This study retrospectively evaluated 18 cases of Vipera palaestinae (Vp) snake envenomation in cats presented to a veterinary teaching hospital between 2006-2011. The most common clinical signs included tachypnea, lameness, depression, and fang marks. Hematologic abnormalities like thrombocytopenia and coagulopathies were also common. Lower body weight, temperature, and hematocrit on presentation were associated with death. Four cats (22%) did not survive. This study characterized the clinical effects of Vp envenomation in cats.
This study investigated an outbreak of canine distemper virus in dogs in Ethiopia between 2010-2013. Clinical signs observed included fever, eye/nasal discharge, vomiting, diarrhea and neurological issues. Over 200 dogs died in one town. Testing found the virus in eye and tissue samples from sick dogs. The virus was isolated and sequenced, identifying it as the Asia-1 lineage. This study concluded the outbreak was caused by canine distemper virus and vaccination is needed to control the disease and prevent spread to wildlife.
1) The document reviews superficial pemphigus in domestic animals, including canine, feline, equine, and caprine species.
2) Superficial pemphigus variants include pemphigus foliaceus (PF), pemphigus erythematosus (PE), and panepidermal pustular pemphigus (PPP).
3) PF was first described in dogs in 1977 and has since been reported worldwide in dogs and also described in cats, horses, and goats. Certain dog breeds like Akitas appear predisposed to PF.
This document summarizes equine arteritis virus (EAV), which causes equine viral arteritis. EAV is an RNA virus of the genus Arterivirus that was first isolated from horses in Ohio in 1953. It commonly spreads through respiratory secretions but can also be transmitted sexually. Clinical signs vary but may include fever, nasal discharge, edema, conjunctivitis, abortion in pregnant mares, and pneumonia in foals. Diagnosis involves virus isolation, antigen detection, serology like ELISA and PCR. There is no specific treatment but isolation and good nursing care can aid recovery. Vaccination can help control outbreaks.
This study describes outbreaks of equine herpesvirus-1 myeloencephalopathy (EHM) that occurred in Ethiopia between 2011-2013. A total of 91 horses, mules, and donkeys showed clinical signs of EHM. The virus was isolated from nasopharyngeal swabs and tissues of affected animals. Sequence analysis of the DNA polymerase gene identified the genotype as D752 in 90 of 91 animals, associated with neuropathogenic strains. Analysis of another gene showed the isolates belong to geographical group 4. This demonstrates the first large outbreak and characterization of EHM affecting horses, mules, and donkeys in Ethiopia.
Dr. Ram Chander Tiwari presented a seminar on Canine Monocytotropic Ehrlichiosis. The disease is caused by Ehrlichia canis bacteria and transmitted by the brown dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Clinical signs include fever, lethargy, anemia, and hemorrhaging. Diagnosis involves detecting antibodies, observing morulae in blood smears, or PCR testing. Treatment involves doxycycline or tetracycline antibiotics for 3-4 weeks along with supportive care. Prevention focuses on tick control and testing dogs before introduction to kennels.
ABSTRACT- A number of 18 adults male outbred albino rats, weighing between 133-137g were used to investigate the drug susceptibility of Trypanosoma evansi strain isolated from naturally infected dromedary camels in Umbadir area, North Kordofan State, Sudan. The rats were divided into 3 groups (C, D and F) of 6 animals each. Group C and D were infected intraperitoneally with T. evansi (Umbadir stabilate) with 1×104 Trypanosome for the inoculum. Group D rats were given quinapyramine sulphate (20 mg/Kg bwt) after parasitaemia was evident. Group F was left as healthy uninfected control for the stabilate. When parasite counts were one or more parasites per field, counting in haemocytometer were used for exact number of parasite per cubic millimeter using Neubaeur’s counter. Parasites from tail blood were first fixed, stained and diluted in trypanosome diluting reagent. The parasites were diluted to the level that can be easily counted in WBC counting chamber in the haemocytometer. The total number of parasites was expressed as log10 number of parasites per ml of blood. The presence and degree of parasitaemia were determined daily for each rat by examining tail blood. The identity of the local stabilates of Trypanosoma evansi was confirmed through adopting PCR where primers that target the internal transcribed spacer one (ITS1) of the ribosomal DNA were used. There was significant reduction in serum glucose and potassium as well as significant increase in total protein, urea, calcium, albumin and cholesterol in group C. The Umbadir stabilate showed low mortality and high sensitivity to quinapyramine sulphate.
Key-words- Drug susceptibility, T. evansi, Dromedary camels, Sudan
Identification of ticks and detection of blood protozoa in friesian cattle by...Noor Zada
This study aimed to detect Theileria annulata and Babesia bovis in Friesian cattle in District Kasur, Pakistan using PCR and blood smear examination. The study found a 21% infection rate using blood smears, with 66.6% positive for T. annulata and 42.8% positive for B. bovis. PCR detected a higher overall infection rate of 60%, with 60% positive for T. annulata and 33.3% for B. bovis. A tick survey found the highest prevalence of Hyalomma ticks, which are known vectors for both pathogens. Blood parameters analysis found signs of macrocytic hypochromic anemia in infected cattle.
This study investigated the seroprevalence of bluetongue virus in sheep and goats in Ethiopia. A total of 1420 serum samples were collected from sheep and goats in various areas and tested using c-ELISA. The overall seroprevalence was found to be 69.1% in sheep and 60.53% in goats. Seroprevalence varied between study areas, ranging from 14.5% to 91.43%. Higher seroprevalence was seen in adult animals compared to young animals, and in females compared to males. While there was no difference between local and crossbreed animals, seroprevalence was higher in sheep than goats. The study indicates that blu
This study investigated an outbreak of canine distemper virus in dogs in Ethiopia between 2010-2013. Clinical signs observed included fever, eye/nasal discharge, vomiting, diarrhea and neurological issues. Over 200 dogs died in one town. Testing found the virus in eye and tissue samples from sick dogs. The virus was isolated and sequenced, identifying it as the Asia-1 lineage. This study concluded the outbreak was caused by canine distemper virus and vaccination is needed to control the disease and prevent spread to wildlife.
1) The document reviews superficial pemphigus in domestic animals, including canine, feline, equine, and caprine species.
2) Superficial pemphigus variants include pemphigus foliaceus (PF), pemphigus erythematosus (PE), and panepidermal pustular pemphigus (PPP).
3) PF was first described in dogs in 1977 and has since been reported worldwide in dogs and also described in cats, horses, and goats. Certain dog breeds like Akitas appear predisposed to PF.
This document summarizes equine arteritis virus (EAV), which causes equine viral arteritis. EAV is an RNA virus of the genus Arterivirus that was first isolated from horses in Ohio in 1953. It commonly spreads through respiratory secretions but can also be transmitted sexually. Clinical signs vary but may include fever, nasal discharge, edema, conjunctivitis, abortion in pregnant mares, and pneumonia in foals. Diagnosis involves virus isolation, antigen detection, serology like ELISA and PCR. There is no specific treatment but isolation and good nursing care can aid recovery. Vaccination can help control outbreaks.
This study describes outbreaks of equine herpesvirus-1 myeloencephalopathy (EHM) that occurred in Ethiopia between 2011-2013. A total of 91 horses, mules, and donkeys showed clinical signs of EHM. The virus was isolated from nasopharyngeal swabs and tissues of affected animals. Sequence analysis of the DNA polymerase gene identified the genotype as D752 in 90 of 91 animals, associated with neuropathogenic strains. Analysis of another gene showed the isolates belong to geographical group 4. This demonstrates the first large outbreak and characterization of EHM affecting horses, mules, and donkeys in Ethiopia.
Dr. Ram Chander Tiwari presented a seminar on Canine Monocytotropic Ehrlichiosis. The disease is caused by Ehrlichia canis bacteria and transmitted by the brown dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Clinical signs include fever, lethargy, anemia, and hemorrhaging. Diagnosis involves detecting antibodies, observing morulae in blood smears, or PCR testing. Treatment involves doxycycline or tetracycline antibiotics for 3-4 weeks along with supportive care. Prevention focuses on tick control and testing dogs before introduction to kennels.
