Molecular Genetics_Lac operon .ppt
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The document discusses gene expression in prokaryotes through the lac operon in E. coli. It explains that the lac operon consists of three genes involved in lactose metabolism regulated by a single promoter. When glucose is absent and lactose is present, an activator protein binds to DNA, lifting the repressor protein off the operator site and allowing RNA polymerase to transcribe the lac operon. When glucose is present, the repressor protein binds to the operator site, blocking transcription of the lac operon.
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Lac operon
The lac operon controls genes involved in lactose metabolism in E. coli. It consists of three structural genes - lacZ, lacY, and lacA - that are regulated by a single promoter. Expression of the lac genes is controlled by the lac repressor protein, which binds to the operator region and blocks transcription unless lactose is present. When lactose is detected, it causes an allosteric change in the repressor, releasing it from the operator and allowing transcription. Glucose also prevents expression through catabolite repression by inhibiting the activator protein required for stable transcription initiation.
LAC OPERON.pptx
The document discusses gene regulation in prokaryotes using the lac operon in E. coli as an example. The lac operon consists of structural genes that encode proteins for lactose metabolism and regulatory genes that control their expression. In the absence of lactose, a repressor protein binds to the operator region and prevents transcription. When lactose is present, it is converted to allolactose which binds the repressor and prevents it from binding the operator, allowing transcription. The presence of glucose inhibits transcription through a mechanism involving cAMP and the catabolite activator protein.
Lac operon overall
The document discusses the lac operon in bacteria. The lac operon is a cluster of genes involved in lactose metabolism. It includes three structural genes that encode enzymes for breaking down lactose. The operon is induced in the presence of lactose and repressed in its absence by a lac repressor protein. The lac operon demonstrates how bacteria efficiently regulate gene expression in response to environmental conditions through an inducible operon system.
Regulation of gene expression
This document discusses the regulation of gene expression. It defines key terms like gene, genome, and gene expression. It explains that some genes are expressed continuously while others are only expressed under certain conditions. There are mechanisms that allow cells to express or turn off certain genes as needed. Regulation of gene expression is essential for optimal energy use and the growth, development, and existence of organisms. There are two main types of regulation: positive regulation which increases gene expression, and negative regulation which decreases it. The document then focuses on prokaryotic gene expression, explaining operons as groups of genes expressed together from a single promoter. It provides the example of the lac operon in E. coli, which expresses genes for lactose metabolism
Negative gene regulation
Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used to produce a functional product like a protein. The document discusses gene regulation in E. coli using the lac operon as an example. The lac operon controls lactose metabolism and consists of 3 genes regulated by the lac repressor and catabolite activator protein (CAP). When glucose is present, the lac operon is off, but when glucose is low and lactose available, the operon is strongly expressed to use lactose.
Operon Modal of Gene Regulation
Each cell of a multicellular organism contain the same genetic material, but the expression of the gene is different in different type of cell group. On the basis of expression requirement they are grouped in to
Structural Gene- Mostly expressed once in a life
Vital Gene- Involved in of vital biochemical processes such as respiration and need to be expressed all the time
Functional Gene- Genes are not expressed all the time. They are switched on an off at need
The regulation of Gene required in case of functional gene and its explained by Francois Jacob, Jacques Monod and Andre Lwoff (Nobal Prize in 1961)
Lac operon
The lac operon contains three genes - lacZ, lacY, and lacA - that are transcribed together and encode proteins involved in lactose metabolism. The operon contains regulatory sequences including a promoter where RNA polymerase binds, an operator where the lac repressor binds to block transcription, and a CAP binding site where the catabolite activator protein binds to promote transcription when glucose levels are low. The lac operon is expressed only when lactose is present and glucose is absent, regulated by the lac repressor and CAP in response to lactose and glucose levels.
operon_lac_and_trp_in_ bacteria.ppt
Gene expression is tightly regulated through various mechanisms in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, genes are often organized into operons and regulated together. The lac operon in E. coli contains three genes involved in lactose metabolism that are regulated by a repressor protein. In the absence of lactose, the repressor binds to the operator region and blocks transcription. When lactose is present, it is converted to allolactose, which binds to the repressor and causes a conformational change that prevents it from binding to the operator, allowing transcription to proceed. This provides an example of negative and inducible gene regulation.
Recommended
Lac operon
The lac operon controls genes involved in lactose metabolism in E. coli. It consists of three structural genes - lacZ, lacY, and lacA - that are regulated by a single promoter. Expression of the lac genes is controlled by the lac repressor protein, which binds to the operator region and blocks transcription unless lactose is present. When lactose is detected, it causes an allosteric change in the repressor, releasing it from the operator and allowing transcription. Glucose also prevents expression through catabolite repression by inhibiting the activator protein required for stable transcription initiation.
