derivat...Georgi Daskalov
This study examined the ability of the nicotinic receptor agonist cytisine and two halogenated derivatives (3-bromocytisine and 5-bromocytisine) to stimulate dopamine release in vivo and protect against dopamine depletion in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Microdialysis experiments showed that cytisine, 5-bromocytisine, and nicotine were more effective than 3-bromocytisine at inducing striatal dopamine release. Administration of cytisine and 5-bromocytisine before and after an intranigral injection of 6-hydroxydopamine significantly prevented the decrease in striatal dopamine levels, but 3-bromocytisine did not provide protection. These results suggest that the efficacy
This document summarizes a study investigating the use of graphene (GP), graphene oxide (GO), and Cissus quadrangularis (CQ) callus extract to improve the osteoinductive potential of polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. PCL sheets were coated with combinations of GP, GO, and CQ solutions. The coated scaffolds showed improved roughness, wettability, strength and biocompatibility. Scaffolds containing GO-CQ or GP-CQ promoted osteoblast differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells without osteogenic factors, indicating their potential for bone regeneration. The combination of PCL-GO-CQ performed the best in supporting bone tissue growth.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This study investigated how cocaine withdrawal affects anxiety and activity in the dorsal raphe (DR), a brain region involved in serotonin signaling and anxiety regulation. Mice were administered cocaine or saline in a binge-like pattern over 10 days. Anxiety-like behavior was assessed at different withdrawal timepoints using elevated plus maze and open field tests. Electrophysiological recordings from DR serotonin neurons found increased inhibitory currents during withdrawal, especially at 25 hours, indicating heightened GABA activity. Blocking 5-HT2C receptors in the DR prevented both the increased GABA activity and anxiety-like behavior during withdrawal. This suggests 5-HT2C receptors mediate anxiety produced by cocaine withdrawal, potentially by regulating GABA signaling in the DR serotonin system.
Objective: To investigate the changes in the retina due to deltamethrin toxicity and the process in cell inflammation and apoptosis.
Study Design: Sixteen Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into two groups as control (n=8) and deltamethrin (n=8) groups. Saline was given to the control group, and 0.5 mL of 5 mg/kg deltamethrin was given to the deltamethrin group for 14 days each. Blood was collected for biochemical analysis. Retinal tissue was processed for histological examination.
Results: Compared to the control group, MDA levels were high while GSH and CAT levels were low in the deltamethrin group. Histopathological analysis showed spaces between the pigment epithelium, irregularity in the delimiting membrane, degenerated ganglion, cone and bacillus cell, pyknotic nuclei, thinned inner limitation membrane, and thickened vascular wall. The control group showed FAS expression in the pigment layer limiting membranes, in the nuclei of many cone and bacillus cells, and ganglion cells in the control group sections. In the deltamethrin group, FAS expression was observed in the inner and outer limiting membranes of the pigment epithelium, cone and bacillus cells, and ganglion cell nuclei. In the control group, negative NOS expression in the pigment epithelium and outer limiting membranes, internal limitation membrane, and ganglion cells in the cone and bacillus cell nuclei were observed. In the deltamethrin group, NOS expression was positive in the pigment epithelium, cone and bacillus, and ganglion cell nuclei.
Conclusion: We suggest that deltamethrin toxicity induced apoptotic process due to increased inflammation in the retina and may cause visual impairment as a result of neural damage.
Keywords: deltamethrin, FAS, insecticides, NOS, nitric oxide synthase, retina
The antimicrobial mechanism of ECA water against pseudomonas aeruginosa and ...Trevor William Sievert
This study investigated the antimicrobial mechanism of electrochemically activated water (anolyte) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli using SDS-PAGE protein analysis. Bacteria were treated with different concentrations of anolyte and their protein profiles analyzed via SDS-PAGE. Undiluted and 10-1 diluted anolyte were most effective, causing fewer and fainter protein bands compared to untreated bacteria, indicating protein destruction. Dilute anolyte caused extra protein bands, suggesting oxidative stress and protein fragmentation. The results provide insight into anolyte's antimicrobial action by affecting bacterial proteins.
The use of medicinal plants in the treatment of harmful impacts of xenobiotics in animals is attracting an increasing attention in recent times. The aim of the current study is to assess the preventive potential of Costus afer aqueous leaves extract (CAAE) in treating metabolic aberrations imposed by crude oil contaminated diet in Wistar albino rats. Six groups of rats were treated as follows: A = Normal diet; B= Normal diet + 100 mg/kg body weight of CAAE; C =Normal diet + 200 mg/kg body weight of CAAE; D= Crude oil contaminated diet; E= crude oil contaminated diet + 100 mg/kg body weight of CAAE, F = crude oil contaminated diet + 200 mg/kg body weight of CAAE. After thirty days of exposure to the diet and administration of the corresponding plant extracts, the rats were sacrificed with chloroform and the required organs were excised. The hematological indices, as well as function indicators and levels of drug metabolizing enzymes in the liver and kidney, were investigated with standard protocols. The results indicated that the hematological parameters and kidney and liver function indices were altered in rats fed with crude oil contaminated diet. However, the values came close to those in control rats when Costus afer aqueous extracts were administered. Similarly, the activities of oxidase enzymes (aldehyde oxidase, monoamine oxidase, xanthine oxidase, and sulphite oxidase), following their inhibition by the ingestion of crude oil contaminated diet, equally restored close to control values upon treatment with Costus afer aqueous extract. This study, therefore, was able to establish an aqueous extract of Costus afer leave as an antidote for crude oil intoxication.
Potential Alleviation of Chlorella vulgaris and Zingiber officinale on Lead-I...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Natural products were studied to combat reproductive alterations of lead. The current work
aimed to disclose the efficacy of Chlorella vulgaris and Zingiber officinale to alleviate lead
acetate induced toxicity. Sixty adult male Wistar rats were distributed into four groups.
Group 1 was considered control, group 2 received 200 mg/l PbAc water, group 3 received 50
mg/kg/rat of C. vulgaris extract and 200 mg/l PbAc water, and group 4 received 100
mg/kg/rat of Z. officinale and 200 mg/l PbAc water for 90 days. Testis samples were subjected
to ultrastructural examination. It was observed that PbAc caused degenerative alterations in
the spermatogenic series in many tubules, with a loss of germ cells and vacuoles inside the
cytoplasm and between the germ cells. Mitochondria exhibited ballooning, with lost cristae
and widening of the interstitial tissue, while nuclear envelopes of primary spermatocytes
were broken up, and axonemes of the mid-pieces of the sperms were distorted. With the
treatment with C. vulgaris or Z. officinale, there were noticeable improvements in these
modifications. It was concluded that both C. vulgaris and Z. officinale represent convincing
medicinal components that may be used to ameliorate testicular toxicity in those exposed to
lead in daily life with superior potentials revealed by C. vulgaris due to its chelating action.
Key words: Chlorella vulgaris, lead acetate, ultrastructure, Zingiber officinale.