ABSTRACT- A number of 18 adults male outbred albino rats, weighing between 133-137g were used to investigate the drug susceptibility of Trypanosoma evansi strain isolated from naturally infected dromedary camels in Umbadir area, North Kordofan State, Sudan. The rats were divided into 3 groups (C, D and F) of 6 animals each. Group C and D were infected intraperitoneally with T. evansi (Umbadir stabilate) with 1×104 Trypanosome for the inoculum. Group D rats were given quinapyramine sulphate (20 mg/Kg bwt) after parasitaemia was evident. Group F was left as healthy uninfected control for the stabilate. When parasite counts were one or more parasites per field, counting in haemocytometer were used for exact number of parasite per cubic millimeter using Neubaeur’s counter. Parasites from tail blood were first fixed, stained and diluted in trypanosome diluting reagent. The parasites were diluted to the level that can be easily counted in WBC counting chamber in the haemocytometer. The total number of parasites was expressed as log10 number of parasites per ml of blood. The presence and degree of parasitaemia were determined daily for each rat by examining tail blood. The identity of the local stabilates of Trypanosoma evansi was confirmed through adopting PCR where primers that target the internal transcribed spacer one (ITS1) of the ribosomal DNA were used. There was significant reduction in serum glucose and potassium as well as significant increase in total protein, urea, calcium, albumin and cholesterol in group C. The Umbadir stabilate showed low mortality and high sensitivity to quinapyramine sulphate.
Key-words- Drug susceptibility, T. evansi, Dromedary camels, Sudan
Identification of ticks and detection of blood protozoa in friesian cattle by...Noor Zada
This study aimed to detect Theileria annulata and Babesia bovis in Friesian cattle in District Kasur, Pakistan using PCR and blood smear examination. The study found a 21% infection rate using blood smears, with 66.6% positive for T. annulata and 42.8% positive for B. bovis. PCR detected a higher overall infection rate of 60%, with 60% positive for T. annulata and 33.3% for B. bovis. A tick survey found the highest prevalence of Hyalomma ticks, which are known vectors for both pathogens. Blood parameters analysis found signs of macrocytic hypochromic anemia in infected cattle.
This study investigated the seroprevalence of bluetongue virus in sheep and goats in Ethiopia. A total of 1420 serum samples were collected from sheep and goats in various areas and tested using c-ELISA. The overall seroprevalence was found to be 69.1% in sheep and 60.53% in goats. Seroprevalence varied between study areas, ranging from 14.5% to 91.43%. Higher seroprevalence was seen in adult animals compared to young animals, and in females compared to males. While there was no difference between local and crossbreed animals, seroprevalence was higher in sheep than goats. The study indicates that blu
The study found an overall prevalence of ectoparasitic infestation of 11.14% among goats in the Toba Tek Singh district of Pakistan. Ticks were the most prevalent ectoparasite, followed by lice, fleas, mites, and flies. The highest prevalence of ectoparasites was found during the winter months for lice, fleas, and mites, while ticks and flies were most common in summer and spring, respectively. Non-cemented flooring was associated with higher prevalence of ectoparasites compared to cemented flooring. Host characteristics like age, sex, and breed did not influence prevalence of ectoparasitic infestation.
Birds are highly susceptible to aspergillosis compared to mammals due to environmental contamination by Aspergillus fungi, differences in avian anatomy and physiology such as lack of macrophages in the lungs/air sacs, and a less effective avian immune response. Aspergillosis in birds can cause a variety of clinical signs depending on the infected area and species. Diagnosis relies on clinical signs, epidemiology, hematology, serology including detection of galactomannan, culture, and histopathology. Treatment involves antifungals but has a generally poor prognosis, so prevention through reducing environmental fungal levels and stress is important.
Rabies is a fatal viral disease that affects the nervous system of humans and other mammals. It is caused by the rabies virus, which is bullet-shaped and can be transmitted via bites or scratches from infected animals. Dogs are the primary carrier of the virus and transmission from dogs accounts for over 95% of all human rabies cases. The virus causes inflammation of the brain and spinal cord and symptoms vary depending on the infected animal but may include changes in behavior, aggression, paralysis, and death within days if left untreated. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of brain tissues or isolation of the virus. Vaccination is effective for both pre-exposure and post-exposure prevention in humans and animals.
Rabies is a fatal viral disease that affects the nervous system of humans and other mammals. It is caused by the rabies virus, which is bullet-shaped and can be transmitted via bites or scratches from infected animals. Dogs are the primary carrier of the virus and transmission from dogs accounts for over 95% of all human rabies cases. There is no cure once symptoms develop, making vaccination an important preventative measure.
Molecular characterization of anaplasma platys strains from dogs in sicily, i...Josephine Huang
1) Researchers analyzed blood samples from 344 dogs in Sicily, Italy to characterize strains of Anaplasma platys.
2) They found A. platys DNA in 14 dogs (4% prevalence) through PCR and gene sequencing of the 16S rDNA, groESL, and gltA genes.
3) Sequence analysis identified at least 3 different genotypes of A. platys among the Sicilian dog samples based on variations in the gltA gene.
Researchers in an endemic area of American Visceral Leishmaniasis followed 60 dogs over one year to study the disease's prevalence through serological, clinical, and parasitological testing. They found that while 41.7% of dogs were initially seropositive, by the end of the study 50% were seropositive, suggesting control measures need modification. Clinical symptoms were observed in some dogs but most showed no symptoms.
Dossier transmission: Transmission of Avian Influenza Virus to DogsHarm Kiezebrink
This document reports on the transmission of an avian influenza virus (H3N2) to dogs in South Korea. Several dogs exhibited severe respiratory disease and three genetically similar canine influenza virus strains were isolated. Experimental infection of beagles demonstrated that the virus could be transmitted between dogs and cause clinical signs like fever and lung lesions. The canine respiratory tract was found to contain receptors for binding avian influenza viruses, suggesting potential for direct transmission from poultry. This provides evidence that dogs may play a role in interspecies transmission of influenza viruses.
In general, our knowledge of tickborne
diseases in cats is substantially less than
our knowledge of the comparable disease
in dogs or human patients. One exception
to this generality is cytauxzoonosis, a
protozoal disease of cats caused by
Cytauxzoon felis. The organism is
supposedly transmitted from bobcats,
the primary reservoir host, to domestic
cats via a tick vector (the ixodid tick
Dermacentor variabilis). Because of the
rapidly fatal nature of C. felis–induced
illness, the domestic cat has usually been
considered an accidental dead-end host
for this infectious agent. Typical clinical
manifestations include depression,
lethargy, anorexia, fever, and jaundice.
The document provides information about rabies including its definition, causes, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. It defines rabies as a viral disease affecting the nervous system that is fatal if not treated. The rabies virus is transmitted via saliva, usually through animal bites. Symptoms start with fever and pain at the bite site then progress to neurological symptoms. Diagnosis involves biopsy of skin or antibody tests. Post-exposure prophylaxis within 7 days of exposure can prevent onset of disease. Vaccination and avoiding contact with wild animals are key prevention methods.
Epidemiological and morphological investigation of tick borne disease.pptxShumailAyub3
The document discusses an epidemiological and morphological investigation of tick-borne diseases in small ruminants in Peshawar District. A total of 417 goat blood samples and 381 sheep blood samples were collected and tested. The prevalence of Anaplasmosis was found to be 54.6% in goats and 52.7% in sheep, while the prevalence of Theileriosis was 31.8% in goats and 33.7% in sheep. Male animals had a higher rate of disease than females. Animals under 1 year of age showed the highest prevalence. Respiratory distress and diarrhea were associated with higher rates of disease. Morphological changes were observed in red blood cells during tick-borne infections.
Smith TC, Male MJ, Harper AL, Kroeger J, Tinkler G, Moritz-Korolev E, Herwaldt L, Diekema D. High prevalence of MRSA found in Midwestern US Swine and Swine workers. PLoS ONE, 4(1):e4258, 2009.
A preliminary survey of gastrointestinal parasites of animals inAlexander Decker
This study surveyed gastrointestinal parasites in 18 animal species at the Federal University of Agriculture
Abeokuta Zoological Park in Nigeria. Fecal samples collected from April to July 2014 were examined
microscopically and 7 parasite species were identified, with hookworm being the most prevalent at 22.2%. Of the
animals surveyed, 55.6% were infected with at least one parasite. Non-human primates had the highest infection
rates and intensities. The study recommends regular deworming and improved hygiene to control parasite
transmission between animals and humans at the zoo.
A preliminary survey of gastrointestinal parasites of animals inAlexander Decker
This study surveyed gastrointestinal parasites in 18 animal species at the Federal University of Agriculture
Abeokuta Zoological Park in Nigeria. Fecal samples collected from April to July 2014 were examined
microscopically and 7 parasite species were identified, with hookworm being the most prevalent at 22.2%. Of the
animals surveyed, 55.6% were infected with at least one parasite. Non-human primates had the highest infection
rates and intensities. The study recommends routine deworming and improved hygiene to control parasite
transmission between animals and humans at the zoo.
