Molecular clocks use mutations to estimate evolutionary time. They c.pdf
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Molecular clocks use mutations to estimate evolutionary time. They can calculate how many years ago a particular species diverged from an ancestor, and there by it tells whether the species are closely related or not because the rates will be constant in related species. Mitochondrial DNA is used to study closely related species whereas ribosomal RNA is used to study distinctly related species. Solution Molecular clocks use mutations to estimate evolutionary time. They can calculate how many years ago a particular species diverged from an ancestor, and there by it tells whether the species are closely related or not because the rates will be constant in related species. Mitochondrial DNA is used to study closely related species whereas ribosomal RNA is used to study distinctly related species..
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According to Hawk mtDNA is mitochondrial DNA molecular clock is .pdf
The molecular clock hypothesis uses mutation rates and fossil evidence to determine when species diverged. It examines the accumulation of differences in DNA and amino acid sequences over time. Mitochondrial DNA mutates more quickly than nuclear DNA, allowing molecular clocks to deduce older divergence times for apes, humans and other primates based on mitochondrial sequences and estimates of phylogenetic branch lengths. Long generation times mean the molecular clock ticks slowly, resulting in slower mutation rates and less stress on ancient populations.
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All living things share DNA as their genetic code, which contains the instructions that determine an organism's characteristics. DNA evidence shows that all life on Earth evolved from a common ancestor, as organisms with more similar DNA are more closely related evolutionarily. Mutations in DNA over time led to the diversity of life we see today. Comparative anatomy, embryology, fossils, and DNA/protein evidence all support the theory of evolution through common descent.
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Some evolutionary events can be dated from the fossil record But what options are available
when fossil data are missing? In at least some instances, it should be possible to address
questions about timing by analyzing molecular traits that change at a steady rate. This
hypothesis, called the molecular clock, @ originated with Emile Zuckerkandl and Linus Pauling
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fashion. Many mutations change an individual's DNA but not its phenotype In most cases,
mutations like these are not exposed to natural selection. Instead, these neutral @ changes evolve
by a random process called genetic drift As we will discuss elsewhere, the neutral theory of
molecular evolution predicts that neutral changes in DNA should accumulate in populations at a
rate equal to the mutation rate If the mutation rate stays reasonably constant, and if generation
times remain similar, then the number of neutral molecular differences between two taxa should
be proportional to the age of their most recent common ancestor By counting distinct neutral
mutations observed in two species and multiplying by a calibration rate representing how
frequently neutral changes occur per million years, researchers can estimate when the species
diverged. Although the possibility of dating events from estimates of genetic divergence is
tantalizing, there are several important caveats. For example, it is critical to realize that the
mutation rate to neutral alleles will vary from gene to gene and lineage to lineage, and even from
base to base. For reasons explained in another chapter, silent site changes in the third positions of
codons are more likely to be neutral with respect to fitness, and thus to accumulate at a clocklike
rate, than replacement changes that occur at the first and second positions in codons. And if
allele frequencies change rapidly due to strong selection at a particular gene, it is unlikely that
the mutations involved are accumulating in a clocklike fashion. Finally rates of change calibrated
for a particular gene and lineage are unlikely to work for other groups, which may have different
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According to Hawk mtDNA is mitochondrial DNA molecular clock is .pdf
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2) Mitochondria and chloroplasts likely originated through endosymbiotic relationships with bacteria, as evidenced by their retained genomes.
3) DNA and protein sequences can be compared to reconstruct evolutionary relationships and develop phylogenetic trees showing how groups of organisms are related. Slowly-evolving sequences like rRNA are used for distant comparisons, while rapidly-evolving mtDNA allows analysis of close relationships.
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This document discusses nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions and signal transduction between the nucleus and organelles. It provides examples of non-Mendelian inheritance from the cytoplasm, including chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA inheritance. The document outlines anterograde and retrograde signaling pathways between the nucleus and organelles, as well as cross-talk between mitochondria and chloroplasts. Maintaining organellar genomes provides benefits like preventing total organelle loss and generating cytoplasmic variation, which can be useful under environmental stress. However, more research is still needed to fully understand how organelle and nuclear genomes coordinate gene expression.