This study investigated the effects of Bacopa monnieri (brahmi) and L-deprenyl on antioxidant enzyme activities and markers of the neuroendocrine-immune system in female Wistar rats. The rats were treated with brahmi or L-deprenyl for 10 days. Both brahmi and L-deprenyl enhanced catalase activity and expression of tyrosine hydroxylase, nerve growth factor, and NF-kB in the spleen. However, only L-deprenyl enhanced ERK1/2 and CREB expression in the spleen. The treatments differentially altered antioxidant enzyme activities in the brain, heart, thymus, mesenteric lymph nodes,
1) Mice were orally administered gold-core/silver-shell nanoparticles (Au/AgNPs) or a control over 7 days to examine genotoxicity.
2) Peripheral blood was collected at 7 days, 14 days, and 21 days and analyzed using biomarkers for DNA damage (γ-H2AX foci and 8-oxoG) and chromosomal damage (micronuclei).
3) Results showed an increase in γ-H2AX foci, a marker for double-strand DNA breaks, in treated mice at 14 days, but no differences in the other biomarkers between treated and control mice.
This study investigated the effects of gallic acid on testicular injury caused by ischemia-reperfusion in a rat testicular torsion model. Forty rats were divided into four groups: a control group, a torsion group, a torsion/detorsion group, and a torsion/detorsion plus gallic acid group. Biochemical markers and immunohistochemical staining for caspase-3 and TNF-α were analyzed. The results showed that gallic acid treatment decreased oxidative stress markers, reduced apoptosis and inflammation, and helped protect testicular tissue compared to the torsion/detorsion group without treatment. The study suggests that gallic acid may be a potential therapeutic agent for testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Aamir Javed Mimosa pudica in oxidative stress Aamir Javed
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a major role in biochemical and pathological changes associated with myocardial ischemic-reperfusion injury (IRI).The need to specify agents with a potential for preventing such damage with therapeutic importance. In the present study, chronic oral.
International Journal of Medicinal Plants. Photon 107 (2014) 572-579
https://sites.google.com/site/photonfoundationorganization/home/international-journal-of-medicinal-plants
Original Research Article. ISJN: 6672-4384: Impact Index: 3.12
Objective: To study the effects of resveratrol in neuronal structures in traumatic brain injury (TBI).
Study Design: Thirty rats were categorized as (1) control group (n=10), saline solution administered i.p. for 14 days, (2) TBI group (n=10), trauma induced by weight-drop model on brain, and (3) TBI+Resveratrol group (n=10), 15 minutes after injury the rats were given resveratrol (10 μmoL/kg/i.p.) for 14 days. At the end of the experiment the cerebellum was excised for routine paraffin tissue protocol. Blood samples were tested for serum biochemical markers (MDA, SOD, CAT, and GSH-x).
Results: SOD, GPx, and CAT values were lowest in the TBI group. MDA and histological scores of dilations in vessels, inflammation, degeneration in neurons, apoptosis in microglia, ADAMTS8, and GFAP expressions were highest in the TBI group. Sections of the control group showed normal cerebellar histology. The trauma group showed degenerated ganglion layer, pyknotic and apoptotic Purkinje cell nuclei. Vascular thrombus was seen in the substantia alba and substantia grisea. In the Trauma+Resveratrol group, most pa- thologies observed in the TBI group were improved. In the control group, GFAP protein was expressed in granular cells, axons, dendrites, Purkinje cells, and microglia cells. In the trauma group, increased GFAP expression was observed in glial processes, neurons, and Purkinje cells. In the Trauma+Resveratrol group, GFAP was expressed in molecular layer and glial processes. In the control group, ADAMTS-4 activity was observed in granulosa layer, glial cells, and Purkinje cells. In the trauma group, ADAMTS-4 expression was positive in Purkinje cells and glial cells. In the Trauma+ Resveratrol group, ADAMTS-4 was expressed in Purkinje cells, granular cells, and glial cells.
Conclusion: GFAP and ADAMTS-4 proteins may be involved in regeneration of damaged astroglial cells and other glial cells, Purkinje cells, and synaptic extensions. We suggest that antioxidative drugs such as resveratrol may be alternative target agents in neurological disease.
Keywords: ADAMTS-4, brain, cerebellum, GFAP, rat, resveratrol, traumatic brain injury
Phytochemical Profile and in vitro and in vivo Anticonvulsant and Antioxidant...Self-employed researcher
This study presents the phytochemical profile and in vitro and in
vivo anticonvulsant and antioxidant activities of Epilobium hirsutum, which
has been traditionally used in the treatment of epilepsy by local people of
Turkey. In vitro studies revealed that the extract contained a pronounced
amount of phenolics (206.3±0.9 mg Gallic acid Eq/g extract) and exhibited
significant levels of antioxidant (FRAP; 6226 µmol Fe2+/g extract, ORAC;
6593 µmol Trolox Eq/g extract, DPPH; IC50:33.8 ug/mL and metal chelation;
IC50:114 ug/mL) and anticonvulsant (AChE; IC50:71.2 ug/mL, BChE; IC50:92.5
ug/mL, GABA-T; IC50:94.7 ug/mL) activities. In vivo studies shown that the
the extract exhibited high anticonvulsant activities. In addition, the extracts
regulated the behavior, locomotion, and mental activities of the mice tested.
Biochemical evaluation of the brain tissue revealed that the extract inhibited
the production of MDA and stimulated the increase of antioxidant enzyme
levels, which suggest the possible antioxidative role of the extract that worked
as neuroprotective agents by scarfing the free radicals produced through PTZ
seizure inducer and attenuate convulsions. Moreover the extract regulated
serum biochemical parameters, total antioxidants, total oxidant, and ischemia modified albumin levels. Chromatographic studies were revealed that gallic
acid principally might be the major contributor of anticonvulsant and
antioxidant activities with the additive contributions of fatty acids and mineral
compounds. Findings obtained from this study partially justified the traditional
use of Epilobium hirsutum in the treatment of epilepsy and suggest potential
use of the extract as an industrial or pharmaceutical agent.
The document reports on a study investigating the role of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase p38γ in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. The study found that depletion of p38γ exacerbated neuronal excitotoxicity, cognitive deficits, neuronal circuit abnormalities, and premature mortality in an AD mouse model overexpressing amyloid-β (Aβ). In contrast, increasing p38γ activity abolished these Aβ-induced deficits. Furthermore, mimicking site-specific tau phosphorylation by p38γ alleviated Aβ-induced neuronal death and excitotoxicity. The findings suggest p38γ phosphorylation of tau at specific sites inhibits Aβ toxicity in early AD, challenging the view that tau phosphorylation is purely pathogenic.