LAC OPERON.pptx
The document discusses gene regulation in prokaryotes using the lac operon in E. coli as an example. The lac operon consists of structural genes that encode proteins for lactose metabolism and regulatory genes that control their expression. In the absence of lactose, a repressor protein binds to the operator region and prevents transcription. When lactose is present, it is converted to allolactose which binds the repressor and prevents it from binding the operator, allowing transcription. The presence of glucose inhibits transcription through a mechanism involving cAMP and the catabolite activator protein.
Lac operon overall
The document discusses the lac operon in bacteria. The lac operon is a cluster of genes involved in lactose metabolism. It includes three structural genes that encode enzymes for breaking down lactose. The operon is induced in the presence of lactose and repressed in its absence by a lac repressor protein. The lac operon demonstrates how bacteria efficiently regulate gene expression in response to environmental conditions through an inducible operon system.
Regulation of gene expression
This document discusses the regulation of gene expression. It defines key terms like gene, genome, and gene expression. It explains that some genes are expressed continuously while others are only expressed under certain conditions. There are mechanisms that allow cells to express or turn off certain genes as needed. Regulation of gene expression is essential for optimal energy use and the growth, development, and existence of organisms. There are two main types of regulation: positive regulation which increases gene expression, and negative regulation which decreases it. The document then focuses on prokaryotic gene expression, explaining operons as groups of genes expressed together from a single promoter. It provides the example of the lac operon in E. coli, which expresses genes for lactose metabolism
Negative gene regulation
Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used to produce a functional product like a protein. The document discusses gene regulation in E. coli using the lac operon as an example. The lac operon controls lactose metabolism and consists of 3 genes regulated by the lac repressor and catabolite activator protein (CAP). When glucose is present, the lac operon is off, but when glucose is low and lactose available, the operon is strongly expressed to use lactose.
Operon Modal of Gene Regulation
Each cell of a multicellular organism contain the same genetic material, but the expression of the gene is different in different type of cell group. On the basis of expression requirement they are grouped in to
Structural Gene- Mostly expressed once in a life
Vital Gene- Involved in of vital biochemical processes such as respiration and need to be expressed all the time
Functional Gene- Genes are not expressed all the time. They are switched on an off at need
The regulation of Gene required in case of functional gene and its explained by Francois Jacob, Jacques Monod and Andre Lwoff (Nobal Prize in 1961)
Lac operon
The lac operon contains three genes - lacZ, lacY, and lacA - that are transcribed together and encode proteins involved in lactose metabolism. The operon contains regulatory sequences including a promoter where RNA polymerase binds, an operator where the lac repressor binds to block transcription, and a CAP binding site where the catabolite activator protein binds to promote transcription when glucose levels are low. The lac operon is expressed only when lactose is present and glucose is absent, regulated by the lac repressor and CAP in response to lactose and glucose levels.
operon_lac_and_trp_in_ bacteria.ppt
Gene expression is tightly regulated through various mechanisms in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, genes are often organized into operons and regulated together. The lac operon in E. coli contains three genes involved in lactose metabolism that are regulated by a repressor protein. In the absence of lactose, the repressor binds to the operator region and blocks transcription. When lactose is present, it is converted to allolactose, which binds to the repressor and causes a conformational change that prevents it from binding to the operator, allowing transcription to proceed. This provides an example of negative and inducible gene regulation.
Lac operon
This document summarizes the lac operon in E. coli, which regulates genes involved in lactose metabolism. The lac operon contains structural genes that encode beta-galactosidase, galactoside permease, and thiogalactoside transacetylase. These genes are regulated by a repressor protein that binds to the operator region and prevents transcription under non-inducing conditions when lactose is absent. However, in the presence of lactose, allolactose is produced and binds to the repressor, causing a conformational change that prevents it from binding to the operator. This allows RNA polymerase to bind to the promoter and initiate transcription of the structural genes, allowing lactose to be metabol
Gene regulation
Imagine a situation when a cell starts producing enzymes required for metabolism and those required for cell death (apoptosis) at the same time. The cell will be in a confused state and will not know which function to perform first. The needs of the body keep changing with time and cell has to tune itself to perform the desired set of activities. Gene regulation helps a unicellular organism to adapt well to the environment.