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Some evolutionary events can be dated from the fossil record But what options are available
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questions about timing by analyzing molecular traits that change at a steady rate. This
hypothesis, called the molecular clock, @ originated with Emile Zuckerkandl and Linus Pauling
(1962). There are reasons to expect that some types of DNA sequences change in a clocklike
fashion. Many mutations change an individual's DNA but not its phenotype In most cases,
mutations like these are not exposed to natural selection. Instead, these neutral @ changes evolve
by a random process called genetic drift As we will discuss elsewhere, the neutral theory of
molecular evolution predicts that neutral changes in DNA should accumulate in populations at a
rate equal to the mutation rate If the mutation rate stays reasonably constant, and if generation
times remain similar, then the number of neutral molecular differences between two taxa should
be proportional to the age of their most recent common ancestor By counting distinct neutral
mutations observed in two species and multiplying by a calibration rate representing how
frequently neutral changes occur per million years, researchers can estimate when the species
diverged. Although the possibility of dating events from estimates of genetic divergence is
tantalizing, there are several important caveats. For example, it is critical to realize that the
mutation rate to neutral alleles will vary from gene to gene and lineage to lineage, and even from
base to base. For reasons explained in another chapter, silent site changes in the third positions of
codons are more likely to be neutral with respect to fitness, and thus to accumulate at a clocklike
rate, than replacement changes that occur at the first and second positions in codons. And if
allele frequencies change rapidly due to strong selection at a particular gene, it is unlikely that
the mutations involved are accumulating in a clocklike fashion. Finally rates of change calibrated
for a particular gene and lineage are unlikely to work for other groups, which may have different
generation times and selection histories (Martin et al. 1992; Martin and Palumbi 1993; Hillis et
al. 1996). Even if clocklike change occurs in a particular gene and lineage, how can the rate be
determined? Investigators have to rely on the fossil or geological records. The idea is to measure
the genetic distance between two taxa whose divergence date is known from fossil or geological
data and then to use this calibration to date the divergence times of groups that have no fossil
record. As an example of how researchers use molecular clocks to date events, consider work by
Ralf Kittler and colleagues (2003, 2004) on the origin of human body lice Body lice (Pediculus
humanus corporis) are similar to head lice (.
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Organisms who are closely related with common morphological structures usually have similar
nucleotide sequences in DNA compared to those who have different morphological structures
with varied DNA sequences. However in some cases morphological divergence between related
species can be huge but nucleotide sequences might not differ much. This proves that although
there are phenotypic differences the genes are very similar to each other which means that the
common ancestor must have diverged millions of years ago into different habitats leading to
divergent evolution. If the species are very closely related the nucleotide sequences only differ at
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different like wings in insect and birds. Similarly organisms that do not appear to be closely
related, the bases that their otherwise very different sequences share may just be coincidental and
also called molecular homoplasies.
Solution
Organisms who are closely related with common morphological structures usually have similar
nucleotide sequences in DNA compared to those who have different morphological structures
with varied DNA sequences. However in some cases morphological divergence between related
species can be huge but nucleotide sequences might not differ much. This proves that although
there are phenotypic differences the genes are very similar to each other which means that the
common ancestor must have diverged millions of years ago into different habitats leading to
divergent evolution. If the species are very closely related the nucleotide sequences only differ at
one or a few sites. In contrast nucleotide sequences in distantly related species have very
different genes at many sites and have many variations because of insertion and deletion of
nucleotide sequences over a long period of time. We also need to understand the concept of
homologous and analogous organs present in organisms. Homologous organs are organs having
similar basic structure but different functions like the pentadactyl limb of vertebrates which
proves that although they have many dissimilarities they have a common ancestor. Similarly, two
nucleotide sequences that resemble each other at many point along their length most likely are
homologous. Analogous organs are structures whose funct.
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when substance dissolves consider following two c.pdf
when substance dissolves consider following two cases when heat is absorbed there
delta H is positive , at that time surroundings i.e test tube temperatures goes down when heat is
release i.e delta H is negative test tube gets heated and temp rises
Solution
when substance dissolves consider following two cases when heat is absorbed there
delta H is positive , at that time surroundings i.e test tube temperatures goes down when heat is
release i.e delta H is negative test tube gets heated and temp rises.
Molarity = molevolume(L) moles of HONH2 = 0.500.pdf
Molarity = mole/volume(L) moles of HONH2 = 0.500*(100/1000)=0.05 mol
HONH2 Moles of HCl= 1.00*(25/1000) = 0.025 mol HCl Kb of HONH2 is 1.1*10^-8. pKb=-
log[kb]=-log(1.1*10^-8)=7.96 According to Henderson Hasselbalch Equation pOH = pkb +
log[salt]/[base] pOH= 7.96+log[NH4OCl]/[HONH2]=7.96+log(0.025/0.025)=7.96 pH + pOH
=14 pH=14-pOH=14-7.96=6.04
Solution
Molarity = mole/volume(L) moles of HONH2 = 0.500*(100/1000)=0.05 mol
HONH2 Moles of HCl= 1.00*(25/1000) = 0.025 mol HCl Kb of HONH2 is 1.1*10^-8. pKb=-
log[kb]=-log(1.1*10^-8)=7.96 According to Henderson Hasselbalch Equation pOH = pkb +
log[salt]/[base] pOH= 7.96+log[NH4OCl]/[HONH2]=7.96+log(0.025/0.025)=7.96 pH + pOH
=14 pH=14-pOH=14-7.96=6.04.