Evaluation of the Impact of Biofield Treatment on Physical and Thermal Proper...wilhelm mendel
In the present study, the influence of biofield treatment on physical and thermal properties of Casein Enzyme Hydrolysate (CEH) and Casein Yeast Peptone (CYP) were investigated. The control and treated samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), particle size and surface area analysis. The FTIR results revealed that biofield treatment has caused reduction of amide group (amide-I and amide-II) stretching vibration peak that is associated with strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding in treated CEH as compared to control. However, no significant changes were observed in FTIR spectrum of treated CYP. The TGA analysis of treated CEH showed a substantial improvement in thermal stability which was confirmed by increase in maximum thermal decomposition temperature (217°C) as compared to control (209°C). Similarly, the treated CYP also showed enhanced thermal stability as compared to control. DSC showed increase in melting temperature of treated CYP as compared to control. However the melting peak was absent in DSC of treated CEH which was probably due to rigid chain of the protein. The surface area of treated CEH was increased by 83% as compared to control. However, a decrease (7.3%) in surface area was observed in treated CYP. The particle size analysis of treated CEH showed a significant increase in average particle size (d50) and d99 value (maximum particle size below which 99% of particles are present) as compared to control sample. Similarly, the treated CYP also showed a substantial increase in d50 and d99 values which was probably due to the agglomeration of the particles which led to formation of bigger microparticles. The result showed that the biofield treated CEH and CYP could be used as a matrix for pharmaceutical applications.
Male and female rats were exposed to mercury (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5mg/kg) for 12 weeks to investigate the effects on antioxidant enzymes. Mercury exposure inhibited antioxidant enzymes like catalase and superoxide dismutase in a gender-specific manner. In female rats, mercury inhibited catalase and superoxide dismutase in the plasma, erythrocytes, liver and kidneys. In male rats, mercury inhibited superoxide dismutase in the liver and catalase in the kidneys. Mercury levels in tissues correlated negatively with antioxidant enzyme levels, specifically in females. The findings support that mercury exposure affects antioxidant defenses differently between males and females.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
In silico analysis of human and zebrafish α 2 adrenergic receptorsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes homology modeling studies of human and zebrafish α-2 adrenergic receptors. Models were generated based on the crystal structure of the human dopamine D3 receptor. Key conserved residues in the transmembrane helices that stabilize receptor structure were identified. Novel ligand binding residues and the importance of residues regulating receptor function were also determined. The models provide insights into ligand interactions and orientations of residues that can inform pharmacophore design and mutational analysis to validate the zebrafish model for research on the α-2 adrenergic system.
Astrocytes are neuroprotective glial cells that protect and nourish neurons of the central nervous systems. Rauwolfia vomitoria is a common medicinal plant used for the treatment of various diseases such as insanity, insomnia, hypertension, malaria etc. The comparative examination of reactive astrocytes in the cerebral cortex of adult albino wistar rats following the administration of crude ethanolic root bark and leaf extract of Rauwolfia vomitoria was studied using 25 mature Wistar rats of both sexes. The animals were divided into 5 groups, labeled A, B, C, D, and E. Group A was the control, while groups B, C, D, and E were the experimental. Oral doses of 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg body weight of the root bark extract were administered to groups B and C animals, while groups D and E animals received 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg body weight of the leaf extract respectively for seven days. On the 8th day, the rats were sacrificed; their brains were surgically extracted, and routinely processed for neurohistological study of Astrocytes using Hortegas lithium carbonate method for reactive astrocytes. Results showed hyperplasia of reactive astrocytes in the root bark groups, while there was hypertrophy of reactive astrocytes in the leaf extract groups when compared to the controls. Thus, the plant may have some adverse effects on neurons within the cerebral cortex.
In vivo modulation of dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathways by cytisine derivat...Georgi Daskalov
This study examined the ability of the nicotinic receptor agonist cytisine and two halogenated derivatives (3-bromocytisine and 5-bromocytisine) to stimulate dopamine release in vivo and protect against dopamine depletion in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Microdialysis experiments showed that cytisine, 5-bromocytisine, and nicotine were more effective than 3-bromocytisine at inducing striatal dopamine release. Administration of cytisine and 5-bromocytisine before and after an intranigral injection of 6-hydroxydopamine significantly prevented the decrease in striatal dopamine levels, but 3-bromocytisine did not provide protection. These results suggest that the efficacy
This document summarizes a study investigating the use of graphene (GP), graphene oxide (GO), and Cissus quadrangularis (CQ) callus extract to improve the osteoinductive potential of polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. PCL sheets were coated with combinations of GP, GO, and CQ solutions. The coated scaffolds showed improved roughness, wettability, strength and biocompatibility. Scaffolds containing GO-CQ or GP-CQ promoted osteoblast differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells without osteogenic factors, indicating their potential for bone regeneration. The combination of PCL-GO-CQ performed the best in supporting bone tissue growth.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This study investigated how cocaine withdrawal affects anxiety and activity in the dorsal raphe (DR), a brain region involved in serotonin signaling and anxiety regulation. Mice were administered cocaine or saline in a binge-like pattern over 10 days. Anxiety-like behavior was assessed at different withdrawal timepoints using elevated plus maze and open field tests. Electrophysiological recordings from DR serotonin neurons found increased inhibitory currents during withdrawal, especially at 25 hours, indicating heightened GABA activity. Blocking 5-HT2C receptors in the DR prevented both the increased GABA activity and anxiety-like behavior during withdrawal. This suggests 5-HT2C receptors mediate anxiety produced by cocaine withdrawal, potentially by regulating GABA signaling in the DR serotonin system.
Objective: To investigate the changes in the retina due to deltamethrin toxicity and the process in cell inflammation and apoptosis.
Study Design: Sixteen Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into two groups as control (n=8) and deltamethrin (n=8) groups. Saline was given to the control group, and 0.5 mL of 5 mg/kg deltamethrin was given to the deltamethrin group for 14 days each. Blood was collected for biochemical analysis. Retinal tissue was processed for histological examination.
Results: Compared to the control group, MDA levels were high while GSH and CAT levels were low in the deltamethrin group. Histopathological analysis showed spaces between the pigment epithelium, irregularity in the delimiting membrane, degenerated ganglion, cone and bacillus cell, pyknotic nuclei, thinned inner limitation membrane, and thickened vascular wall. The control group showed FAS expression in the pigment layer limiting membranes, in the nuclei of many cone and bacillus cells, and ganglion cells in the control group sections. In the deltamethrin group, FAS expression was observed in the inner and outer limiting membranes of the pigment epithelium, cone and bacillus cells, and ganglion cell nuclei. In the control group, negative NOS expression in the pigment epithelium and outer limiting membranes, internal limitation membrane, and ganglion cells in the cone and bacillus cell nuclei were observed. In the deltamethrin group, NOS expression was positive in the pigment epithelium, cone and bacillus, and ganglion cell nuclei.
Conclusion: We suggest that deltamethrin toxicity induced apoptotic process due to increased inflammation in the retina and may cause visual impairment as a result of neural damage.
Keywords: deltamethrin, FAS, insecticides, NOS, nitric oxide synthase, retina
The antimicrobial mechanism of ECA water against pseudomonas aeruginosa and ...Trevor William Sievert
This study investigated the antimicrobial mechanism of electrochemically activated water (anolyte) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli using SDS-PAGE protein analysis. Bacteria were treated with different concentrations of anolyte and their protein profiles analyzed via SDS-PAGE. Undiluted and 10-1 diluted anolyte were most effective, causing fewer and fainter protein bands compared to untreated bacteria, indicating protein destruction. Dilute anolyte caused extra protein bands, suggesting oxidative stress and protein fragmentation. The results provide insight into anolyte's antimicrobial action by affecting bacterial proteins.