Gene Regulation in Prokaryotics
This document discusses gene regulation in prokaryotes. It begins by introducing the concept of gene regulation and how only a fraction of genes are expressed at any given time. It then discusses several key examples of gene regulation in prokaryotes, including the lac, trp, and arabinose operons. The lac operon regulates lactose metabolism in E. coli in response to glucose and lactose availability. The trp operon regulates tryptophan synthesis using both repression and attenuation. The arabinose operon regulates arabinose metabolism using both positive and negative regulation by the AraC protein. The document also briefly discusses the SOS response, stringent response, and gene regulation in bacteriophage lambda.
Lac operon slide
Gene regulation can be defined as any kind of alteration in the gene to give rise to a different expression which might result in a change in the synthesized amino acid sequence.”
Gene expression is basically the synthesis of the polypeptide chain encoded by a particular gene.
Therefore the expression of the gene can be quantified in terms of the amount of protein synthesised by the genes.
Biochem gene expression regulation(29.6.10)
The document discusses gene regulation and provides examples in bacteria. It explains that certain genes are turned on or off depending on environmental factors. It describes the lac operon in E. coli, which contains genes involved in processing the sugar lactose. The lac operon is regulated by the presence of lactose and glucose such that the genes are only expressed when glucose is absent and lactose is present.
REVISED- Gene Regulation in prokaryotic.pdf
The document discusses gene regulation in prokaryotes. It explains that prokaryotes precisely regulate gene expression in response to environmental conditions by using operons. Operons allow groups of genes required for specific functions to be coordinately controlled. Examples like the lac and tryptophan operons in E. coli demonstrate how repressor proteins and small molecule effectors regulate operon expression depending on the availability of substrates like lactose and tryptophan. Quorum sensing is also discussed as a mechanism some bacteria use to regulate genes based on population density.
gene regulation in prokaryotes
Gene regulation in prokaryotes primarily occurs at the transcriptional level through the use of regulatory proteins that activate or repress transcription. A key example is the lac operon in E. coli, which regulates the expression of genes involved in lactose metabolism. The lac operon is turned on in the presence of lactose and turned off in the presence of glucose or when lactose is not available. This is controlled by the lac repressor binding to the operator region and blocking transcription. Other examples include the trp operon and regulation by attenuation. Overall, prokaryotic gene regulation ensures the right genes are expressed at the right times through various mechanisms operating at the transcriptional and translational levels.
GENE REGULATION IN PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES
1. Gene regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes involves control at the levels of transcription and translation.
2. In prokaryotes, genes are often organized into operons and regulated through inducible and repressible operons controlled by regulatory proteins binding to operator and promoter sites. The lac and trp operons are examples of inducible and repressible operons, respectively.
3. In eukaryotes, gene expression is controlled through chromatin structure, transcriptional initiation, transcript processing and modification, transport, stability, and small RNA-mediated pathways. This allows for complex tissue-specific and developmental control of gene expression.
differernt types of Operon concepts
total description of lactose operon, galactose operon, arabinose operon, tryptophan operon and their regulations and mechanisms
6.gene expression
The document summarizes key concepts about gene regulation and expression in bacteria and eukaryotes. It discusses how the lac and trp operons in E. coli are regulated through induction/repression and feedback inhibition. It also notes that while eukaryotes use similar processes, gene expression is more complex due to differences in gene organization and chromatin-based regulation rather than operons.
Lactose Operon
The lactose operon controls the metabolism of lactose in E. coli. It consists of three structural genes - lacZ, lacY, and lacA - that encode enzymes for breaking down lactose. These genes are regulated by one regulatory gene, lacI, which produces the lac repressor protein.
When lactose is absent or glucose is present, the lac repressor binds to the operator region and blocks transcription of the structural genes. But when lactose is available and glucose levels are low, lactose binds to the lac repressor and inactivates it, allowing RNA polymerase to bind the promoter and transcribe the structural genes to produce the enzymes for lactose breakdown. This allows the bacteria to metabolize
Lac operon
The lac operon controls the breakdown of lactose in E. coli bacteria. It consists of three structural genes (lacZ, lacY, lacA) that are regulated by a single promoter and operator region. In the absence of lactose, a lac repressor binds to the operator, preventing transcription of the structural genes. When lactose is present, it binds to the repressor and causes a conformational change, releasing it from the operator and allowing transcription. Mutations in the operator, structural genes, or promoter region provided insights into the operon's control mechanism.