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Organisms who are closely related with common morphological structur.pdf
Organisms who are closely related with common morphological structures usually have similar
nucleotide sequences in DNA compared to those who have different morphological structures
with varied DNA sequences. However in some cases morphological divergence between related
species can be huge but nucleotide sequences might not differ much. This proves that although
there are phenotypic differences the genes are very similar to each other which means that the
common ancestor must have diverged millions of years ago into different habitats leading to
divergent evolution. If the species are very closely related the nucleotide sequences only differ at
one or a few sites. In contrast nucleotide sequences in distantly related species have very
different genes at many sites and have many variations because of insertion and deletion of
nucleotide sequences over a long period of time. We also need to understand the concept of
homologous and analogous organs present in organisms. Homologous organs are organs having
similar basic structure but different functions like the pentadactyl limb of vertebrates which
proves that although they have many dissimilarities they have a common ancestor. Similarly, two
nucleotide sequences that resemble each other at many point along their length most likely are
homologous. Analogous organs are structures whose function is same but basic structures are
different like wings in insect and birds. Similarly organisms that do not appear to be closely
related, the bases that their otherwise very different sequences share may just be coincidental and
also called molecular homoplasies.
Solution
Organisms who are closely related with common morphological structures usually have similar
nucleotide sequences in DNA compared to those who have different morphological structures
with varied DNA sequences. However in some cases morphological divergence between related
species can be huge but nucleotide sequences might not differ much. This proves that although
there are phenotypic differences the genes are very similar to each other which means that the
common ancestor must have diverged millions of years ago into different habitats leading to
divergent evolution. If the species are very closely related the nucleotide sequences only differ at
one or a few sites. In contrast nucleotide sequences in distantly related species have very
different genes at many sites and have many variations because of insertion and deletion of
nucleotide sequences over a long period of time. We also need to understand the concept of
homologous and analogous organs present in organisms. Homologous organs are organs having
similar basic structure but different functions like the pentadactyl limb of vertebrates which
proves that although they have many dissimilarities they have a common ancestor. Similarly, two
nucleotide sequences that resemble each other at many point along their length most likely are
homologous. Analogous organs are structures whose funct.
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This document provides an overview of key concepts in evolutionary theory, including:
- The history of evolutionary thought from ancient Greek and medieval views to modern theories proposed by Darwin and Spencer.
- Mechanisms of evolution like natural selection, genetic drift, mutation and gene flow that can lead to changes in allele frequencies within populations.
- Other evolutionary processes such as adaptation, coevolution, speciation and extinction that shape the diversity of life over time.
- The role of heredity, variation and inheritance in passing traits between generations and maintaining genetic variation within populations.
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This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 20 of an AP Biology textbook. It discusses several topics:
1) Genomics is the study of genomes and how they are organized and regulated. Genome sequences provide insights into fundamental biological questions.
2) Computer analysis can identify protein-coding genes in DNA sequences by looking for start/stop signals and other features. With 25,000 genes in humans, this analysis is a huge undertaking without technology.
3) Genome sizes vary greatly between organisms, but size does not always correlate with complexity. Some plants have genomes much larger than humans despite fewer genes.
Population genetics.pptx
The document summarizes the history of population genetics from the 1960s to the present, focusing on advances in molecular techniques. It describes how early work relied on allozymes and restriction mapping, while modern studies utilize next-generation sequencing to analyze genetic variation across hundreds of individuals. The era of population genomics began in the 2000s and has provided a flood of genome variation data unlike what was previously available from allozymes or Sanger sequencing.
Mechanism of Evolution 1.pptx
The document discusses several key mechanisms of evolution including mutation, natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and nonrandom mating that can result in evolutionary changes. It provides examples of how mutation introduces genetic variation within populations and how natural selection can act on this variation to drive adaptation. The document also discusses how evolutionary theory has been established through evidence from genetics, fossils, and observations of artificial and natural selection.
Molecular basis of evolution and softwares used in phylogenetic tree contruction
This document discusses molecular evolution and software used for phylogenetic tree construction. It begins by defining molecular evolution as the process of mutation and selection at the molecular level. It then discusses different types of mutations that can occur in DNA and proteins, such as synonymous, nonsynonymous, nonsense, missense, and frameshift mutations. The document also discusses using molecular data to study evolution and reconstruct phylogenetic relationships. It describes several software programs used for phylogenetic tree construction, including EzEditor, BAli-Phy, Clustal ω, BayesTraits, and fastDNAml, and provides brief summaries of their methods and purposes.