This study found that rat tissues from farms in the Netherlands tested positive for the pla gene, which is a marker for Yersinia pestis. The pla gene sequences from rats were nearly identical to Y. pestis pla but further analysis identified adjacent sequences similar to bacterial replication genes. Attempts to culture or detect other Y. pestis markers from rat tissues were unsuccessful. The findings suggest there are unknown bacteria in rats that contain a pla homolog, which could produce false positive results in Y. pestis detection assays that only target the pla gene. Methods to confirm the presence of Y. pestis should include additional gene targets.
This document summarizes a study on the prevalence and treatment of amoebiasis in dogs. Some key points:
- The study examined 300 dog fecal samples, finding a 9% prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica infection. Local dogs had the highest rate at 6%.
- Treatment with metronidazole alone showed better results than nalidixic acid alone. But the combination of both drugs proved most effective, reducing clinical signs in all infected dogs.
- Dogs were divided into groups receiving different treatment regimens. The combination of metronidazole and nalidixic acid showed the highest cure rate after 96 hours.
This document discusses canine parvovirus (CPV), a highly contagious viral disease that commonly affects young dogs. It describes CPV's evolution from feline panleukopenia virus and its variants CPV-2, 2a, 2b, and the highly virulent 2c. The disease causes vomiting and bloody diarrhea in puppies and myocarditis in young dogs. Diagnosis involves antigen testing of feces. Treatment focuses on fluid therapy, antibiotics, and gastrointestinal rest. Vaccination is the primary method of prevention. Recent studies show over 60% of dogs with diarrhea in Ghana tested positive for CPV.
This study aimed to test whether MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry could be used to identify tick specimens down to the genus and species levels based on protein signatures. Leg pairs from fresh and ethanol-preserved ticks were analyzed using MALDI-TOF. Protein spectra allowed clear differentiation of ticks at the genus level. Spectra from ticks of the same genus, such as Amblyomma species, enabled identification down to the species level. The study demonstrates that MALDI-TOF is a rapid and effective method for identifying tick specimens, with implications for taxonomy, conservation, and disease research.
Eperythrozoon are bacteria that parasitize erythrocytes. They are transmitted between various animal species like dogs, cats, pigs, cattle and sheep through blood transfusions, arthropod vectors, or vertical transmission. Clinical signs of eperythrozoonosis in infected animals include fever, anemia, jaundice, respiratory signs and agglutination of red blood cells. Diagnosis involves finding the bacteria in blood smears during acute phases or through serological tests. Treatment involves tetracycline antibiotics.
Apvs2013 09 vosloo et al.-o1 manisa efficacy vs viet fmd strain in pigMerial EMEA
This study tested the efficacy of an O1 Manisa high potency vaccine against challenge with the O/Vietnam/2010 strain in pigs. Pigs were vaccinated 4 and 7 days prior to challenge. Most vaccinated pigs were protected from clinical disease at both timepoints. Virus RNA was detected in nasal secretions of vaccinated pigs for shorter durations than in unvaccinated controls. Vaccinated pigs shed insufficient virus to infect direct contact pigs. The vaccine decreased virus excretion and transmission, suggesting it could help control disease outbreaks when used with biosecurity measures.
This document provides an abstract program for the 25th Annual ACVIM Forum held in Seattle, WA from June 6-9, 2007. It lists 99 oral presentations given over the four days, organized by topic area (e.g. oncology, infectious disease, cardiology, etc.). The presentations include research studies on diseases and conditions in small animals, horses, food animals, and topics related to veterinary internal medicine specialties.
This document describes a case study of a Miniature Dachshund that was diagnosed with a ventricular septal defect (VSD) and aortic regurgitation. Echocardiography revealed a defect between the ventricles and a thickened aortic valve prolapsing into the defect. Cardiac catheterization confirmed a supracristal VSD with aortic regurgitation. Despite medication, the dog's left ventricular dimensions worsened over time. The dog ultimately underwent surgery to close the VSD using cardiopulmonary bypass, which improved the condition and controlled further valve deterioration.
The study found an overall prevalence of ectoparasitic infestation of 11.14% among goats in the Toba Tek Singh district of Pakistan. Ticks were the most prevalent ectoparasite, followed by lice, fleas, mites, and flies. The highest prevalence of ectoparasites was found during the winter months for lice, fleas, and mites, while ticks and flies were most common in summer and spring, respectively. Non-cemented flooring was associated with higher prevalence of ectoparasites compared to cemented flooring. Host characteristics like age, sex, and breed did not influence prevalence of ectoparasitic infestation.
Birds are highly susceptible to aspergillosis compared to mammals due to environmental contamination by Aspergillus fungi, differences in avian anatomy and physiology such as lack of macrophages in the lungs/air sacs, and a less effective avian immune response. Aspergillosis in birds can cause a variety of clinical signs depending on the infected area and species. Diagnosis relies on clinical signs, epidemiology, hematology, serology including detection of galactomannan, culture, and histopathology. Treatment involves antifungals but has a generally poor prognosis, so prevention through reducing environmental fungal levels and stress is important.
Rabies is a fatal viral disease that affects the nervous system of humans and other mammals. It is caused by the rabies virus, which is bullet-shaped and can be transmitted via bites or scratches from infected animals. Dogs are the primary carrier of the virus and transmission from dogs accounts for over 95% of all human rabies cases. The virus causes inflammation of the brain and spinal cord and symptoms vary depending on the infected animal but may include changes in behavior, aggression, paralysis, and death within days if left untreated. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of brain tissues or isolation of the virus. Vaccination is effective for both pre-exposure and post-exposure prevention in humans and animals.
Rabies is a fatal viral disease that affects the nervous system of humans and other mammals. It is caused by the rabies virus, which is bullet-shaped and can be transmitted via bites or scratches from infected animals. Dogs are the primary carrier of the virus and transmission from dogs accounts for over 95% of all human rabies cases. There is no cure once symptoms develop, making vaccination an important preventative measure.
Molecular characterization of anaplasma platys strains from dogs in sicily, i...Josephine Huang
1) Researchers analyzed blood samples from 344 dogs in Sicily, Italy to characterize strains of Anaplasma platys.
2) They found A. platys DNA in 14 dogs (4% prevalence) through PCR and gene sequencing of the 16S rDNA, groESL, and gltA genes.
3) Sequence analysis identified at least 3 different genotypes of A. platys among the Sicilian dog samples based on variations in the gltA gene.
Researchers in an endemic area of American Visceral Leishmaniasis followed 60 dogs over one year to study the disease's prevalence through serological, clinical, and parasitological testing. They found that while 41.7% of dogs were initially seropositive, by the end of the study 50% were seropositive, suggesting control measures need modification. Clinical symptoms were observed in some dogs but most showed no symptoms.
Dossier transmission: Transmission of Avian Influenza Virus to DogsHarm Kiezebrink
This document reports on the transmission of an avian influenza virus (H3N2) to dogs in South Korea. Several dogs exhibited severe respiratory disease and three genetically similar canine influenza virus strains were isolated. Experimental infection of beagles demonstrated that the virus could be transmitted between dogs and cause clinical signs like fever and lung lesions. The canine respiratory tract was found to contain receptors for binding avian influenza viruses, suggesting potential for direct transmission from poultry. This provides evidence that dogs may play a role in interspecies transmission of influenza viruses.
In general, our knowledge of tickborne
diseases in cats is substantially less than
our knowledge of the comparable disease
in dogs or human patients. One exception
to this generality is cytauxzoonosis, a
protozoal disease of cats caused by
Cytauxzoon felis. The organism is
supposedly transmitted from bobcats,
the primary reservoir host, to domestic
cats via a tick vector (the ixodid tick
Dermacentor variabilis). Because of the
rapidly fatal nature of C. felis–induced
illness, the domestic cat has usually been
considered an accidental dead-end host
for this infectious agent. Typical clinical
manifestations include depression,
lethargy, anorexia, fever, and jaundice.
The document provides information about rabies including its definition, causes, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. It defines rabies as a viral disease affecting the nervous system that is fatal if not treated. The rabies virus is transmitted via saliva, usually through animal bites. Symptoms start with fever and pain at the bite site then progress to neurological symptoms. Diagnosis involves biopsy of skin or antibody tests. Post-exposure prophylaxis within 7 days of exposure can prevent onset of disease. Vaccination and avoiding contact with wild animals are key prevention methods.
