includes objectives of monetary policy and its importance and discussed different monetary instruments like bank rate, cash reserve ratio, statutary liquidity ratio, rationing of credit , moral suasion, repo rate, marginal requirement
.Monetary policy is the macroeconomic policy laid down by the central bank. It involves management of money supply and interest rate and is the demand side economic policy used by the government of a country to achieve macroeconomic objectives like inflation, consumption, growth and liquidity.
OBJECTIVES OF MONETARY POLICY
Full Employment
• Price Stability
• Economic Growth
• Balance of Payments
• Exchange Rate Stability
• Neutrality of Money
• Equal Income Distribution
includes objectives of monetary policy and its importance and discussed different monetary instruments like bank rate, cash reserve ratio, statutary liquidity ratio, rationing of credit , moral suasion, repo rate, marginal requirement
.Monetary policy is the macroeconomic policy laid down by the central bank. It involves management of money supply and interest rate and is the demand side economic policy used by the government of a country to achieve macroeconomic objectives like inflation, consumption, growth and liquidity.
OBJECTIVES OF MONETARY POLICY
Full Employment
• Price Stability
• Economic Growth
• Balance of Payments
• Exchange Rate Stability
• Neutrality of Money
• Equal Income Distribution
Lecture slides for an undergraduate course on Basic Macroeconomics that I taught in the Fall of 2007.
This lecture focuses on (US-centric) monetary policy.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
7. Problem
• inflation
Remedy
• induce a
contraction in
the supply of
money, and
therefore
spending, by
increasing the
interest rate
Means
• Sell bonds in
the open
market
8. Open Market Operations
The buying and selling of government securities by
the Reserve Bank on secondary markets
9. OMOs aim to…
manipulate the short
term interest rate
manipulate the supply
of base money
control the total money supply
10. How OMOs Work: Buying
securities from commercial bank
• Gives up
securities
Bank
Fed/ CB
• Pays the
bank
• Increases
reserves
Bank
11. How OMOs Work: Buying
securities from public
• Gives up
securities
Public
Fed/ CB
• Pays
• Deposits
in bank
Public
Bank
• Increases
reserves
12. How OMOs Work: Selling securities
to commercial bank
• Gives up
securities
Fed/CB
Bank
• Pays
• Decreases
reserves
Bank
13. How OMOs Work: Selling securities
to public
• Gives up
securities
Fed/CB
Public
• Pays by
check from
bank
• Decreases
reserves
Bank
22. Nominal Anchor in Price Stability
Goal
Nominal anchor uses a certain
nominal variable which ties down
the price level.
For example: maintaining an
inflation rate between 2% - 4 %
might be an anchor.
23. Time-Inconsistency Problem
This problem arises
because policy makers are
always tempted to pursue
monetary policy that is
more expansionary
because it would boost
economic output.
24. “…does not mean that
unemployment is at zero”
High Employment
Expansionary policy is traditionally used to try to combat unemployment in a recession by lowering interest rates in the hope that easy credit will entice businesses into expanding. (‘easy monetary policy’)Contractionary policy is intended to slow inflation in order to avoid the resulting distortions and deterioration of asset values. (‘tight monetary policy)
Example of expansionary policy application
Example of contractionary policy application
Or you can say the sum of bank deposits at the central bank plus vault cash
Bank reserve ratios are central bank regulations that set the minimum reserves that a commercial bank must hold as a percentage of its deposits and notes.For example, let’s say that the amount of money in your bank’s savings and current account is $10,000.If the CB sets the ratio at 10%, then your bank must hold at least $1,000 in reserves.Maintaining a $1,000 reserve means that your bank can generate income by lending up to $9,000.
Raising the Reserve Ratio --Banks must hold more reserves --Banks decrease lending --Money supply decreasesRaising reserve requirements forces banks to withhold a larger portion of their funds, thereby reducing the money supply, while lowering requirements works the opposite way to increase the money supply.
Lowering the Reserve Ratio--- Banks may hold less reserves--- Banks increase lending--- Money supply increases
A decrease in the discount rate makes it cheaper for commercial banks to borrow money, which results in an increase in the supply of money in the economy. Conversely, a raised discount rate will make it more expensive for the banks to borrow, and would thereby decrease the money supply.
Indonesia's Central bank discount rate equals to 6.37 % with a global rank of 57 compared to United States' Central bank discount rate which equals to 0.50 % with a global rank of 140.
Main objective of nominal anchor: to achieve price stability
When you have a time-inconsistency problem it means that you find yourself unable to consistently follow a good plan over time.For example, let’s say my new years’ resolution is to restrict my spending, by stop buying things I don’t really need.However, on January 2nd, Marks & Spencer held a massive sale, all things 80% off. At that time, it seemed like a good bargain, so it was a sound decision to buy as many clothes as I can, since the sale was only for a limited time. However, I don’t really need all those tank-tops and blazers. In the long run, they probably fill up my wardrobe, and I have to pay extra for the laundry. Not to mention my new years’ resolution failed completely.This happens with monetary policy makers too, because in the short run, expansionary policy would produce higher growth and employment. However, one thing we all should know, is that businesses adjust their wage and price expectations upward to reflect the expansionary policy.