Similar to Molecular clocks use mutations to estimate evolutionary time. They c.pdf (20)
Phylogenetic relationships- Homology; Homologous sequences of proteins and D...
Phylogenetic relationships- Homology; Homologous sequences of proteins and D...
Molecular phylogeny, molecular clock hypothesis, molecular evolution, kimuras...
Molecular phylogeny, molecular clock hypothesis, molecular evolution, kimuras...
Organisms who are closely related with common morphological structur.pdf
Organisms who are closely related with common morphological structur.pdf
Molecular basis of evolution and softwares used in phylogenetic tree contruction
Molecular basis of evolution and softwares used in phylogenetic tree contruction
More from anjalipub
when substance dissolves consider following two c.pdf
when substance dissolves consider following two cases when heat is absorbed there
delta H is positive , at that time surroundings i.e test tube temperatures goes down when heat is
release i.e delta H is negative test tube gets heated and temp rises
Solution
when substance dissolves consider following two cases when heat is absorbed there
delta H is positive , at that time surroundings i.e test tube temperatures goes down when heat is
release i.e delta H is negative test tube gets heated and temp rises.
Molarity = molevolume(L) moles of HONH2 = 0.500.pdf
Molarity = mole/volume(L) moles of HONH2 = 0.500*(100/1000)=0.05 mol
HONH2 Moles of HCl= 1.00*(25/1000) = 0.025 mol HCl Kb of HONH2 is 1.1*10^-8. pKb=-
log[kb]=-log(1.1*10^-8)=7.96 According to Henderson Hasselbalch Equation pOH = pkb +
log[salt]/[base] pOH= 7.96+log[NH4OCl]/[HONH2]=7.96+log(0.025/0.025)=7.96 pH + pOH
=14 pH=14-pOH=14-7.96=6.04
Solution
Molarity = mole/volume(L) moles of HONH2 = 0.500*(100/1000)=0.05 mol
HONH2 Moles of HCl= 1.00*(25/1000) = 0.025 mol HCl Kb of HONH2 is 1.1*10^-8. pKb=-
log[kb]=-log(1.1*10^-8)=7.96 According to Henderson Hasselbalch Equation pOH = pkb +
log[salt]/[base] pOH= 7.96+log[NH4OCl]/[HONH2]=7.96+log(0.025/0.025)=7.96 pH + pOH
=14 pH=14-pOH=14-7.96=6.04.
l=1 means p-orbital which is havind domble shape .pdf
l=1 means p-orbital which is havind domble shape so it can move in space in 3
dimensional.Therefore the possible orientations of the orbital in space is 3
Solution
l=1 means p-orbital which is havind domble shape so it can move in space in 3
dimensional.Therefore the possible orientations of the orbital in space is 3.
It will be due to A because it has a shorter life.pdf
It will be due to A because it has a shorter life life so it will tend to degrade faster
then B and hence it will radiate more energy
Solution
It will be due to A because it has a shorter life life so it will tend to degrade faster
then B and hence it will radiate more energy.
isolated .pdf
This very short document does not provide enough context or information to generate a meaningful 3 sentence summary. The document contains only a single word repeated multiple times without any other details.