Epidemiological and morphological investigation of tick borne disease.pptxShumailAyub3
The document discusses an epidemiological and morphological investigation of tick-borne diseases in small ruminants in Peshawar District. A total of 417 goat blood samples and 381 sheep blood samples were collected and tested. The prevalence of Anaplasmosis was found to be 54.6% in goats and 52.7% in sheep, while the prevalence of Theileriosis was 31.8% in goats and 33.7% in sheep. Male animals had a higher rate of disease than females. Animals under 1 year of age showed the highest prevalence. Respiratory distress and diarrhea were associated with higher rates of disease. Morphological changes were observed in red blood cells during tick-borne infections.
Smith TC, Male MJ, Harper AL, Kroeger J, Tinkler G, Moritz-Korolev E, Herwaldt L, Diekema D. High prevalence of MRSA found in Midwestern US Swine and Swine workers. PLoS ONE, 4(1):e4258, 2009.
A preliminary survey of gastrointestinal parasites of animals inAlexander Decker
This study surveyed gastrointestinal parasites in 18 animal species at the Federal University of Agriculture
Abeokuta Zoological Park in Nigeria. Fecal samples collected from April to July 2014 were examined
microscopically and 7 parasite species were identified, with hookworm being the most prevalent at 22.2%. Of the
animals surveyed, 55.6% were infected with at least one parasite. Non-human primates had the highest infection
rates and intensities. The study recommends regular deworming and improved hygiene to control parasite
transmission between animals and humans at the zoo.
A preliminary survey of gastrointestinal parasites of animals inAlexander Decker
This study surveyed gastrointestinal parasites in 18 animal species at the Federal University of Agriculture
Abeokuta Zoological Park in Nigeria. Fecal samples collected from April to July 2014 were examined
microscopically and 7 parasite species were identified, with hookworm being the most prevalent at 22.2%. Of the
animals surveyed, 55.6% were infected with at least one parasite. Non-human primates had the highest infection
rates and intensities. The study recommends routine deworming and improved hygiene to control parasite
transmission between animals and humans at the zoo.
This study found that rat tissues from farms in the Netherlands tested positive for the pla gene, which is a marker for Yersinia pestis. The pla gene sequences from rats were nearly identical to Y. pestis pla but further analysis identified adjacent sequences similar to bacterial replication genes. Attempts to culture or detect other Y. pestis markers from rat tissues were unsuccessful. The findings suggest there are unknown bacteria in rats that contain a pla homolog, which could produce false positive results in Y. pestis detection assays that only target the pla gene. Methods to confirm the presence of Y. pestis should include additional gene targets.
This document summarizes a study on the prevalence and treatment of amoebiasis in dogs. Some key points:
- The study examined 300 dog fecal samples, finding a 9% prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica infection. Local dogs had the highest rate at 6%.
- Treatment with metronidazole alone showed better results than nalidixic acid alone. But the combination of both drugs proved most effective, reducing clinical signs in all infected dogs.
- Dogs were divided into groups receiving different treatment regimens. The combination of metronidazole and nalidixic acid showed the highest cure rate after 96 hours.
This document discusses canine parvovirus (CPV), a highly contagious viral disease that commonly affects young dogs. It describes CPV's evolution from feline panleukopenia virus and its variants CPV-2, 2a, 2b, and the highly virulent 2c. The disease causes vomiting and bloody diarrhea in puppies and myocarditis in young dogs. Diagnosis involves antigen testing of feces. Treatment focuses on fluid therapy, antibiotics, and gastrointestinal rest. Vaccination is the primary method of prevention. Recent studies show over 60% of dogs with diarrhea in Ghana tested positive for CPV.
This study aimed to test whether MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry could be used to identify tick specimens down to the genus and species levels based on protein signatures. Leg pairs from fresh and ethanol-preserved ticks were analyzed using MALDI-TOF. Protein spectra allowed clear differentiation of ticks at the genus level. Spectra from ticks of the same genus, such as Amblyomma species, enabled identification down to the species level. The study demonstrates that MALDI-TOF is a rapid and effective method for identifying tick specimens, with implications for taxonomy, conservation, and disease research.
Eperythrozoon are bacteria that parasitize erythrocytes. They are transmitted between various animal species like dogs, cats, pigs, cattle and sheep through blood transfusions, arthropod vectors, or vertical transmission. Clinical signs of eperythrozoonosis in infected animals include fever, anemia, jaundice, respiratory signs and agglutination of red blood cells. Diagnosis involves finding the bacteria in blood smears during acute phases or through serological tests. Treatment involves tetracycline antibiotics.
Apvs2013 09 vosloo et al.-o1 manisa efficacy vs viet fmd strain in pigMerial EMEA
This study tested the efficacy of an O1 Manisa high potency vaccine against challenge with the O/Vietnam/2010 strain in pigs. Pigs were vaccinated 4 and 7 days prior to challenge. Most vaccinated pigs were protected from clinical disease at both timepoints. Virus RNA was detected in nasal secretions of vaccinated pigs for shorter durations than in unvaccinated controls. Vaccinated pigs shed insufficient virus to infect direct contact pigs. The vaccine decreased virus excretion and transmission, suggesting it could help control disease outbreaks when used with biosecurity measures.
This document provides an abstract program for the 25th Annual ACVIM Forum held in Seattle, WA from June 6-9, 2007. It lists 99 oral presentations given over the four days, organized by topic area (e.g. oncology, infectious disease, cardiology, etc.). The presentations include research studies on diseases and conditions in small animals, horses, food animals, and topics related to veterinary internal medicine specialties.
This document describes a case study of a Miniature Dachshund that was diagnosed with a ventricular septal defect (VSD) and aortic regurgitation. Echocardiography revealed a defect between the ventricles and a thickened aortic valve prolapsing into the defect. Cardiac catheterization confirmed a supracristal VSD with aortic regurgitation. Despite medication, the dog's left ventricular dimensions worsened over time. The dog ultimately underwent surgery to close the VSD using cardiopulmonary bypass, which improved the condition and controlled further valve deterioration.
Este documento proporciona información sobre anestesia y analgesia en perros y gatos. Explica los fármacos utilizados para premedicación, inducción anestésica y mantenimiento anestésico, así como analgésicos intraoperatorios. Detalla esquemas de dosis comunes para diferentes tipos de procedimientos y pacientes. Los principales fármacos discutidos incluyen opiáceos, benzodiacepinas, agonistas alfa-2, ketamina e isoflurano.
Guia Practica Analgesia y Anestesia.pdfleroleroero1
El documento presenta cuatro casos de protocolos anestésicos y analgésicos para diferentes procedimientos quirúrgicos en caninos y felinos. Divide los casos en categorías según el grado de dolor esperado y propone opciones de premedicación, inducción, mantenimiento y recuperación para cada uno, destacando la importancia de adaptar los protocolos a cada paciente.
buprenorfina y medetomidina en gatos.pdfleroleroero1
This study investigated the effects of using different combinations of medetomidine and buprenorphine as preanesthetic medications in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Forty cats were divided into four groups receiving different doses of medetomidine alone or in combination with buprenorphine. The results showed that cats receiving 30 μg/kg medetomidine with 20 μg/kg buprenorphine required significantly less isoflurane to maintain anesthesia compared to cats receiving medetomidine alone. Heart rate was significantly lower and oxygen saturation was slightly lower in cats receiving the highest dose of medetomidine and buprenorphine. All groups receiving medetomidine and buprenorphine experienced significantly
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complicaciones en toracotmías en ghatos.pdfleroleroero1
Lateral thoracotomy is commonly used to access the thoracic cavity in dogs and cats for surgical treatment of diseases. This study reviewed 83 cases (70 dogs and 13 cats) that underwent lateral thoracotomy. The most common indication was treatment of a vascular anomaly like a patent ductus arteriosus. Overall survival to discharge was high at 87%, though cats had lower survival than dogs. Younger animals and those undergoing vascular procedures like PDA ligation had higher survival than those undergoing lung or esophageal surgery. Post-operative complications within 2 weeks were reported in 47% of cases, but long-term complications in survivors were rare.
1) The document describes a novel axial pattern flap for nasal and facial reconstruction in dogs. The flap is based on the commissure of the lip and receives blood supply from the angularis oris artery and other arteries.
2) Cadaver studies and dye infusion showed the flap has a reliable blood supply from three direct cutaneous arteries. The flap survived with good results in four clinical cases to reconstruct large facial or nasal defects.