The Lac operon
The lac operon controls the breakdown of lactose in E. coli bacteria. It consists of three structural genes (lacZ, lacY, lacA) that are regulated by a single promoter and operator region. In the absence of lactose, a lac repressor binds to the operator, preventing transcription of the structural genes. When lactose is present, it binds to the repressor and causes a conformational change, releasing it from the operator and allowing transcription. Mutations in the operator, structural genes, or promoter region provided insights into the operon's control mechanism.
Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes
Gene expression in prokaryotes is primarily regulated at the transcription initiation step through the use of operons, which contain clusters of genes controlled by a single promoter. Operons include structural genes, operators that repressors can bind to, and promoters where RNA polymerase binds. Key examples like the lac operon are regulated by repressors that bind to the operator in the absence of an inducer, and activators like CAP that help recruit RNA polymerase to initiate transcription.
OPERONS- KHZ 2023.ppt
The document discusses gene regulation and operons. It covers:
1. Operons are groups of genes transcribed together in prokaryotes to control important processes. The lac operon in E. coli contains genes for lactose metabolism.
2. The lac operon is regulated by a repressor protein that binds to the operator site and blocks transcription unless the inducer allolactose is present.
3. Eukaryotic gene regulation has multiple levels including chromatin remodeling, histone modification through methylation and acetylation, and transcription factor regulation.
Prokaryotic regulation
This document discusses the regulation of gene expression. It defines gene expression as the process that results in the production of a functional gene product, either RNA or protein. Regulation occurs at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, transcription is primarily regulated by the binding of trans-acting proteins to cis-acting regulatory elements on DNA. A key example is the lac operon, which regulates lactose metabolism in E. coli in response to glucose and lactose availability. Stringent response and regulatory ribosomal proteins also regulate prokaryotic gene expression in response to amino acid starvation and excess ribosomal proteins.
Lac operon
Bacteria regulate gene expression through operons, which are groups of functionally related genes that are controlled together. Operons can be regulated positively or negatively in response to environmental conditions. The lac operon in E. coli controls the transport and metabolism of lactose and consists of structural genes regulated by a promoter, terminator, and repressor. The lac operon is negatively regulated - the lac repressor normally binds the operator to prevent transcription, but is released when bound by the inducer allolactose, allowing expression. Transcription is also controlled by the availability of glucose and regulated by the catabolite activator protein CAP.
Gene regulation
The document summarizes regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, genes are organized into operons containing a promoter, operator, and multiple coding sequences. The lac operon in E.coli contains genes regulated by the repressor protein LacI and induced by lactose. In eukaryotes, gene expression is regulated at multiple levels including transcription, RNA processing, transport, translation and degradation. Mechanisms include histone modification, DNA methylation, hormone signaling, polyadenylation, splicing, transport and protein degradation.
Gene regulation
The document summarizes regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, genes are organized into operons containing a promoter, operator, and multiple coding sequences. The lac operon in E.coli contains genes regulated by the repressor protein LacI and induced by lactose. In eukaryotes, gene expression is regulated at multiple levels including transcription, RNA processing, transport, translation and degradation. Mechanisms include histone modification, DNA methylation, hormone signaling, polyadenylation, splicing, transport and protein degradation.
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This document discusses gene expression and regulation. It begins by defining gene expression as the process by which information from a gene is used to create a functional gene product like a protein. This occurs through two main steps - transcription of DNA into mRNA in the nucleus, and translation of mRNA into proteins in the cytoplasm. Regulation of gene expression controls which genes are expressed, such as through the lac operon which expresses lactose metabolism genes only in the presence of lactose. The lac operon provides an example of positive and negative gene regulation through a repressor protein that binds to the operon's DNA to block or allow transcription.
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Lac operon
This document summarizes the lac operon in E. coli, which regulates genes involved in lactose metabolism. The lac operon contains structural genes that encode beta-galactosidase, galactoside permease, and thiogalactoside transacetylase. These genes are regulated by a repressor protein that binds to the operator region and prevents transcription under non-inducing conditions when lactose is absent. However, in the presence of lactose, allolactose is produced and binds to the repressor, causing a conformational change that prevents it from binding to the operator. This allows RNA polymerase to bind to the promoter and initiate transcription of the structural genes, allowing lactose to be metabol
Gene regulation
Imagine a situation when a cell starts producing enzymes required for metabolism and those required for cell death (apoptosis) at the same time. The cell will be in a confused state and will not know which function to perform first. The needs of the body keep changing with time and cell has to tune itself to perform the desired set of activities. Gene regulation helps a unicellular organism to adapt well to the environment.