The use of medicinal plants in the treatment of harmful impacts of xenobiotics in animals is attracting an increasing attention in recent times. The aim of the current study is to assess the preventive potential of Costus afer aqueous leaves extract (CAAE) in treating metabolic aberrations imposed by crude oil contaminated diet in Wistar albino rats. Six groups of rats were treated as follows: A = Normal diet; B= Normal diet + 100 mg/kg body weight of CAAE; C =Normal diet + 200 mg/kg body weight of CAAE; D= Crude oil contaminated diet; E= crude oil contaminated diet + 100 mg/kg body weight of CAAE, F = crude oil contaminated diet + 200 mg/kg body weight of CAAE. After thirty days of exposure to the diet and administration of the corresponding plant extracts, the rats were sacrificed with chloroform and the required organs were excised. The hematological indices, as well as function indicators and levels of drug metabolizing enzymes in the liver and kidney, were investigated with standard protocols. The results indicated that the hematological parameters and kidney and liver function indices were altered in rats fed with crude oil contaminated diet. However, the values came close to those in control rats when Costus afer aqueous extracts were administered. Similarly, the activities of oxidase enzymes (aldehyde oxidase, monoamine oxidase, xanthine oxidase, and sulphite oxidase), following their inhibition by the ingestion of crude oil contaminated diet, equally restored close to control values upon treatment with Costus afer aqueous extract. This study, therefore, was able to establish an aqueous extract of Costus afer leave as an antidote for crude oil intoxication.
Potential Alleviation of Chlorella vulgaris and Zingiber officinale on Lead-I...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Natural products were studied to combat reproductive alterations of lead. The current work
aimed to disclose the efficacy of Chlorella vulgaris and Zingiber officinale to alleviate lead
acetate induced toxicity. Sixty adult male Wistar rats were distributed into four groups.
Group 1 was considered control, group 2 received 200 mg/l PbAc water, group 3 received 50
mg/kg/rat of C. vulgaris extract and 200 mg/l PbAc water, and group 4 received 100
mg/kg/rat of Z. officinale and 200 mg/l PbAc water for 90 days. Testis samples were subjected
to ultrastructural examination. It was observed that PbAc caused degenerative alterations in
the spermatogenic series in many tubules, with a loss of germ cells and vacuoles inside the
cytoplasm and between the germ cells. Mitochondria exhibited ballooning, with lost cristae
and widening of the interstitial tissue, while nuclear envelopes of primary spermatocytes
were broken up, and axonemes of the mid-pieces of the sperms were distorted. With the
treatment with C. vulgaris or Z. officinale, there were noticeable improvements in these
modifications. It was concluded that both C. vulgaris and Z. officinale represent convincing
medicinal components that may be used to ameliorate testicular toxicity in those exposed to
lead in daily life with superior potentials revealed by C. vulgaris due to its chelating action.
Key words: Chlorella vulgaris, lead acetate, ultrastructure, Zingiber officinale.
This study investigated the effects of Bacopa monnieri (brahmi) and L-deprenyl on antioxidant enzyme activities and markers of the neuroendocrine-immune system in female Wistar rats. The rats were treated with brahmi or L-deprenyl for 10 days. Both brahmi and L-deprenyl enhanced catalase activity and expression of tyrosine hydroxylase, nerve growth factor, and NF-kB in the spleen. However, only L-deprenyl enhanced ERK1/2 and CREB expression in the spleen. The treatments differentially altered antioxidant enzyme activities in the brain, heart, thymus, mesenteric lymph nodes,
1) Mice were orally administered gold-core/silver-shell nanoparticles (Au/AgNPs) or a control over 7 days to examine genotoxicity.
2) Peripheral blood was collected at 7 days, 14 days, and 21 days and analyzed using biomarkers for DNA damage (γ-H2AX foci and 8-oxoG) and chromosomal damage (micronuclei).
3) Results showed an increase in γ-H2AX foci, a marker for double-strand DNA breaks, in treated mice at 14 days, but no differences in the other biomarkers between treated and control mice.
Does allicin combined with vitamin B-complex have superior potentials than al...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
BACKGROUND:
The current article aims to explore the protective potentials of α-tocopherol alone and the combination of allicin and vitamin B-complex against lead-acetate neurotoxicity on the cerebellar cortex.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Forty rats were divided into four groups (n=10). Group 1 was the control group. Group 2 received 10 mg/kg body weight (BW) of lead acetate. Group 3 was exposed to 10 mg/kg BW of lead acetate plus a combination of allicin (100 mg/kg BW) and vit. B-complex (40 mg/kg BW). Group 4 was administered lead acetate (10 mg/kg BW) and α-tocopherol (100 mg/kg BW). The animals received treatment for sixty days by oral gavage. All the groups were studied ultrastructurally and immunohistochemically with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP).
RESULTS:
The affected groups revealed shrunken and degenerated Purkinje cells with irregular nuclei. The cytoplasm comprised several lysosomes, unhealthy mitochondria, and dilated Golgi saccules. The myelinated nerve fibers demonstrated breaking of the myelin sheaths, apparent vacuoles, and broad axonal spaces. Immunohistochemically, there was a tremendous surge in GFAP-positive astrocytes in the lead acetate-treated group. These histological and ultrastructural variations were ameliorated by the administration of α-tocopherol and the combination of allicin and vit. B complex. Moreover, an apparent decrease in the number of GFAP-positive astrocytes was obvious in the protected groups.
CONCLUSIONS:
Although both α-tocopherol and the combination of allicin and vit. B-complex can be used as possible adjuvant therapies to ameliorate nervous system ailments attributable to lead acetate, α-tocopherol showed more protective potential.
KEYWORDS:
Allicin; Astrocytes; GFAP; Myelin Figure; Oligodendrocyte; Purkinje cells
Pharmacokinetic Properties of Biomass-extracted Substances Isolated by Green ...Michal Jablonsky
According to the literature, approximately 41 nutraceutical compounds have been isolated from different types of biomass using green solvents. It is important to collect information on the pharmacokinetic properties of the nutraceutical substances from biomass isolated according to the published papers. The pharmacokinetic properties of the bioactive substances extracted by green solvents, such as the molecular weight, logP, AlogP, H-bond acceptor, H-bond donor, total polar surface area, atom molar refractivity, number of rotatable bonds, number of atoms, rotatable bond count, number of rigid bonds, number of atom rings, and number of H-bonds, were calculated with a drug-likeness tool. In practical terms, the original and most well-known Lipinski's Rule of Five (Ro5) was applied to 28 substances, namely 3-hydroxytyrosol; apigenin; artemisinin; bergapten; bilobalide; biochanin A; caffeic Acid; caffeoylmalic acid; catechins; cinnamic acid; curcumin; daidzei; daidzin; epicatechin; gallic acid; genistein; ginkgolide A; ginkgolide B; levofloxacin; luteolin; naringenin; p-coumaric acid; protocatechuic acid; psoralen; quercetin; trans-ferulic acid; tyrosol, and vanillin.