3) The flap provides sufficient skin to reconstruct large defects involving the nose or face. It has a reliable blood supply and versatile design that allows it to be used for various reconstruction needs in dogs.
Laboratorios Richmond División Veterinaria es una empresa argentina dedicada al desarrollo y producción de medicamentos y equipamiento veterinario. Cuenta con instalaciones de investigación, desarrollo y producción que cumplen con los estándares GMP. Exporta sus productos a varios países de América Latina, África y Asia, ofreciendo tratamientos para una variedad de especies animales.
This study evaluated the effect of preoperative intrathecal administration of a low dose of morphine on intraoperative fentanyl requirements in dogs undergoing spinal surgery. Eighteen dogs undergoing cervical or thoracolumbar laminectomy were randomly assigned to receive intrathecal morphine (MG group) or no treatment (CG group). The MG group had significantly lower hourly fentanyl consumption and lower predicted plasma fentanyl concentrations compared to the CG group. This suggests that a low dose of preoperative intrathecal morphine has a sparing effect on intraoperative fentanyl requirements in dogs undergoing spinal surgery. No adverse effects were observed from the intrathecal morphine administration.
This study evaluated the effects of postoperative ketamine administration on pain control and feeding behavior in dogs undergoing mastectomy. Twenty-seven dogs undergoing mastectomy were randomly assigned to receive either placebo, low-dose ketamine, or high-dose ketamine intravenously at the end of surgery and as a 6-hour infusion. Pain levels, opioid requirements, sedation, and food intake were evaluated and compared between groups. The high-dose ketamine group showed significantly improved feeding behavior 20 hours after surgery compared to the low-dose and placebo groups, but opioid requirements did not differ significantly between groups.
This study evaluated 59 cats that underwent perineal urethrostomy surgery for feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) at a university veterinary clinic. Early complications within 4 weeks of surgery occurred in 25.4% of cats, most commonly urethral stricture formation. Late complications after at least 4 months included recurring urinary tract infections in 28.2% of cats. Despite frequent complications, 32.2% of cats had no long-term issues, though recurring FLUTD symptoms still occurred in 23% of cats. Overall, the surgery provided a good quality of life for most cats, according to their owners.
This study evaluated the effects of acepromazine (a sedative) on cardiovascular changes induced by dopamine in anesthetized dogs. The researchers found that:
1) Acepromazine prevented the normal return of systemic vascular resistance to baseline levels during higher dopamine doses and reduced the magnitude of arterial pressure increases from dopamine.
2) However, acepromazine did not modify dopamine's ability to increase cardiac index and oxygen delivery, which are beneficial effects.
3) Previous acepromazine administration reduces dopamine's efficacy as a vasopressor agent under isoflurane anesthesia in dogs, but does not alter its other beneficial hemodynamic effects.
recuperación en hipotermia anestesia.pdfleroleroero1
Lower core body temperatures were associated with longer recovery times from general anesthesia in dogs undergoing routine sterilization surgery. Oesophageal temperatures at the end of surgery averaged 36.8°C, with lower temperatures correlated with significantly slower recoveries. Premedication with acepromazine and morphine also significantly increased recovery times compared to dogs that were not premedicated. The choice of induction or maintenance anesthetic agent did not affect recovery time. Hypothermia during general anesthesia can slow recovery through multiple mechanisms, such as decreasing anesthetic requirements and impairing drug metabolism.
This document summarizes a study on the survival characteristics and prognostic variables of dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD), the most common heart disease in dogs. The study included 558 dogs of varying breeds and severity of MMVD. Clinical exams, echocardiograms, and follow-up phone interviews with owners were conducted to evaluate survival times and prognostic factors. Variables found to be associated with reduced survival in univariate analysis included older age, syncope, increased heart rate and dyspnea, higher ISACHC heart failure class, diuretic use, increased end-systolic volume, enlarged left atrium, and higher transmitral flow velocities. Multivariate analysis identified syncope, enlarged left atrium
Este documento presenta información sobre fisiología cardiovascular, respiratoria y del sistema nervioso central. En tres oraciones: 1) Detalla parámetros hemodinámicos como presiones arteriales, índice cardíaco y resistencias vasculares. 2) Explica conceptos como contenido de oxígeno arterial y venoso, transporte de oxígeno y ecuaciones relacionadas a la ventilación. 3) Describe características del flujo sanguíneo cerebral y su regulación, así como parámetros del líquido cefalorraquídeo.
This study evaluated the effects of ephedrine and dopamine on cardiovascular parameters in anesthetized dogs experiencing hypotension. Twelve healthy dogs undergoing orthopedic surgery were randomly assigned to treatment with either ephedrine or dopamine if their mean arterial pressure dropped below 60 mmHg under isoflurane anesthesia. Both drugs improved cardiac output and oxygen delivery, but ephedrine only transiently increased blood pressure while dopamine maintained blood pressure and total peripheral resistance at a higher infusion rate. The study concluded that while both drugs were effective at improving hemodynamics, dopamine provided more sustained blood pressure support.
This document provides guidelines for the recognition, assessment, and treatment of pain in cats and dogs. It discusses the physiology and pathophysiology of pain, as well as methods for assessing acute and chronic pain. Guidelines are provided for managing pain associated with various procedures and conditions through the use of analgesics like opioids, NSAIDs, alpha2 agonists, and local anesthetics. Non-pharmacological approaches like rehabilitation, nutrition, and massage are also addressed. The document aims to help veterinarians effectively recognize and minimize pain in small animal patients.
Este documento describe las bases neuroanatómicas del dolor, incluyendo las vías periféricas y centrales de la transmisión del impulso nociceptivo. También discute el reconocimiento y tratamiento farmacológico del dolor en pequeños animales.
This study compared sevoflurane and isoflurane for maintaining anesthesia in 108 dogs undergoing surgical or diagnostic procedures. Dogs were randomly assigned to receive either sevoflurane (group S) or isoflurane (group I). Both groups had similar heart rates, respiratory rates, blood pressures, temperatures, and times to recovery. However, end-tidal carbon dioxide levels were higher in group S from 30-60 minutes after induction. Sevoflurane required higher vaporizer settings throughout but no adverse events occurred. The study concluded that sevoflurane was a suitable volatile anesthetic for maintaining routine clinical anesthesia in dogs.
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During the event, the results of the 25-th monthly survey of business executives “Ukrainian Business during the war”, which was conducted in May 2024, were presented.
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mordida por vipera palestinae.pdf
1. Retrospective Study Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 24(4) 2014, pp 437–443
doi: 10.1111/vec.12207
A retrospective evaluation of Vipera
palaestinae envenomation in 18 cats:
(2006–2011)
Itzik Lenchner, DVM; Itamar Aroch, DVM, DECVIM; Gilad Segev, DVM, DECVIM;
Efrat Kelmer, DVM, DACVECC and Yaron Bruchim, DVM, DACVECC
Abstract
Objective – To describe the clinical signs, clinicopathologic abnormalities, treatment, complications and out-
come, and to identify risk factors for death in cats envenomed by Vipera palaestinae (Vp).
Design – Retrospective study.
Setting – Veterinary teaching hospital.
Animals – Eighteen client-owned cats envenomed by Vp.
Interventions – None.
Measurements and Main Results – All envenomations occurred during the hot season (May to October),
mostly in young (<4 years, 66%) domestic shorthair, outdoor or indoor-outdoor cats. Clinical signs included
tachypnea (>40/min, 100%), lameness (78%), depression (71%), fang penetration marks (55%), hypothermia
(<37.5°C, 43%), hematoma at the envenomation site (27%), tachycardia (>220/min, 20%), and bradycardia
(<140/min, 20%). Hematologic abnormalities included thrombocytopenia (89%), hemoconcentration (33%),
and leukocytosis (33%). The activated partial thromboplastin and prothrombin times were prolonged in 100%
and in 93% of the cats at presentation to a veterinarian, and remained prolonged 12–24 hours later in 92% and in
77% of the cats, respectively. Cats displayed increased serum creatine kinase activity (100%) and hyperglycemia
(89%). Four cats (22%) did not survive. Median hospitalization time was 2 days. Variables associated with death
included lower body weight (P = 0.01), lower initial rectal temperature (P = 0.02), lower initial hematocrit (P <
0.001) and 12–24 hours later (P = 0.001), and lower total plasma protein at 12–24 hours following presentation
(P = 0.001). There was no association between death and administration of antivenom (10 mL/cat), fresh frozen
plasma, or corticosteroids.
Conclusions – Cats are at least as susceptible as dogs to Vp envenomation. Lower body weight, rectal temper-
ature, and hematocrit at presentation were associated with nonsurvival.
