The document discusses how monetary and fiscal policy can influence aggregate demand. It explains that monetary policy, by changing interest rates, and fiscal policy, by changing government spending or taxes, can shift the aggregate demand curve. An increase in the money supply or government spending/cut in taxes shifts aggregate demand right by lowering interest rates or putting more money in the economy. Fiscal policy has multiplier and crowding out effects, while monetary policy operates through the money market. The government sometimes uses these policies to stabilize the economy, though there is debate around how active it should be.
Price is one of the marketing mix. Here price related activities are illustrated in PPT style to make the students, teaching faculty and the other related people to understand easily for their teaching and learning.
Demand
In economics “Demand” means the quantity of goods and services which a person can purchase with a requisite amount of money.
“Demand means the various quantities of goods that would be purchased per time period at different prices in a given market.
Price is one of the marketing mix. Here price related activities are illustrated in PPT style to make the students, teaching faculty and the other related people to understand easily for their teaching and learning.
Demand
In economics “Demand” means the quantity of goods and services which a person can purchase with a requisite amount of money.
“Demand means the various quantities of goods that would be purchased per time period at different prices in a given market.
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
If you are looking for a pi coin investor. Then look no further because I have the right one he is a pi vendor (he buy and resell to whales in China). I met him on a crypto conference and ever since I and my friends have sold more than 10k pi coins to him And he bought all and still want more. I will drop his telegram handle below just send him a message.
@Pi_vendor_247
where can I find a legit pi merchant onlineDOT TECH
Yes. This is very easy what you need is a recommendation from someone who has successfully traded pi coins before with a merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold thousands of pi coins before the open mainnet.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Empowering the Unbanked: The Vital Role of NBFCs in Promoting Financial Inclu...Vighnesh Shashtri
In India, financial inclusion remains a critical challenge, with a significant portion of the population still unbanked. Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) have emerged as key players in bridging this gap by providing financial services to those often overlooked by traditional banking institutions. This article delves into how NBFCs are fostering financial inclusion and empowering the unbanked.
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
2. Aggregate Demand
• Many factors influence aggregate demand besides
monetary and fiscal policy.
• In particular, desired spending by households and
business firms determines the overall demand for
goods and services.
• When desired spending changes, aggregate
demand shifts, causing short-run fluctuations in
output and employment.
• Monetary and fiscal policy are sometimes used to
offset those shifts and stabilize the economy.
3. HOW MONETARY POLICY INFLUENCES
AGGREGATE DEMAND
• The aggregate demand curve slopes downward for
three reasons:
– The wealth effect
– The interest-rate effect
– The exchange-rate effect
• For the U.S. economy, the most important reason
for the downward slope of the aggregate-demand
curve is the interest-rate effect.
4. The Theory of Liquidity Preference
• Keynes developed the theory of liquidity preference in
order to explain what factors determine the economy’s
interest rate.
• According to the theory, the interest rate adjusts to balance
the supply and demand for money.
• Money Supply
– The money supply is controlled by the Fed through:
• Open-market operations
• Changing the reserve requirements
• Changing the discount rate
– Because it is fixed by the Fed, the quantity of money supplied does
not depend on the interest rate.
– The fixed money supply is represented by a vertical supply curve.
5. • Money Demand
– Money demand is determined by several factors.
• According to the theory of liquidity preference, one of the most
important factors is the interest rate.
• People choose to hold money instead of other assets that offer
higher rates of return because money can be used to buy goods
and services.
• The opportunity cost of holding money is the interest that
could be earned on interest-earning assets.
• An increase in the interest rate raises the opportunity cost of
holding money.
• As a result, the quantity of money demanded is reduced.
6. • Equilibrium in the Money Market
– According to the theory of liquidity preference:
• The interest rate adjusts to balance the supply and demand for
money.
• There is one interest rate, called the equilibrium interest rate, at
which the quantity of money demanded equals the quantity of
money supplied.
– Assume the following about the economy:
• The price level is stuck at some level.
• For any given price level, the interest rate adjusts to balance
the supply and demand for money.
• The level of output responds to the aggregate demand for
goods and services.
8. Adjustment to Changes in Ms
• In past chapters, we learned that individuals rebalance their
portfolios by adjusting their spending.
– ESm → Spend it → C↑ → AD↑ → P↑
– EDm → Spend less → C↓ → AD↓ → P↓
• In liquidity preference theory, individuals rebalance their
portfolio by either spending or lending and we will assume
the price level constant.
– ESm → Spend it → C↑ → AD↑
→ Lend it → r↓ → I↑ and NX↑ → AD↑
– EDm → Spend less → C↓ → AD↓
→ Lend less → r↑ → I↓ and NX↓ → AD↓
9. The Downward Slope of the Aggregate
Demand Curve
• The price level is one determinant of the quantity
of money demanded.
• A higher price level increases the quantity of
money demanded for any given interest rate.
• Higher money demand leads to a higher interest
rate.
• The quantity of goods and services demanded
falls.
• The end result of this analysis is a negative
relationship between the price level and the
quantity of goods and services demanded.
11. Changes in the Money Supply
• The Fed can shift the aggregate demand curve when it
changes monetary policy.
• An increase in the money supply shifts the money supply
curve to the right.
• Without a change in the money demand curve, the interest
rate falls.
• Falling interest rates increase the quantity of goods and
services demanded. When the Fed increases the money
supply, it lowers the interest rate and increases the quantity
of goods and services demanded at any given price level,
shifting aggregate-demand to the right.