Effects of atorvastatin and streptozocin on immunohistochemical markers in hi...Ram Sahu
This study investigated the effects of atorvastatin on immunohistochemical markers in the hippocampus of rats with a streptozocin-induced model of Alzheimer's disease. The results showed that streptozocin increased glial fibrillary acidic protein and neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the hippocampus compared to controls. Atorvastatin treatment at 20 mg/kg reduced glial fibrillary acidic protein levels compared to streptozocin alone. Atorvastatin at doses of 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg increased glutathione reductase expression compared to streptozocin alone. Atorvastatin at 10 and 20 mg/kg also reduced neuronal nitric oxide synthase levels compared to streptozocin alone.
Evaluation of In-vitro neuroprotective effect of Ethanolic extract of Canariu...AI Publications
The ethanolic extract of canarium solomonense leaves (ecsl) was studied for its neuroprotective activity. The neuroprotective activity of ECSL was found to have a significant impact on neuronal cell death triggered by hydrogen peroxide (MTT assay) in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Scopolamine, a muscarinic receptor blocker, is frequently used to induce cognitive impairment in laboratory animals. Injections of scopolamine influence multiple cognitive functions, including motor function, short-term memory, and attention. Using the Morris water maze, the Y maze, and the passive avoidance paradigm, memory enhancing activity in scopolamine-induced amnesic rats was evaluated. Using the Morris water maze, the Y maze, and the passive avoidance paradigm, ECSL was found to have a substantial effect on the memory of scopolamine- induced amnesic rats. Our experimental data indicated that ECSL can reverse scopolamine induced amnesia and assist with memory issues.
Ameliorative effect of salicin against gamma irradiation inducedRam Sahu
This document summarizes a study that investigated the radioprotective effects of salicin against gamma irradiation-induced changes in the brain tissue of male rats. The study found that salicin administration reduced lipid peroxidation and minimized changes to protein patterns caused by irradiation. Specifically, salicin showed the highest protective effect against irradiation in rats that received salicin treatment after irradiation. However, salicin was not able to fully prevent abnormalities to lipoprotein patterns or quantitative changes to protein bands caused by irradiation. Overall, the results suggest salicin has radioprotective abilities against gamma irradiation effects on various electrophoretic patterns in brain tissue.
This document reports on a study that tested the effects of isoxazole 9 (Isx-9), a small synthetic molecule, on adult hippocampal neurogenesis in rats. The study found that administering Isx-9 for 14 days potentiated cell proliferation and increased the number of immature neurons in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Isx-9 treatment also completely reversed the reduction in cell proliferation and neuronal commitment observed in vehicle-treated animals that were subjected to repeated handling and injections. These findings demonstrate that Isx-9 has promising pro-neurogenic properties and could help mitigate stress-induced deficits in adult hippocampal neurogenesis.
1) The study explored the effects of Physalis alkekengi and Alhagi maurorum extracts in ameliorating cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.
2) Cisplatin treatment significantly increased serum creatinine and urea levels as well as sodium and potassium excretion, while decreasing creatinine clearance, indicating renal dysfunction.
3) Oral administration of P. alkekengi or A. maurorum extracts for 10 days after cisplatin treatment reduced serum creatinine and urea levels and improved sodium and potassium excretion and creatinine clearance, demonstrating protective effects against cisplatin-induced kidney damage.
Protective Effects of Alpha Lipoic Acid (Α-LA) Against Lead Neuro-Toxicity in...inventionjournals
This document discusses a study that investigated the protective effects of alpha lipoic acid (ALA) against lead neurotoxicity in rats. The study found that lead exposure impaired learning and memory in rats and decreased neurotransmitter, enzyme, and ATP levels in the brain. However, treatment with ALA after lead exposure attenuated these behavioral and biochemical changes induced by lead. Specifically, ALA treatment improved performance in water maze tests of learning and memory. It also increased neurotransmitter and enzyme levels and ATP content in the brain compared to rats exposed only to lead. The results suggest that ALA can reduce lead-induced toxicity in the brain through its antioxidant properties.
A Review on Reproductive and Neurobehavioral Effect of Pesticide lambda cyhal...ijtsrd
A synthetic pyrethroid used as an insecticide is called lambda cyhalothrin LCT . Investigation of LCTs effects on neurobehavioral and reproductive effects was the studys main objective. Therefore, the existing study was designed to investigate the effect of LCT on the reproductive and neurobehavioral effects. In this study found reproductive toxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and splenotoxicity and also showed reduced testosterone levels and ovarian alteration. Also found neurotransmitter levels and AChE and Na K ATPase activities are suppressed. Gaurav Kumar | Navodita Priyadarshani "A Review on Reproductive and Neurobehavioral Effect of Pesticide lambda-cyhalothrin" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd55107.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/biological-science/zoology/55107/a-review-on-reproductive-and-neurobehavioral-effect-of-pesticide-lambdacyhalothrin/gaurav-kumar
Ming Hansen-Gong is seeking a position as a chemist. She has a Masters in Chemistry from California State University, Los Angeles and over 3 years of experience conducting experiments using various instruments as a graduate assistant and research professional at CSU Los Angeles. Her graduate prospectus involves using surface plasmon resonance to study the kinetics of how designed hexapeptides can inhibit the aggregation of beta-amyloid peptides, which are linked to Alzheimer's disease pathology. The goal is to develop peptide-based inhibitors for treating Alzheimer's disease.
Wagner College Forum for Undergraduate Research, Vol. 18 No. 1Wagner College
The Fall 2019 issue contains abstracts by Briana Bettencourt, Nicholas Buhta, Alexis Costa, Joseph Fabozzi, Sarah McGee, Kayla Diggs, Elizabeth Patton, Kelsey Savje, Oskar Sundberg and Kaela Teele. It also contains articles by Maria Humphries, Kathleen Leavey, Angela Zagami, Lindy Pokorny and L. Elise Whisler.
This document describes a study where graphene quantum dots (GQDs) were conjugated with a neuroprotective peptide (GPE) to create a new nanomaterial called GQDG. In vitro experiments showed that GQDG inhibited the aggregation of amyloid-beta peptides (Aβ1-42), which are implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD). GQDG was then administered to APP/PS1 transgenic mouse models of AD. Behavioral tests and immunohistochemical analysis indicated that GQDG improved learning and memory in the mice and increased dendritic spines in neurons. Biochemical analysis also found that GQDG reduced inflammatory cytokines and Aβ levels in the mice. Therefore, the study demonstrates that GQDG has
The study investigated the effects of methoxychlor (MXC), an organochlorine pesticide, on liver and kidney function in rats and the potential protective effects of propolis. Rats were exposed to MXC, propolis, or both for 6 or 12 months. MXC exposure significantly increased liver enzymes and oxidative stress markers in the liver and caused histological damage. It also increased kidney dysfunction biomarkers and caused tubular degeneration. Co-administration of propolis with MXC ameliorated many of the toxic effects of MXC on the liver and kidney, decreasing oxidative stress and normalizing biomarker levels. The study suggests that propolis has protective effects against MXC-induced toxicity in
Abstract
Objective(s):
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZNP) are increasingly used in sunscreens, biosensors, food additives and pigments. In this study the effects of ZNP on liver of rats was investigated.