(J Vet Emerg Crit Care 2014; 24(4): 437–443) doi: 10.1111/vec.12207
Keywords: antivenom, coagulation, feline, snakebite, viper
Introduction
The Viperidae are a family of venomous snakes with
worldwide distribution. This family is distinguished by
their long, hinged, deep-penetrating fangs, which inject
venom into their prey.1
Viperidae are divided to 4 sub-
families, including adders (viperinae, eg, “true vipers”)
From the Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital,
The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
The authors declare no conflict of interests.
Address correspondence and reprint requests to
Dr. Itzik Lenchner, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching
Hospital, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100,
Israel. Email: itziklench@walla.com
Submitted September 29, 2012; Accepted May 25, 2014.
Abbreviations
aPTT activated partial thromboplastin time
CK creatine kinase activity
DIC disseminated intravascular coagulation
FFP fresh frozen plasma
PLA2 phospholipases A2
PT prothrombin time
VICC venom-induced consumptive coagulopathy
Vp Vipera palaestinae
and pit-vipers (crotalinae, eg, rattlesnakes).1
Although
all viperidae are venomous, their venom composition is
species-specific.2
C
Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Society 2014 437
2. I. Lenchner et al.
Viper venom may consist of a mixture of compounds,
including hemorrhagins, thrombins, and cytolysins. Cy-
tolysins are responsible for most clinical signs, which are
generally restricted to the area surrounding the bite, and
include swelling, pain, hemorrhage, acute lameness in
cases of limb envenomations, local lymphadenomegaly,
and rarely, necrosis.3–6
Systemic manifestations of viper
envenomation may include tachypnea, tachycardia,
nausea, and lethargy. Severe complications occur less
frequently, and can include laryngeal edema with
respiratory distress, cardiac arrhythmias, disseminated
intravascular coagulation (DIC), acute kidney injury,
and death.3,5,6
Vipera palaestinae (Vp) is the most common venomous
snake in Israel, and is also present in Jordan, Lebanon,
and Syria.7
It is the only venomous snake in the popu-
lated areas of Central and Northern Israel, and is respon-
sible for most envenomations in people and animals in
the country.4,6,8–15
Its venom contains approximately 30
components, 16 of which have been identified, includ-
ing proteases, hemorrhagins (metalloproteases), amino
acid esterases, phospholipases A2 (PLA2) and B, and
neurotoxins.16–19
The local and systemic signs of enveno-
mation in dogs have been extensively described,4,6,8,14,20
and are similar to those of other Viperidae.5
Clinical
signs of Vp envenomation have been described in 3
cats, and included tachypnea, tachycardia, mental de-
pression, and hemostatic abnormalities.12
Cats have been hypothesized to be more resistant to
snakebites compared to other animal species.21
Survival
rates of cats envenomed by snakes of the Elapidae family
(elapids; eg, tiger and coral snakes) were more favorable
compared to those of dogs, especially when antivenom
was administered.22–24
A more favorable outcome in cats
has been hypothesized in pit-viper envenomation but
has not been objectively studied.25,26
The theory that cats
may have a natural resistance to snakebites is based, at
least partly, on the lethal dose of venom per kilogram
of body mass.21
Others have suggested that snakes are
unable to inject a lethal dose of venom because of dif-
ficulty with restraining the cat and discharging suffi-
cient venom.22
Cats are thought to be bitten less fre-
quently than other domestic animals, especially dogs, be-
cause they are more alert, suspicious, and tend to avoid
snakes.25
It is also possible that some envenomations in
cats are not reported, because cats sometimes hide once
envenomed. The proposed resistance of cats to snakebite
is supported only by brief reports of 2 and 3 cats that
have recovered uneventfully from rattlesnake and Vp
envenomation, respectively.12,26
Feline serum failed to
neutralize Vp venom in vitro, as opposed to hamster
(Mesocricetus auratus) and hedgehog (Erinaceus europeus)
sera,27
and the mortality rates of cats and dogs enven-
omed by Vipera berus, a close relative of Vp, and by neu-
rotoxic rattlesnake venom did not significantly differ.28,29
This study describes the clinical, clinicopathologic signs,
treatment, complications, and outcome in 18 cats enven-
omed by Vp, and analyzes the risk factors for death in
this group.
Materials and Methods
The medical records of cats presented to the Univer-
sity Veterinary Teaching Hospital (UVTH) between 2006
and 2011 and diagnosed with Vp envenomation were
retrospectively reviewed. A definitive diagnosis of the
snakebite was made when the bite was observed by the
owner, and the snake was identified as Vp, or when typ-
ical Vp penetrating fang marks were observed at the en-
venomation site. In other cats, Vp envenomation was
diagnosed based on the history (ie, acute onset of signs
in an outdoor cat), the geographic location (ie, central
Israel, where Vp is the only venomous snake present),
compatible typical clinical signs (ie, acute painful ede-
matous soft tissue swelling), and exclusion of other dif-
ferential diagnoses (eg, trauma, abscess, insect bite, or
tumor).
Data obtained from the medical records included the
signalment, date, history, physical examination, and lab-
oratory findings, disease progression, treatment, hospi-
talization time period, and outcome. Cats discharged
alive were considered survivors, and those that died or
were euthanized during hospitalization were defined as
nonsurvivors.
Statistical Analysis
Continuous measurements are presented as median and
range, because most were not normally distributed based
on the Shapiro-Wilk test. Continuous measurements
were compared between survivors and nonsurvivors us-
ing the Mann-Whitney U-test. Categorical variables were
compared between 2 groups using Fisher’s exact test.
All analyses were performed using a statistical software
package.a
All tests were two-tailed and a P 0.05 was
considered statistically significant.
Results
Twenty-six cats were treated for Vp envenomation be-
tween 2006 and 2011. Five cases were excluded because
other differential diagnoses could not completely be
ruled out, and 3 were excluded due to missing data in
the medical record. The remaining 18 cats were included
in this study. All were domestic shorthair, outdoor or
indoor-outdoor cats, including 9 males (one neutered)
and 9 females (all neutered), with a median age of 24
438 C
Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Society 2014, doi: 10.1111/vec.12207
3. Vipera palaestinae envenomation in cats
months (range 6–96). Most (12/18, 66%) were under 4
years of age. Their median body weight (recorded in
13 cats) was 5.0 kg (range 1.9–6.7), and was significantly
(P = 0.001) lower in nonsurvivors compared to survivors
(median 3.5 kg, range 1.8–4.5 versus median 5.5 kg, range
5.0–6.6, respectively). All envenomations occurred dur-
ing the hot, dry season (May to October). The median
lag time from the time the clinical signs were first ob-
served by the owners to presentation was 4 hours (range
0.5–24.0). There was no statistical difference in lag time
(P = 0.09) between nonsurvivors (median 14.3 hours;
range 3.0–24.0) and survivors (median 5.1 hours, range
0.5–12.0).
Bites were localized to the forelimbs (11 cats, 61%),
hind limbs (3 cats, 17%), or in the head and neck area
(4 cats, 22%). Eight cats were anxious or aggressive
at presentation, and required sedation to perform the
physical examination. For these cats, the heart and res-
piratory rates, although recorded, were excluded from
the analysis. Vital sign abnormalities included tachyp-
nea (40/min; 10/10 cats, 100%), hypothermia (37.5°C
[99.5°F]; 7/16, 43%), tachycardia (220/min, 2/10, 20%),
bradycardia (140/min, 2/10, 20%), and hyperther-
mia (39.5°C [103.1°F]; 1/16, 6%). Nonsurvivors had a
significantly (P = 0.021) lower median rectal temper-
ature at presentation compared to survivors (35.9°C;
range 33.7–37.6 versus 38.0°C; range 35.5–40.9, respec-
tively). Other clinical signs included lameness (14/18,
78%), present in 14/14 cats in which the envenoma-
tion had occurred on a limb, hematoma at the en-
venomation site (5/18, 27%), and mental status ab-
normalities (depression, 12/18, 66%; stupor, 1/18, 5%).
Viper fang penetration marks were identified in 10/18
cats (55%).