• When the Fed contracts the money supply, it raises the
interest rate and reduces the quantity of goods and services
demanded at any given price level, shifting aggregate-
demand to the left.
13. The Role of Interest-Rate Targets in Fed
Policy
• Monetary policy can be described either in terms
of the money supply or in terms of the interest
rate.
• Changes in monetary policy can be viewed either
in terms of a changing target for the interest rate or
in terms of a change in the money supply.
• A target for the federal funds rate affects the
money market equilibrium, which influences
aggregate demand.
14. HOW FISCAL POLICY INFLUENCES
AGGREGATE DEMAND
• Fiscal policy refers to the government’s
choices regarding the overall level of
government purchases or taxes.
• Fiscal policy influences saving, investment,
and growth in the long run.
• In the short run, fiscal policy primarily
affects the aggregate demand.
15. Changes in Government Purchases
• When policymakers change the money supply or
taxes, the effect on aggregate demand is indirect—
through the spending decisions of firms or
households.
• When the government alters its own purchases of
goods or services, it shifts the aggregate-demand
curve directly.
• There are two macroeconomic effects from the
change in government purchases:
– The multiplier effect
– The crowding-out effect
16. The Multiplier Effect
• Government purchases are said to have a
multiplier effect on aggregate demand.
– Each dollar spent by the government can raise
the aggregate demand for goods and services by
more than a dollar.
• The multiplier effect refers to the additional
shifts in aggregate demand that result when
expansionary fiscal policy increases income
and thereby increases consumer spending.
17. A Formula for the Spending Multiplier
• The formula for the multiplier is:
Multiplier = 1/(1 - MPC)
• An important number in this formula is the
marginal propensity to consume (MPC).
– It is the fraction of extra income that a household
consumes rather than saves.
• If the MPC is 3/4, then the multiplier will be:
Multiplier = 1/(1 - 3/4) = 4
• In this case, a $20 billion increase in government
spending generates $80 billion of increased
demand for goods and services.
19. The Crowding-Out Effect
• Fiscal policy may not affect the economy as
strongly as predicted by the multiplier.
• An increase in government purchases causes the
interest rate to rise.
• A higher interest rate reduces investment
spending.
• This reduction in demand that results when a fiscal
expansion raises the interest rate is called the
crowding-out effect.
• The crowding-out effect tends to dampen the
effects of fiscal policy on aggregate demand.
20. • When the government increases its
purchases by $20 billion, the aggregate
demand for goods and services could rise by
more or less than $20 billion, depending on
whether the multiplier effect or the
crowding-out effect is larger.
22. Changes in Taxes
• When the government cuts personal income
taxes, it increases households’ take-home pay.
– Households save some of this additional income.
– Households also spend some of it on consumer goods.
– Increased household spending shifts the aggregate-
demand curve to the right.
• The size of the shift in aggregate demand resulting
from a tax change is affected by the multiplier and
crowding-out effects.
• It is also determined by the households’
perceptions about the permanency of the tax
change.
23. The Case for Active Stabilization Policy
• Economic stabilization has been an explicit
goal of U.S. policy since the Employment
Act of 1946.
• The Employment Act has two implications:
– The government should avoid being the cause
of economic fluctuations.
– The government should respond to changes in
the private economy in order to stabilize
aggregate demand.
24. The Case against Active Stabilization
Policy
• Some economists argue that monetary and
fiscal policy destabilizes the economy.
• Monetary and fiscal policy affect the
economy with a substantial lag.
• They suggest the economy should be left to
deal with the short-run fluctuations on its
own.
25. Automatic Stabilizers
• Automatic stabilizers are changes in fiscal
policy that stimulate aggregate demand
when the economy goes into a recession
without policymakers having to take any
deliberate action.
• Automatic stabilizers include the tax system
and some forms of government spending.
26. Summary
• Keynes proposed the theory of liquidity
preference to explain determinants of the
interest rate.
• According to this theory, the interest rate
adjusts to balance the supply and demand
for money.
27. Summary
• An increase in the price level raises money
demand and increases the interest rate.
• A higher interest rate reduces investment
and, thereby, the quantity of goods and services
demanded.
• The downward-sloping aggregate-demand curve
expresses this negative relationship between the
price-level and the quantity demanded.
28. Summary
• Policymakers can influence aggregate
demand with monetary policy.
• An increase in the money supply will
ultimately lead to the aggregate-demand
curve shifting to the right.
• A decrease in the money supply will
ultimately lead to the aggregate-demand
curve shifting to the left.
29. Summary
• Policymakers can influence aggregate
demand with fiscal policy.
• An increase in government purchases or a
cut in taxes shifts the aggregate-demand
curve to the right.
• A decrease in government purchases or an
increase in taxes shifts the aggregate-
demand curve to the left.
30. Summary
• When the government alters spending or taxes, the
resulting shift in aggregate demand can be larger
or smaller than the fiscal change.
• The multiplier effect tends to amplify the effects
of fiscal policy on aggregate demand.
• The crowding-out effect tends to dampen the
effects of fiscal policy on aggregate demand.
31. Summary
• Because monetary and fiscal policy can influence
aggregate demand, the government sometimes
uses these policy instruments in an attempt to
stabilize the economy.
• Economists disagree about how active the
government should be in this effort.
– Advocates say that if the government does not respond
the result will be undesirable fluctuations.
– Critics argue that attempts at stabilization often turn out
destabilizing.