Materials and Methods:
Experimental groups received 5, 50 and 300 mg/kg ZNP respectively for 14 days. Control group received only distilled water. ALT, AST and ALP were considered as biomarkers to indicate hepatotoxicity. Lipid peroxidation (MDA), SOD and GPx were detected for assessment of oxidative stress in liver tissue. Histological studies and TUNEL assay were also done.
Results:
Plasma concentration of zinc (Zn) was significantly increased in 5 mg/kg ZNP-treated rats. Liver concentration of Zn was significantly increased in the 300 mg/kg ZNP-treated animals. Weight of liver was markedly increased in both 5 and 300 mg/kg doses of ZNP. ZNP at the doses of 5 mg/kg induced a significant increase in oxidative stress through the increase in MDA content and a significant decrease in SOD and GPx enzymes activity in the liver tissue. Administration of ZNP at 5 mg/kg induced a significant elevation in plasma AST, ALT and ALP. Histological studies showed that treatment with 5 mg/kg of ZNP caused hepatocytes swelling, which was accompanied by congestion of RBC and accumulation of inflammatory cells. Apoptotic index was also significantly increased in this group. ZNP at the dose of 300 mg/kg had poor hepatotoxicity effect.
Conclusion:
It is concluded that lower doses of ZNP has more hepatotoxic effects on rats, and recommended to use it with caution if there is a hepatological problem.
Similar to Morphohistometric analysis of the effects of Coriandrum sativum on cortical and cerebellar neurotoxicity (20)
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
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Morphohistometric analysis of the effects of Coriandrum sativum on cortical and cerebellar neurotoxicity
1.
2. AJP, Vol. 11, No. 6, Nov-Dec 2021 589
Original Research Article
Morphohistometric analysis of the effects of Coriandrum sativum on
cortical and cerebellar neurotoxicity
Hesham N. Mustafa1,*
1
Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Article history:
Received: Jun 27, 2018
Received in revised form:
Feb 17, 2019
Accepted: Mar 10, 2019
AJP, Vol. 11, No. 6, Nov-Dec
2021, 589-598.
https://dx.doi.org/10.22038/
AJP.2021.18107
* Corresponding Author:
Tel: +00966566764762
hesham977@gmail.com
Keywords:
Coriandrum sativum
Cerebellum
Toxicity
Chelation
Lead
Abstract
Objective: Natural compounds can act as metal chelators and
oxygen free radical scavengers, which allows them to be used as
bioactive antagonists to heavy metals neurotoxicity. The aim of the
study to analyze the morphometric effects of Coriandrum sativum
(C. sativum) on lead-induced neurotoxicity.
Materials and Methods: Forty Sprague-Dawley albino rats were
divided into four equal groups (ten in each group): control group;
coriander group: received aqueous C. sativum extracts (600 mg/kg
BW for 60 days orally); lead (Pb) group: received a daily dose of
lead acetate (Pb) (10 mg/kg BW for 60 days orally); Pb+
coriandrum group: received: aqueous C. sativum extract (600 mg/kg
BW) prior to 10 mg/kg BW of Pb. The following parameters
malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase
(CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were measured. Layers
thickness and nuclei density were analyzed.
Results: Lead levels in blood and tissues were decreased
significantly in the Pb group and those findings were corrected
significantly (p=0.001) with C. sativum addition. Data exhibited an
increase in oxidative stress marker MDA and a decrease in
antioxidant enzymes activities (SOD, CAT, and GPx) significantly
in the Pb group and those effects were reversed significantly
(p=0.001) by C. sativum administration. The cerebellar cortex and
all layers of the somatosensory cortex thickness and nuclei density
were diminished significantly in the Pb group. The morphometrical
measurements were corrected significantly (p=0.001) by C.
sativum.
Conclusion: From the findings of the current study, Pb caused
noticeable structural and functional variations in the cerebellar
cortex and somatosensory cortex. C. sativum corrected these
parameters as it possesses chelating and antioxidant potentials.
Please cite this paper as:
Mustafa H, Morphohistometric analysis of the effects of Coriandrum sativum on cortical and cerebellar
neurotoxicity. Avicenna J Phytomed, 2021; 11(6): 589-598.
Introduction
Lead is considered a highly dangerous
toxicant which is determined by its
capability to accumulate in the body
(Mustafa and Hussein, 2016). The influence
of low-dose lead in the postnatal and
prenatal on the nervous system is reflected
in previous articles (Mustafa and Hussein,
3. Mustafa et al.
AJP, Vol. 11, No. 6, Nov-Dec 2021 590
2016; Saleh et al., 2019). There is a direct
relationship between blood lead levels and
decreased intelligence quotient,
neurodegenerative deficits and hearing loss
in children (Surkan et al., 2007). Evidence
has shown that lead poisoning can stimulate
cellular degradation through production of
reactive oxygen species (Mehrandish et al.,
2019). So, studies on the morphometric
indices of neurons in different parts of the
brain are promising (Mustafa and Hussein,
2016; Saleh et al., 2019).
Coriandrum sativum is an annual herb,
and its dried seeds and fresh leaves are one
of the most important spices in the world
especially Mediterranean region of Europe
(Al-Rubaye, 2016). Both cilantro and
coriander come from the C. sativum plant.
Cilantro is the name for the plant's leaves
and stem, while coriander is the dried seeds,
were found in ancient Egyptian tomb.
Furthermore, coriander has culinary value
and a wide range of healing properties,
through food detoxification and removing
toxic mineral residue such as lead and
excreting them (Tellez-Lopez et al., 2017).
Study of lead-intoxicated and treated with
Coriandrum sativum showed encouraging
results as chelation and poisoning reduction
in animal models (Velaga et al., 2014).
C. sativum leaves have been used as
appetizer, dyspeptic, anorexic and
antispasmodics. Furthermore, it has
antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic,
antimicrobial, antioxidant, and memory
enhancing effects (Al-Rubaye, 2016).
The purpose of the study was to examine
the ameliorative role of C. sativum on the
structural state of cerebral cortex neurons
against a low toxic dose of lead.
Materials and Methods
Ethical approval
This study was conducted in strict
accordance with the recommendations of
the National Institutes of Health's Guide for
the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.
The research protocol with animal
experimentation was approved by the
Scientific Ethics Committee of Faculty of
Medicine, King Abdulaziz University (No.
227-34).
Materials
Lead acetate trihydrate
[(C2H3O2)2Pb.3H2O] (PbAc) was
purchased from Millipore Sigma Co. (St.
Louis, Missouri, USA). A 0.5% of Pb
solution was prepared by dissolving 5 g of
PbAc in 1000 ml of distilled acidified water
(DIH2O); the solution was replaced daily to
minimize the presence of lead precipitates.
A subsequent amount of 5N HCl was added
to lead acetate solution to prevent the
precipitation of lead salts (Saleh et al.,
2019).
C. sativum seeds were collected from
local market. Seeds were ground to a
powder and 100 g of the powder was added
to 500 ml distilled water; after 24 hr
maceration at room temperature, after that
the mixture was heated for 30 min at 65°C.
The extract was filtered, concentrated by
heating over a water bath (65°C) and dried
under vacuum with the yield of 5.9% (w/w).
The extract was stored at 4°C (Veena et al.,
2011).