The most common hematologic abnormalities at pre-
sentation included thrombocytopenia (platelet count
250 × 109
/L [250 × 103
/L], 14/18, 77%), hemoconcen-
tration (6/18, 33%), and leukocytosis (WBC count 14
× 109
/L [14 × 103
/L], 6/18, 33%) (Table 1). On pre-
sentation, nonsurvivors had a significantly (P 0.001)
lower median RBC count, hematocrit, and hemoglobin
concentration compared to survivors (Table 1). Median
hematocrit was also significantly (P = 0.01) lower in non-
survivors compared to survivors at 12–24 hours follow-
ing presentation (21.7%, range 10–29 versus 32.8%, range
21–42, respectively). Platelet number at presentation was
not lower in nonsurvivors compared to survivors (P =
0.07; Table 1). Thrombocytopenia was present in 4/4 cats
in which a CBC was repeated at 24 hours after presen-
tation. Median PCV at 24 hours from presentation (mea-
sured in 17/18 cats) decreased from 40% at presentation,
to 30%. The activated partial thromboplastin and pro-
thrombin times (aPTT and PT, respectively) were pro-
longed in 16/16 and 15/16 of the cats at presentation,
and remained prolonged 12–24 hours later in 12/13 and
9/13 cats, respectively (Table 1).
The most common serum biochemistry abnormalities
included increased creatine kinase (CK) activity (6/6,
100%), hyperglycemia (8/9, 89%), increased alkaline-
phosphatase activity (4/6, 66%), hypertriglyceridemia
(4/6, 66%), and hypocholesterolemia (3/6, 50%). Me-
dian total plasma protein concentration measured by re-
fractometry, at presentation (n = 17) was 61 g/L (6.1
g/dL; range 45–80 g/L [4.5–8.0 g/dL]) and decreased
to 52 g/L (5.2 g/dL; range 32–78 g/L [3.2–7.8 g/dL])
12–24 hours later. It was not lower in nonsurvivors com-
pared to survivors at presentation (P = 0.07), but was
significantly (P = 0.01) lower in the nonsurvivors at 12–
24 hours after presentation (median 39 g/L [3.9 g/dL],
range 32–50 g/L [3.2–5.0 g/dL] versus 58 g/L [5.8 g/dL],
range 40–78 g/L [4.0–7.8 g/dL], respectively).
All cats received intravenous isotonic crystalloids,
diphenhydramineb
(2 mg/kg SC or IM, q 8 h), ampici-
llinc
(25 mg/kg IV, q8 h), and analgesics such as but-
orphanold
(0.2–0.4 mg/kg IV or SC, q 4–6 h). Hetastarche
was administered to 5 cats (5–10 mL/kg bolus, or as con-
stant rate infusion IV at 1 mL/kg/h). Glucocorticoids
were administered to 5 cats (dose and route unknown).
Vp-specific antivenomf
(9.5 mL in 100 mL of 0.9% saline,
administered IV over 1 hour) was administered to 4 cats
(1 unit to 3 cats, and 2 units to 1 cat) following a nega-
tive response to a hypersensitivity skin test. Fresh frozen
plasma (FFP, 20–30 mL/unit) was administered IV to 10
cats (8 cats, 1 unit; 2 cats, 2 units). No adverse reactions
to the antivenom or FFP were recorded.
The median hospitalization time period was 2 days
(range 1–6), with no significant difference between sur-
vivors and nonsurvivors. The mortality rate was 22%
(4/18 cats). Three cats died, and 1 was euthanized due
to unresponsive distributive shock and severe acute kid-
ney injury. There was no association between death and
administration of antivenom, FFP, or steroids.
Discussion
This is the first large-scale study of Vp envenomation
in cats, and the largest one of viper envenomation in
this species. All envenomations in this study occurred
during the hot, dry season, paralleling the viper’s peak
seasonal activity,30
as also reported in dogs.4,6
However,
this also parallels the increased outdoor activity of cats
in the country. Most envenomed cats were young, with
no gender predilection.4,6,20,23
In contrast to dogs, where
most Vp envenomations are localized to the head and
neck area,4,6
cats were more frequently envenomed in
the forelimbs. These differences can be attributed to dif-
ferences in preying and fighting behavior between cats
and dogs.
C
Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Society 2014, doi: 10.1111/vec.12207 439
4. I. Lenchner et al.
Table
1:
Selected
hematologic
test
results
at
presentation
and
after
12–24
hours
in
18
cats
envenomed
by
Vipera
palaestinae
All
cats
Survivors
Non
survivors
(n
=
18)
(n
=
14)
(n
=
4)
Analyte
Median
Median
Median
Reference
P
(units)
n
∗
(range)
%
ࣘRI
†
%
RI
†
n
∗
(range)
%
ࣘRI
†
%RI
†
n
∗
(range)
%
ࣘRI
†
%
RI
†
interval
value
‡
Leukocytes
(×10
9
/L
[×10
3
/L])
18
11.65
(4.89–38.7)
5.0
33.3
14
11.6
(6.9–22.1)
0
35.7
4
11.2
(4.8–38.7)
25.0
25.0
5.0–14.0
0.48
RBC
(×10
12
/L
[×10
6
/L])
18
10.45
(5.34–12.7)
0
72.2
14
11.2
(8.84–12.7)
0
92.8
4
6.4
(5.34–9.42)
0
25.0
5.0–9.0
0.001
Hemoglobin
(g/L
[g/dL])
18
133
(68–161)
[13.3
(6.8–16.1)]
33.3
0
14
145
(117–161)
[14.5
(11.7–16.1)]
14.2
0
4
78
(68–112)
[7.8
(6.8–11.2)]
100
0
120–180
[12–18]
0.001
Hematocrit
(L/L
[%])
18
39.7
(23.6–52.7)
[0.39
(0.23–0.52)]
5.5
33.3
14
44.1
(36.6–52.7)
[0.44
(0.36–0.52)]
0
42.8
4
28.7
(23.6–39.5)
[0.28
(0.23–0.39)]
25.0
0
24-45[0.24–0.45]
0.001
MCHC
¶
(g/L
[g/dL])
18
319
(283–406)
[31.9
(28.3–40.6)]
22.2
5.5
14
319
(294–406)
[31.9
(29.4–40.6)]
14.2
7.1
4
297
(283–320)
[29.7
(28.3–32)]
50.0
0
300–380
[30–38]
0.09
Platelets
(×10
9
/L
[×10
3
/L])
18
147.5
(30–356)
77.7
0
14
226.5
(64–356)
71.4
0
4
97.5
(30–126)
100
0
250–700
0.07
TPP-0
a7˜
(g/L
[g/dL])
17
61
(45–80)
[6.1
(4.5–8.0)]
58.8
0
13
62
(48–80)
[6.2
(4.8–8.0)]
61.5
0
4
59
(45–60)
[5.9
(4.5–6.0)]
100
0
66–84
[6.6–8.4]
0.07
TPP-12
∗∗
(g/L
[g/dL])
17
52
(32–78)
[5.2
(3.2–7.8)]
94.1
0
13
58
(40–78)
[5.8
(4.0–7.8)]
93.2
0
4
39
(32–50)
[3.9
(3.2–5.0)]
100
0
66–84
[6.6–8.4]
0.01
PT-0
††
(sec)
16
14.6
(10.5-
100)
0
93.3
13
14.5
(10.5–100)
0
92.3
3
15.1
(12.8–20.2)
0
100
8.7–10.5
0.73
aPTT-0
‡‡
(sec)
16
23.5
(16.8–100)
0
100
13
21.2
(16.8–100)
0
100
3
23.9
(23.1–32.8)
0
100
12.3–16.7
0.45
PT-12
¶¶
(sec)
13
13
(7.6–17.7)
7.6
69.2
12
13.3
(10–17.7)
0
0.75
1
7.6
100
0
8.7–10.5
0.059
aPTT-12
§§
(sec)
13
22.6
(15.5–56)
0
92.3
12
21.8
(15.5–56)
0
91.6
1
42.8
0
100
12.3–16.7
0.14
TPP,
total
plasma
protein
concentration.
∗
Number
of
cats
in
which
the
result
was
recorded.
†
Reference
interval.
‡
P
value
of
comparison
of
medians
of
survivors
and
nonsurvivors.
¶
Mean
corpuscular
hemoglobin
concentration.
§
Total
plasma
protein
at
presentation.
∗∗
Total
plasma
protein
at
12–24
hours
following
presentation.
††
Prothrombin
time
at
presentation.
‡‡
Activated
partial
thromboplastin
time
at
presentation.
¶¶
Prothrombin
time
at
12–24
hours
after
presentation.
§§
Activated
partial
thromboplastin
time
at
12–24
hours
after
presentation.