Gene Regulation in Prokaryotics
This document discusses gene regulation in prokaryotes. It begins by introducing the concept of gene regulation and how only a fraction of genes are expressed at any given time. It then discusses several key examples of gene regulation in prokaryotes, including the lac, trp, and arabinose operons. The lac operon regulates lactose metabolism in E. coli in response to glucose and lactose availability. The trp operon regulates tryptophan synthesis using both repression and attenuation. The arabinose operon regulates arabinose metabolism using both positive and negative regulation by the AraC protein. The document also briefly discusses the SOS response, stringent response, and gene regulation in bacteriophage lambda.
Lac operon slide
Gene regulation can be defined as any kind of alteration in the gene to give rise to a different expression which might result in a change in the synthesized amino acid sequence.”
Gene expression is basically the synthesis of the polypeptide chain encoded by a particular gene.
Therefore the expression of the gene can be quantified in terms of the amount of protein synthesised by the genes.
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The document discusses gene regulation and provides examples in bacteria. It explains that certain genes are turned on or off depending on environmental factors. It describes the lac operon in E. coli, which contains genes involved in processing the sugar lactose. The lac operon is regulated by the presence of lactose and glucose such that the genes are only expressed when glucose is absent and lactose is present.
REVISED- Gene Regulation in prokaryotic.pdf
The document discusses gene regulation in prokaryotes. It explains that prokaryotes precisely regulate gene expression in response to environmental conditions by using operons. Operons allow groups of genes required for specific functions to be coordinately controlled. Examples like the lac and tryptophan operons in E. coli demonstrate how repressor proteins and small molecule effectors regulate operon expression depending on the availability of substrates like lactose and tryptophan. Quorum sensing is also discussed as a mechanism some bacteria use to regulate genes based on population density.
gene regulation in prokaryotes
Gene regulation in prokaryotes primarily occurs at the transcriptional level through the use of regulatory proteins that activate or repress transcription. A key example is the lac operon in E. coli, which regulates the expression of genes involved in lactose metabolism. The lac operon is turned on in the presence of lactose and turned off in the presence of glucose or when lactose is not available. This is controlled by the lac repressor binding to the operator region and blocking transcription. Other examples include the trp operon and regulation by attenuation. Overall, prokaryotic gene regulation ensures the right genes are expressed at the right times through various mechanisms operating at the transcriptional and translational levels.
GENE REGULATION IN PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES
1. Gene regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes involves control at the levels of transcription and translation.
2. In prokaryotes, genes are often organized into operons and regulated through inducible and repressible operons controlled by regulatory proteins binding to operator and promoter sites. The lac and trp operons are examples of inducible and repressible operons, respectively.
3. In eukaryotes, gene expression is controlled through chromatin structure, transcriptional initiation, transcript processing and modification, transport, stability, and small RNA-mediated pathways. This allows for complex tissue-specific and developmental control of gene expression.
differernt types of Operon concepts
total description of lactose operon, galactose operon, arabinose operon, tryptophan operon and their regulations and mechanisms
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The document summarizes key concepts about gene regulation and expression in bacteria and eukaryotes. It discusses how the lac and trp operons in E. coli are regulated through induction/repression and feedback inhibition. It also notes that while eukaryotes use similar processes, gene expression is more complex due to differences in gene organization and chromatin-based regulation rather than operons.
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The lactose operon controls the metabolism of lactose in E. coli. It consists of three structural genes - lacZ, lacY, and lacA - that encode enzymes for breaking down lactose. These genes are regulated by one regulatory gene, lacI, which produces the lac repressor protein.
When lactose is absent or glucose is present, the lac repressor binds to the operator region and blocks transcription of the structural genes. But when lactose is available and glucose levels are low, lactose binds to the lac repressor and inactivates it, allowing RNA polymerase to bind the promoter and transcribe the structural genes to produce the enzymes for lactose breakdown. This allows the bacteria to metabolize
Lac operon
The lac operon controls the breakdown of lactose in E. coli bacteria. It consists of three structural genes (lacZ, lacY, lacA) that are regulated by a single promoter and operator region. In the absence of lactose, a lac repressor binds to the operator, preventing transcription of the structural genes. When lactose is present, it binds to the repressor and causes a conformational change, releasing it from the operator and allowing transcription. Mutations in the operator, structural genes, or promoter region provided insights into the operon's control mechanism.
The Lac operon
The lac operon controls the breakdown of lactose in E. coli bacteria. It consists of three structural genes (lacZ, lacY, lacA) that are regulated by a single promoter and operator region. In the absence of lactose, a lac repressor binds to the operator, preventing transcription of the structural genes. When lactose is present, it binds to the repressor and causes a conformational change, releasing it from the operator and allowing transcription. Mutations in the operator, structural genes, or promoter region provided insights into the operon's control mechanism.
Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes
Gene expression in prokaryotes is primarily regulated at the transcription initiation step through the use of operons, which contain clusters of genes controlled by a single promoter. Operons include structural genes, operators that repressors can bind to, and promoters where RNA polymerase binds. Key examples like the lac operon are regulated by repressors that bind to the operator in the absence of an inducer, and activators like CAP that help recruit RNA polymerase to initiate transcription.
OPERONS- KHZ 2023.ppt
The document discusses gene regulation and operons. It covers:
1. Operons are groups of genes transcribed together in prokaryotes to control important processes. The lac operon in E. coli contains genes for lactose metabolism.
2. The lac operon is regulated by a repressor protein that binds to the operator site and blocks transcription unless the inducer allolactose is present.
3. Eukaryotic gene regulation has multiple levels including chromatin remodeling, histone modification through methylation and acetylation, and transcription factor regulation.
Prokaryotic regulation
This document discusses the regulation of gene expression. It defines gene expression as the process that results in the production of a functional gene product, either RNA or protein. Regulation occurs at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, transcription is primarily regulated by the binding of trans-acting proteins to cis-acting regulatory elements on DNA. A key example is the lac operon, which regulates lactose metabolism in E. coli in response to glucose and lactose availability. Stringent response and regulatory ribosomal proteins also regulate prokaryotic gene expression in response to amino acid starvation and excess ribosomal proteins.
Lac operon
Bacteria regulate gene expression through operons, which are groups of functionally related genes that are controlled together. Operons can be regulated positively or negatively in response to environmental conditions. The lac operon in E. coli controls the transport and metabolism of lactose and consists of structural genes regulated by a promoter, terminator, and repressor. The lac operon is negatively regulated - the lac repressor normally binds the operator to prevent transcription, but is released when bound by the inducer allolactose, allowing expression. Transcription is also controlled by the availability of glucose and regulated by the catabolite activator protein CAP.
Gene regulation
The document summarizes regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, genes are organized into operons containing a promoter, operator, and multiple coding sequences. The lac operon in E.coli contains genes regulated by the repressor protein LacI and induced by lactose. In eukaryotes, gene expression is regulated at multiple levels including transcription, RNA processing, transport, translation and degradation. Mechanisms include histone modification, DNA methylation, hormone signaling, polyadenylation, splicing, transport and protein degradation.
Gene regulation
The document summarizes regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, genes are organized into operons containing a promoter, operator, and multiple coding sequences. The lac operon in E.coli contains genes regulated by the repressor protein LacI and induced by lactose. In eukaryotes, gene expression is regulated at multiple levels including transcription, RNA processing, transport, translation and degradation. Mechanisms include histone modification, DNA methylation, hormone signaling, polyadenylation, splicing, transport and protein degradation.
GENE EXPRESSION AND REGULATION.pptx
This document discusses gene expression and regulation. It begins by defining gene expression as the process by which information from a gene is used to create a functional gene product like a protein. This occurs through two main steps - transcription of DNA into mRNA in the nucleus, and translation of mRNA into proteins in the cytoplasm. Regulation of gene expression controls which genes are expressed, such as through the lac operon which expresses lactose metabolism genes only in the presence of lactose. The lac operon provides an example of positive and negative gene regulation through a repressor protein that binds to the operon's DNA to block or allow transcription.
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二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信bwp0011】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
Carrer goals.pptx and their importance in real life
Career goals serve as a roadmap for individuals, guiding them toward achieving long-term professional aspirations and personal fulfillment. Establishing clear career goals enables professionals to focus their efforts on developing specific skills, gaining relevant experience, and making strategic decisions that align with their desired career trajectory. By setting both short-term and long-term objectives, individuals can systematically track their progress, make necessary adjustments, and stay motivated. Short-term goals often include acquiring new qualifications, mastering particular competencies, or securing a specific role, while long-term goals might encompass reaching executive positions, becoming industry experts, or launching entrepreneurial ventures.
Moreover, having well-defined career goals fosters a sense of purpose and direction, enhancing job satisfaction and overall productivity. It encourages continuous learning and adaptation, as professionals remain attuned to industry trends and evolving job market demands. Career goals also facilitate better time management and resource allocation, as individuals prioritize tasks and opportunities that advance their professional growth. In addition, articulating career goals can aid in networking and mentorship, as it allows individuals to communicate their aspirations clearly to potential mentors, colleagues, and employers, thereby opening doors to valuable guidance and support. Ultimately, career goals are integral to personal and professional development, driving individuals toward sustained success and fulfillment in their chosen fields.
Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition – SCHREPEL – June 2024 OECD dis...
Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition – SCHREPEL – June 2024 OECD dis...OECD Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs
This presentation by Thibault Schrepel, Associate Professor of Law at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam University, was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
Pro-competitive Industrial Policy – OECD – June 2024 OECD discussion
Pro-competitive Industrial Policy – OECD – June 2024 OECD discussionOECD Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs
This presentation by OECD, OECD Secretariat, was made during the discussion “Pro-competitive Industrial Policy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/pcip.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
Why Psychological Safety Matters for Software Teams - ACE 2024 - Ben Linders.pdf
Psychological safety in teams is important; team members must feel safe and able to communicate and collaborate effectively to deliver value. It’s also necessary to build long-lasting teams since things will happen and relationships will be strained.
But, how safe is a team? How can we determine if there are any factors that make the team unsafe or have an impact on the team’s culture?
In this mini-workshop, we’ll play games for psychological safety and team culture utilizing a deck of coaching cards, The Psychological Safety Cards. We will learn how to use gamification to gain a better understanding of what’s going on in teams. Individuals share what they have learned from working in teams, what has impacted the team’s safety and culture, and what has led to positive change.
Different game formats will be played in groups in parallel. Examples are an ice-breaker to get people talking about psychological safety, a constellation where people take positions about aspects of psychological safety in their team or organization, and collaborative card games where people work together to create an environment that fosters psychological safety.
The Intersection between Competition and Data Privacy – OECD – June 2024 OECD...
The Intersection between Competition and Data Privacy – OECD – June 2024 OECD...OECD Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs
This presentation by OECD, OECD Secretariat, was made during the discussion “The Intersection between Competition and Data Privacy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 13 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/ibcdp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition – ČORBA – June 2024 OECD discus...
Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition – ČORBA – June 2024 OECD discus...OECD Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs
This presentation by Juraj Čorba, Chair of OECD Working Party on Artificial Intelligence Governance (AIGO), was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition – LIM – June 2024 OECD discussion
Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition – LIM – June 2024 OECD discussionOECD Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs
This presentation by Yong Lim, Professor of Economic Law at Seoul National University School of Law, was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
ASONAM2023_presection_slide_track-recommendation.pdf
Presented at the 2023 IEEE/ACM International Conference on
Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining.
The Intersection between Competition and Data Privacy – CAPEL – June 2024 OEC...
The Intersection between Competition and Data Privacy – CAPEL – June 2024 OEC...OECD Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs
This presentation by Tim Capel, Director of the UK Information Commissioner’s Office Legal Service, was made during the discussion “The Intersection between Competition and Data Privacy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 13 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/ibcdp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations – OECD – June 2024 ...
Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations – OECD – June 2024 ...OECD Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs
This presentation by OECD, OECD Secretariat, was made during the discussion “Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations” held at the 77th meeting of the OECD Working Party No. 2 on Competition and Regulation on 10 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/crps.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
IEEE CIS Webinar Sustainable futures.pdf
The importance of sustainable and efficient computational practices in artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning has become increasingly critical. This webinar focuses on the intersection of sustainability and AI, highlighting the significance of energy-efficient deep learning, innovative randomization techniques in neural networks, the potential of reservoir computing, and the cutting-edge realm of neuromorphic computing. This webinar aims to connect theoretical knowledge with practical applications and provide insights into how these innovative approaches can lead to more robust, efficient, and environmentally conscious AI systems.
Webinar Speaker: Prof. Claudio Gallicchio, Assistant Professor, University of Pisa
Claudio Gallicchio is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Computer Science of the University of Pisa, Italy. His research involves merging concepts from Deep Learning, Dynamical Systems, and Randomized Neural Systems, and he has co-authored over 100 scientific publications on the subject. He is the founder of the IEEE CIS Task Force on Reservoir Computing, and the co-founder and chair of the IEEE Task Force on Randomization-based Neural Networks and Learning Systems. He is an associate editor of IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems (TNNLS).
原版制作贝德福特大学毕业证（bedfordhire毕业证）硕士文凭原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【贝德福特大学毕业证（bedfordhire毕业证）硕士文凭】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Using-Presentation-Software-to-the-Fullf.pptx
Slides on 7 Commonly Used Presentation Softwares; thier usage and features.