Experimental design
Animals
Forty Sprague-Dawley albino rats
weighing 190±10 g were obtained from the
animal house at the King Abdulaziz
University and distributed randomly into
four groups (n=10). Rats were kept in
metallic cages under lighting (12 hr/12 hr
light/dark), humidity (55±10%) and
standard temperature (22±2ºC) conditions.
They were fed a standard chow diet ad
libitum with free access to water.
Group 1, control group, received 1 ml
distilled water (DH20). Group 2 received
aqueous C. sativum extract (600 mg/kg
BW) (Leena et al., 2011; Donia, 2019).
Group 3 received 10 mg/kg body weight
(BW) of lead acetate (PbAc) (Mustafa and
Hussein, 2016; Saleh et al., 2019). Group 4
received aqueous C. sativum extract (600
mg/kg BW) prior to 10 mg/kg BW of PbAc.
4. Morphohistometric analysis of Coriandrum effects
AJP, Vol. 11, No. 6, Nov-Dec 2021 591
Administration of the chemicals was done
by oral gavage for a period of 60 days.
Pb levels in blood and brain tissues
Left halves of cerebral cortices and
cerebella from all groups were digested in
concentrated nitric acid (100,441,
Suprapur® HNO3 65% w/w,
MerckMillipore, Darmstadt, Germany)
using a shaking water bath at 60°C for 30
min. After digestion, the solution was
diluted (1:5 v/v) with DIH2O. Lead levels
(Pb) were measured using an atomic
absorption spectrophotometer (Perkin-
Elmer Model 3030, Hopkintin, MA, USA).
Results are reported as µg Pb/dl blood, and
Pb levels in brain tissues are reported as
µg/g tissue weight (Saleh et al., 2019).
Biochemical assays
Left halves of the cerebral cortices and
cerebella from all groups were
homogenized (10% w/v) in ice-cold 0.1 M
sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). The
homogenate was centrifuged twice at 4,000
rpm for 15–20 min at 4°C, and the resultant
supernatant was used for estimation of
various biochemical parameters. Lipid
peroxidation (LPO) was estimated by
determining the amount of
malondialdehyde (MDA), which is formed
by peroxidation of membrane lipids using a
thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances
(TBARS) (QuantiChrom™ TBARS Assay
Kit, DTBA-100, BioAssay Systems,
Hayward, CA, USA). The antioxidant
enzyme activity in cerebral cortices and
cerebella was evaluated by determining
superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity using
a Superoxide Dismutase Assay Kit
(706,002, Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor,
MI, USA), in which a tetrazolium salt is
used to detect superoxide radicals generated
by xanthine oxidase and hypoxanthine.
Catalase (CAT) activity was assayed
according to the peroxidatic function of
catalase using a Catalase Assay Kit
(707,002, Cayman Chemical). Glutathione
peroxidase (GPx) activity was assayed by
coupling the enzyme procedure with
glutathione reductase using a Glutathione
Reductase Assay Kit (703,202, Cayman
Chemical) (Saleh et al., 2019).
Histological preparation
Right halves of the cerebral cortices and
cerebella from all experimental groups
were dissected; the somatosensory cortex
and the cerebella were removed, and then
fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin.
Paraffin sections of 5 µm in thickness were
prepared. For each specimen, at least 3 to 5
slides were stained with haematoxylin and
eosin (H&E) and Nissl stain (cresyl violet)
using standard techniques for general
histology examination, and examined using
an Olympus BX53 microscope equipped
with an Olympus DP73 camera (Olympus,
Tokyo, Japan) for the observation of
degenerative changes.
Image capture and quantitative
morphometric analysis
For each stained section, 10 non-
overlapping fields were measured for each
parameter; a mean value was calculated,
and analyzed using Image-Pro Plus v6
(Media Cybernetics Inc., Bethesda,
Maryland, USA). ImageJ (National
Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA)
[version 1.53a] was used to quantify cells
and measure the thickness of the layers of
the cerebellar cortex and somatosensory
zone of the hemispheres, and the number of
nuclei. All morphometric measurements
were done at 100x magnification.
Statistical analysis
All studied parameters of the different
groups are presented as mean±standard
deviation. Data were analyzed using a one-
way analysis of variance (ANOVA)
followed by Bonferroni’s post hoc test or
Student’s t-test, wherever applicable. All
statistical analyses were done using IBM
SPSS Statistics for Windows (Released
2020, Version 27.0, IBM Corp., Armonk,
NY, USA). The values of p<0.05 were
considered significant (Mustafa, 2020).
5. Mustafa et al.
AJP, Vol. 11, No. 6, Nov-Dec 2021 592
Results
Pb levels in blood and brain tissues
There was a significant increase in the
mean Pb level in the blood and cerebral
cortices and cerebella in the Pb-treated
groups compared to the control (p=0.001).
C. sativum co-administration with Pb
resulted in the reduction of Pb levels as
compared to the control group (p=0.001)
(Figure 1).
Biochemical assays
There was a significant increase in MDA
level in the cerebral cortices and cerebella
of the Pb-treated groups, which was
significant as compared to the control group
(p0.001). Moreover, there was a decrease
in the antixodant enzymes (i.e. SOD, CAT,
and GPx) levels in the Pb-treated groups,
which was significant as compared to the
control group (p0.001). C. sativum co-
administration with Pb resulted in a
decrease in MDA level and an increase in
antioxidant enzyme (i.e. SOD, CAT, and
GPx) levels (Figure 2).
Figure 1. Effect of Pb and C. sativum co-administration on Pb concentrations (Mean±SD). p1: compared to
control. p2: compared to C. sativum. p3: compared to Pb
Figure 2. Effect of Pb and C. sativum co-administration on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes
(Mean±SD). p1: compared to control. p2: compared to C. sativum. p3: compared to Pb
6. Morphohistometric analysis of Coriandrum effects
AJP, Vol. 11, No. 6, Nov-Dec 2021 593
Quantitative morphometric analysis
The cerebellum showed a normal
histoarchitecture; outer molecular layer;
middle Purkinje cell layer; inner granular
cell layer. The molecular, Purkinje and
granular nuclei density was significantly
reduced in the Pb group as compared to the
control (p1
0.001 and p2
0.001). The
molecular and Purkinje nuclei density was
significantly improved by administration of
C. sativum (p0.05 and p0.01). While
granular nuclei density showed no
significant changes (Figure 3).
The molecular, Purkinje and granular
layers thickness were significantly
diminished in the Pb group as compared to
control (p1
0.001 and p2
0.001). The
molecular and Purkinje layers thickness
was significantly improved by
administration of C. sativum (p0.001 and
p0.01). While granular layer thickness
showed no significant changes (Figure 3).
Figure 3. Cerebellar layers density of nuclei and thickness (Mean±SD). p1: compared to control. p2: compared to
C. sativum. p3: compared to Pb
7. Mustafa et al.
AJP, Vol. 11, No. 6, Nov-Dec 2021 594
The somatosensory cortex of the control
revealed 6 layers from outside to inside
which were organized as: molecular, outer
granular, outer pyramidal, inner granular,
inner pyramidal and polymorphic layer.