440 C
Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Society 2014, doi: 10.1111/vec.12207
5. Vipera palaestinae envenomation in cats
The tachypnea and tachycardia observed at presen-
tation probably resulted, at least partially, from pain
and excitement; however, direct systemic venom effects
or compensatory shock might have had a role in their
occurrence. Depression, bradycardia, and hypothermia,
observed at presentation in some cats, were indica-
tive of decompensatory shock.31
Hemodynamic shock
in the envenomed cats may have resulted from hyper-
sensitivity to the venom (ie, anaphylaxis),10
or from
vasodilatation and peripheral blood pooling induced
by the neurotoxins in Vp venom.5,32–34
Venom hemor-
rhagins and phospholipases also contribute to progres-
sion of hypovolemia and shock through local bleeding
and fluid extravasation into the inflamed envenoma-
tion site.5,35
Depression (or coma) was either a direct
manifestation of the venom’s neurotoxic effects or a re-
sult of decreased cerebral perfusion, due to circulatory
shock.28,33,34
Thrombocytopenia was the most common hemato-
logic abnormality at presentation, as previously reported
in dogs and cats envenomed by Vp4,6,12,20,36
and other
closely related vipers.3,29,37
Thrombocytopenia at pre-
sentation has been previously reported as a prognos-
tic factor in a several studies,6,8
but the platelet count
was not significantly different in nonsurvivors in this
study. The vascular injury at the envenomation site
leads to platelet consumption, which may worsen lo-
cal bleeding. Thrombocytopenia may also be induced
by venom factors that promote platelet aggregation (eg,
thromboxane A2 production from increased PLA2 ac-
tivity), and may worsen in the presence of a venom-
induced consumptive coagulopathy (VICC) or more
rarely by DIC.36,38,39
VICC is characterized by multiple
hemostatic abnormalities, similar to DIC; however, evi-
dence of systemic thrombosis and end organ failure are
absent.36
The PT and aPTT at presentation, and 12–24 h later,
were prolonged in most cats. Because additional coag-
ulation tests (eg, antithrombin activity, fibrinogen con-
centration, and D-dimer concentrations) were not per-
formed, it is impossible to definitely diagnose DIC or
VICC in these cats. Nevertheless, the high occurrence of
thrombocytopenia and prolonged clotting times are in-
dicative for the presence of multiple hemostatic abnor-
malities and deranged hemostasis. Such abnormalities
have been reported in dogs envenomed by Vp, and DIC
is a risk factor for nonsurvival in such dogs.8
Viperid ven-
oms contain components with both procoagulant and
anticoagulant properties, capable of inducing thrombo-
sis, bleeding, and VICC.36,39–42
The most common serum biochemistry abnormal-
ity recorded in this study was increased activity of
the CK, likely resulting from skeletal muscle dam-
age at the envenomation site. However, the possibil-
ity that some of this increased CK activity is due to
myocardial damage, which was previously reported in
animals envenomed by Vp,11,14,43
cannot be ruled out,
because specific markers of myocardial injury (e.g., car-
diac troponins) were not measured. Mild-to-moderate
hyperglycemia, observed in 89% of the cats, was likely
due to catecholamine and glucocorticoid release, part
of the physiologic envenomation-associated anxiety and
stress responses. Hypertriglyceridemia and hypocholes-
terolemia, recorded in 4/6 and 3/6 cats, respectively,
were also observed in 62% and 28% of dogs enven-
omed by Vp, respectively.6
Cholesterol concentration
is inversely correlated with the severity of Vp en-
venomations in people, and hypocholesterolemia was
hypothesized to result from capillary lipoprotein ex-
travasation at the envenomation site, and lipoprotein
transport and metabolism changes induced by venom
PLA2 activity.44
There is no standard treatment protocol for Vp en-
venomation in cats, dogs, or people.9
In this study, 4
cats received Vp-specific antivenom, and 10 cats received
FFP. Neither treatment was associated with an impact
on outcome. Similarly, Vp-specific antivenom treatment
was not associated with the outcome in Vp-envenomed
dogs,4,6
although antivenom is considered beneficial in
pit-viper envenomations of dogs.5
The decision to ad-
minister FFP in 10 cats was based on the coagulation
test results (eg, prolonged PT and aPTT) rather than on
clinical signs of active bleeding. After FFP administra-
tion, however, coagulation times were not normalized,
possibly due to continued consumption. VICC is unre-
sponsive to FFP as long as un-neutralized venom is still
circulating.39
FFP may thus only be indicated in animals
with true signs of DIC (eg active bleeding) rather than
VICC alone.
Although some authors favor the use of glucocorti-
coids for treatment of snakebite,25,26,28,39
others claim that
it is contraindicated, because glucocorticoids may slow
and diminish antivenom activity, and increase the risk
for bacterial infection.45
Glucocorticoid administration
was associated with death in dogs envenomed by Vp,6,20
and is therefore not part of our standard treatment pro-
tocol for such envenomations. Only 5 cats in this study
were treated with glucocorticoids, hence, it is difficult to
draw any conclusion regarding their effect in cats enven-
omed by Vp.
The mortality rate for cats in this study was unexpect-
edly high (22%), and higher than previously reported
studies of Vp envenomations in dogs (3.7–15%) and peo-
ple (0.5–1%) in Israel.4,6,8,9
These data are also incon-
sistent with the suggestion that cats are more resistant
to snakebites compared to other animal species.5,25
In
a recent retrospective study, survival rate was not sig-
nificantly different between dogs and cats envenomed
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Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Society 2014, doi: 10.1111/vec.12207 441
6. I. Lenchner et al.
by neurotoxic rattlesnake venom. In that study, cats
were hospitalized for a significantly longer period than
dogs.29
There are several possible explanations for the high
mortality rate of the cats described herein. First, in out-
door cats, the onset of the envenomation-related clinical
signs may be missed by owners, resulting in delayed pre-
sentation for care.5
Nonsurviving cats also had a signif-
icantly lower body weight compared with survivors, in
agreement with similar previous findings in dogs.3,5,6,37
Because the volume of venom injected by Vp in a single
envenomation does not correlate with the prey size,46
envenomations might have resulted in a higher venom
volume to body weight ratio, leading to more severe en-
venomation. Lastly, the nature of the interaction between
the cat and viper might have antagonized the snake and
provoked a high volume venom injection.5
Several additional risk factors for death were identi-
fied in this study. The significantly lower rectal tempera-
ture of nonsurvivors at presentation suggests that shock
was present in these cats, in agreement with a previous
study of cats envenomed by elapids.22
Nonsurvivors had
significantly lower RBC count, hemoglobin concentra-
tion, and hematocrit at presentation, compared to sur-
vivors. This finding may have been a result of bleeding,
consistent with a more severe envenomation. Nonsur-
vivors also had a significantly lower PCV at 12 to 24
hours following initial examination. The significant to-
tal plasma protein concentration decrease at the 12 to 24
hour blood samples is consistent with hemorrhage, or
may reflect severe local tissue and vascular damage at
the envenomation site causing plasma protein extrava-
sation.
This study has several limitations. First, the number of
cats included is small, thereby limiting the power of the
statistical analyses, mainly the association of variables
with the outcome. Second, it was retrospective, and some
data were missing in the medical records, further limit-
ing the statistical analyses. Third, in 8/18 cats, the diag-
nosis of the envenomation was made by exclusion, since
the event was not witnessed by the owners, and typical
Vp penetrating fang marks were not detected at presen-
tation. We strongly believe that these cases were true Vp
envenomations, because Vp is the only venomous snake
in the region, the presenting clinical signs differed from
those of insect bites common to the country, and other
differential diagnoses were definitively excluded.
In conclusion, Vp envenomations of cats occurred dur-
ing the hot season, and typically affected young outdoor
domestic shorthair cats, with the bite localized to the
forelimbs. Tachypnea, abnormal heart rate, hypother-
mia, and mental depression were common signs. Non-
survivors had significantly lower body weight, rectal
temperature and hematocrit at presentation compared
to survivors. In both groups, abnormally prolonged PT,
aPTT, and thrombocytopenia were common. The mor-
tality rate was 22%, and was higher compared to that of
dogs envenomed by Vp, bringing into question the previ-
ously suggested resistance of cats to viperid snakebites.
Footnotes
a
SPSS 17.0 for Windows, SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL.
b
Diphenhydramine, Fargon, Hamburg, Germany.
c
Ampicillin, Penibrin, Teva, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
d
Butorphanol, Torbugesic, Fort-Dodge Laboratories, Fort Dodge, IA.
e
Hetastarch, Teva Perenteral Industries Inc, Halden, Norway.
f
Antivenom, V. palaestinae antivenom, Rogof Institute, Petach-Tikv, Israel.
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