XP 2024 presentation: A New Look to Leadership
Presentation slides from XP2024 conference, Bolzano IT. The slides describe a new view to leadership and combines it with anthro-complexity (aka cynefin).
The remarkable life of Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya.pptx
The remarkable life of Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya.pptx
Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations – ROBSON – June 202...
Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations – ROBSON – June 202...OECD Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs
This presentation by Professor Alex Robson, Deputy Chair of Australia’s Productivity Commission, was made during the discussion “Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations” held at the 77th meeting of the OECD Working Party No. 2 on Competition and Regulation on 10 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/crps.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.Recently uploaded (20)
Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition – OECD – June 2024 OECD discussion
Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition – OECD – June 2024 OECD discussion
Pro-competitive Industrial Policy – LANE – June 2024 OECD discussion
Pro-competitive Industrial Policy – LANE – June 2024 OECD discussion
Disaster Management project for holidays homework and other uses
Disaster Management project for holidays homework and other uses
Carrer goals.pptx and their importance in real life
Carrer goals.pptx and their importance in real life
Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition – SCHREPEL – June 2024 OECD dis...
Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition – SCHREPEL – June 2024 OECD dis...
Pro-competitive Industrial Policy – OECD – June 2024 OECD discussion
Pro-competitive Industrial Policy – OECD – June 2024 OECD discussion
Why Psychological Safety Matters for Software Teams - ACE 2024 - Ben Linders.pdf
Why Psychological Safety Matters for Software Teams - ACE 2024 - Ben Linders.pdf
The Intersection between Competition and Data Privacy – OECD – June 2024 OECD...
The Intersection between Competition and Data Privacy – OECD – June 2024 OECD...
Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition – ČORBA – June 2024 OECD discus...
Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition – ČORBA – June 2024 OECD discus...
Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition – LIM – June 2024 OECD discussion
Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition – LIM – June 2024 OECD discussion
ASONAM2023_presection_slide_track-recommendation.pdf
ASONAM2023_presection_slide_track-recommendation.pdf
The Intersection between Competition and Data Privacy – CAPEL – June 2024 OEC...
The Intersection between Competition and Data Privacy – CAPEL – June 2024 OEC...
Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations – OECD – June 2024 ...
Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations – OECD – June 2024 ...
The remarkable life of Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya.pptx
The remarkable life of Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya.pptx
Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations – ROBSON – June 202...
Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations – ROBSON – June 202...
Molecular Genetics_Lac operon .ppt
- 1. Gene expression in prokaryotes Functional nit of DNA containing a cluster of genes under a single promoter Group of genes that are transcribed at the same time Multiple genes are on and off simultaneously due to the regulation of one promoter
- 2. Multiple genes are on and off simultaneously due to the regulation of one promoter
- 3. Lac operon Consists of three genes each involved in the process of sugar lactose One of them the gene for the enzyme β-galactosidase Hydrolysis Lactose in to Glucose and Glactose E.coli can use either glucose (mono) or Lactose (Di), How ever Lactose must be hydrolyzed first in to glucose
- 4. Gene Regulation -- The Lac Operon transacetylase Structural genes (genes that code for polypeptides) Promoter: A site where RNA polymerase attaches in order to transcribe mRNA. I gene is called a regulator gene: is transcribed to make a mRNA which is translated to a repressor protein. There is a termination signal at the end of the I gene. Operator: It is a short sequence of bases that acts like a switch that can be recognized by repressor protein
- 5. Situations When glucose is absent and lactose is present An Activator protein is needed which stabilises RNA polymerase The activator protein only works when glucose is absent In this way E.coli only makes enzymes to metabolise other sugar in the absence of glucose Activator protein: Bound to DNA Repressor protein: Lifted off operator site RNA polymerase: Sits on the promoter site Lac operon: Transcription
- 6. Situations When glucose is present and lactose is absent Activator protein: Not bound to DNA Repressor protein: Bound to operator site RNA polymerase: Blocked by the repressor Lac operon: No transcription A repressor protein is continuously synthesised , It sits on a sequence of DNA just in front of the Lac operon, the Operator site. The repressor protein block the promoter site where the RNA polymerase settles before it starts transcribing
- 7. Situations When glucose is present and lactose is present Activator protein: Not bound to DNA Repressor protein: Lifted off operator site RNA polymerase: keeps falling off promoter site Lac operon: No transcription This explains how the lac operon is transcribed only lactose is present But it dose not explain why the operon is not transcribed when both present When glucose and lactose are present RNA polymerase can sit on the promoter site but it is unstable and keeps it falling off,