The molecular layer nuclei density
significantly decreased in the Pb group as
compared to the control group (p1
0.001
and p2
0.001) and was significantly
improved by administration of C. sativum
(p3
0.001). The molecular layer thickness
increased significantly in the Pb group as
compared with the control group (p1
0.001
and p2
0.001) and was significantly
improved by administration of C. sativum
(p3
0.001). The outer granular layer nuclei
density and thickness significantly
diminished in Pb group as compared to the
control group (p1
0.001 and p2
0.001) and
were significantly improved by treatment
with C. sativum (p3
0.001) (Figure 4a).
The outer pyramidal layer nuclei density
and thickness significantly diminished in
the Pb group as compared to the control
(p1
0.001 and p2
0.001) and were
significantly improved by treatment with C.
sativum (p3
0.001). The inner granular
layer nuclei density and thickness
significantly diminished in the Pb group as
compared to the control group (p1
0.001
and p2
0.001) and were significantly
improved by treatment with C. sativum
(p3
0.001) (Figure 4b).
The inner pyramidal layer nuclei density
and thickness significantly diminished in
the Pb group as compared to the control
(p1
0.001 and p2
0.001) and significantly
were improved by treatment with C.
sativum (p3
0.001). The polymorphic layer
nuclei density and thickness significantly
diminished in the Pb group as compared to
the control group (p1
0.001 and p2
0.001)
and were significantly improved by
treatment with C. sativum (p3
0.001)
(Figure 4c).
Figure 4A. Somatosensory cortex layers density of nuclei and thickness (Mean±SD). p1: compared to control. p2:
compared to C. sativum. p3: compared to Pb
8. Morphohistometric analysis of Coriandrum effects
AJP, Vol. 11, No. 6, Nov-Dec 2021 595
Figure 4B. Somatosensory cortex layers density of nuclei and thickness (Mean±SD). p1: compared to control. p2:
compared to C. sativum. p3: compared to Pb
Figure 4C. Somatosensory cortex layers density of nuclei and thickness (Mean±SD). p1: compared to control. p2:
compared to C. sativum. p3: compared to Pb
9. Mustafa et al.
AJP, Vol. 11, No. 6, Nov-Dec 2021 596
Discussion
The clarification of structural disorders
in the nervous tissues beneath certain
impacts is critical in the up-to-date
neurophysiology. In spite of the accessible
information on variations in the
morphology of the nervous tissues
subsequent to Pb actions and the role of the
herbal medication, different inquiries are
still in-need to be understood (Shubina et
al., 2019).
Morphometry provides a quantitative
understanding of the disorder of the tissues
and helps to diagnose several pathological
variations at a high level of accuracy. This
technique helps in the clarification of the
uniqueness of response of nervous tissue to
the influence of opposing stimuli on the
tissues. In addition to extend the concepts
about nervous system architecture (Shubina
et al., 2019).
Pb toxicity causes a rise in MDA level
and high oxidative stress, as MDA is
considered the main product formed by
lipid peroxidation subsequent to high
oxidative stress which causes an excessive
production of free radicals that are
accountable for impaired cellular functions.
Moreover, lipid peroxidation leads to
irreversible damage of cell membrane, this
is agreed with previous work (El-Aziz
Tahoun et al., 2018). In addition, reduced
concentrations of SOD, CAT and GPx
activities may imitate oxidative stress in Pb
group. SOD is the first-line of resistance
against reactive oxygen species (ROS) and
is active in catalyzing detoxification of
superoxide radical. Additionally,
glutathione is accounted as the main
antioxidant enzyme for Pb toxicity, it was
proposed that the rise of glutathione
happens to compensate the free radicals
formed by Pb toxicity (Saleh et al., 2019).
Likewise, catalase is an enzymatic
scavenger antioxidant, that removes
cellular superoxide and peroxides and
neutralize ROS before their reaction with
metal catalysts to form reactive species.
Additionally, it catalyzes the reduction of
hydroperoxides thereby defends cells from
oxidative damage (Mustafa and Hussein,
2016). The pathogenesis of brain injury is
bio-activation of free radicals or
involvement of a deadly agent that
provokes a protein dysfunction and an
immune response, depletion of reduced
glutathione, oxidative stress, DNA damage
and lipid peroxidation (Qadir and Ahmad,
2017).
These parameters were improved with
addition of C. sativum, this due to the
presence of flavonoids and ascorbic acid
which act as antioxidants by free radical
scavenging (Obafemi et al., 2019).
Morphometric analysis displayed that Pb
caused a reduction in all layers of the
cerebellar cortex and a significant decrease
in the density of cerebellar neurons as
compared with the control group (Shubina
et al., 2019). These parameters were
improved with co-addition of C. sativum. In
the somatosensory cortex, results displayed
a significant decrease of the total thickness
of the cortex and the density of neurons in
all layers of the somatosensory zone
quickly declined as compared to the control
group that approves the fact of increasing
cell death due to lead toxicity (Shubina et
al., 2019). These indicators were improved
by addition of C. sativum.
The involvement of gamma
aminobutyric acid (GABA)
neurotransmission in brain activity is
noticeable, and subsequently flavonoids
present in C. sativum can act on
GABAergic system in the brain. It may be
assumed that these compounds might
interact with GABA system and be
involved in the plant’s extract-induced
morphometric improvement that was
reported in the current study (Ramezani et
al., 2008).
Besides, it was proposed that ROS
induce neuronal cell damage resulting in
necrosis and apoptosis (Shin et al., 2011).
The defensive properties of C. sativumon
nervous tissues’ oxidative damages were
explored and it was revealed that the plant
extract prohibited lipid peroxidation
(Karami et al., 2015). Conversely, the brain
10. Morphohistometric analysis of Coriandrum effects
AJP, Vol. 11, No. 6, Nov-Dec 2021 597
tissues oxidative damage is a contributing
factor in neural damage and memory loss
that might be prohibited by antioxidant
reagents (Pourzaki et al., 2017;
Seghatoleslam et al., 2016).
Suggestions propose that C. sativum
extract has an extensive application in
treating pathological situations of nervous
tissues, due to its defensive properties and
as a respectable medication of drug-induced
nervous disorders or heavy metals toxicity
attributed to antioxidant and chelation
action (Ghosh et al., 2017).
The existing study has focused on the
effectiveness of C. sativumwhich is
considered an appetizing vegetable and a
traditional medicine. It is obvious from the
outcomes of the investigation that
supplementation with C. sativumaqueous
extracts protected from Pb toxic effects and
oxidative stress. This work agreed with the
previous reports that propose the defensive
properties of C. sativumon Pb deposition
(Tellez-Lopez et al., 2017; Velaga et al.,
2014).
Pb diminishes the thickness and the
density of nuclei of the cerebellar cortex
and all layers of the somatosensory cortex.
Aqueous extracts of C. sativum produced a
good significant variation in most of the
evaluated parameters (oxidative stress
markers, antioxidants enzymes and
histological alternations) and slowed down
the oxidative damage induced by Pb
toxicity. Further studies are needed to
evaluate its pharmacokinetics and toxicity
profile to determine its clinical dose.
Conflicts of interest
The authors have declared that there is
no conflict of interest.
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