#include STDIO.H int main() { char file_name[.pdf
#include
int main() {
char file_name[20], guess[6];
char Life[15][15];
int ctr=0, ctr2=0;
char *g;
FILE *fp1;
int i, j;
int neighbors;
printf (\"Enter file_name of initial generation: \");
scanf (\"%s\", file_name);
fp1 = fopen(file_name, \"r\");
do {
g = fgets (guess, 6, fp1);
for(ctr2=0;ctr2<6;ctr2++){
Life[ctr][ctr2]=g[ctr2];
}
ctr++;
if (g!=NULL)
printf (\"%s\", guess);
}
while (g != NULL);
fclose (fp1);
printf (\"\ \");
neighbors=0;
for (i=0; i<4; i++) {
for (j=0; j<4; j++) {
if (i==0 && j==0) {
if (Life [i+1][j]==\'X\')
neighbors ++;
if (Life [i][j+1]==\'X\')
neighbors ++;
if (Life [i+1][j+1]==\'X\')
neighbors ++;
}
if (i==3 && j==0) {
if (Life [i-1][j]==\'X\')
neighbors ++;
if (Life [i-1][j+1]==\'X\')
neighbors ++;
if (Life [i][j+1]==\'X\')
neighbors ++;
}
if (i==0 && j==3) {
if (Life [i][j-1]==\'X\')
neighbors ++;
if (Life [i+1][j-1]==\'X\')
neighbors ++;
if (Life [i+1][j]==\'X\')
neighbors ++;
}
if (i==3 && j==3) {
if (Life [i][j-1]==\'X\')
neighbors ++;
if (Life [i-1][j-1]==\'X\')
neighbors ++;
if (Life [i-1][j]==\'X\')
neighbors ++;
}
if (j==0 && i!=0 && i!=3) {
if (Life [i-1][j]==\'X\')
neighbors ++;
if (Life [i-1][j+1]==\'X\')
neighbors ++;
if (Life [i][j+1]==\'X\')
neighbors ++;
if (Life [i+1][j]==\'X\')
neighbors ++;
if (Life [i+1][j+1]==\'X\')
neighbors ++;
}
if (j==3 && i!=0 && i!=3) {
if (Life [i-1][j]==\'X\')
neighbors ++;
if (Life [i-1][j-1]==\'X\')
neighbors ++;
if (Life [i][j-1]==\'X\')
neighbors ++;
if (Life [i+1][j-1]==\'X\')
neighbors ++;
if (Life [i+1][j+1]==\'X\')
neighbors ++;
}
if (i==0 && j!=0 && j!=3) {
if (Life [i][j-1]==\'X\')
neighbors ++;
if (Life [i][j+1]==\'X\')
neighbors ++;
if (Life [i+1][j-1]==\'X\')
neighbors ++;
if (Life [i+1][j]==\'X\')
neighbors ++;
if (Life [i+1][j+1]==\'X\')
neighbors ++;
}
if (i==3 && j!=0 && j!=3) {
if (Life [i][j-1]==\'X\')
neighbors ++;
if (Life [i][j+1]==\'X\')
neighbors ++;
if (Life [i-1][j-1]==\'X\')
neighbors ++;
if (Life [i-1][j]==\'X\')
neighbors ++;
if (Life [i-1][j+1]==\'X\')
neighbors ++;
}
if (i!=0 && i!=3 && j!=0 && j!=3) {
if (Life [i][j+1]==\'X\')
neighbors ++;
if (Life [i][j-1]==\'X\')
neighbors ++;
if (Life [i-1][j]==\'X\')
neighbors ++;
if (Life [i-1][j+1]==\'X\')
neighbors ++;
if (Life [i-1][j-1]==\'X\')
neighbors ++;
if (Life [i+1][j]==\'X\')
neighbors ++;
if (Life [i+1][j+1]==\'X\')
neighbors ++;
if (Life [i+1][j-1]==\'X\')
} neighbors ++;
}
}
for (i=0; i<4; i++) {
for (j=0; j<4; j++) {
if (Life [i][j]==\' \') {
if (neighbors==3)
Life [i][j]=\'X\';
else
Life [i][j]=\' \';
}
if (Life [i][j]==\'X\') {
if (neighbors==2 && neighbors==3)
Life [i][j]=\'X\';
else
Life [i][j]=\' \';
}
}
}
printf (\"The new generation is:\ \");
printf (\"%s\", Life[i][j]);
return 0;
}
Solution
#include
int main() {
char file_name[20], guess[6];
char Life[15][15];
int ctr=0, ctr2=0;
char *g;
FILE *fp1;
int i, j;
int neighbors;
printf (\"Enter file_name of initial generation: \");
scanf (\"%s\", file_name);
fp1 = fopen(file_name, \"r\");
do {
g = fgets (guess, 6, fp1);
for(ctr2=0;ctr2<.
d) inconsistent with the general trend relating c.pdf
d) inconsistent with the general trend relating changes in ionization energy across a
period from left to right and due to the fact that oxygen has one doubly occupied 2p orbital and
nitrogen does not.
Solution
d) inconsistent with the general trend relating changes in ionization energy across a
period from left to right and due to the fact that oxygen has one doubly occupied 2p orbital and
nitrogen does not..
The yellowbrown coloration is due to the fomation of the triiodide .pdf
The yellow/brown coloration is due to the fomation of the triiodide (I3) ion.
H2O2(aq) + 3 I(aq) + 2 H+(aq) I3(aq) + 2 H2O(l)
H2O2 first oxidizes I into I2, which then combines with excess I to form the I3 complex:
(1) H2O2(aq) + 2 I(aq) + 2 H+(aq) I2(aq) + 2 H2O(l)
(2) I2(aq) + I(aq) I3(aq)
Solution
The yellow/brown coloration is due to the fomation of the triiodide (I3) ion.
H2O2(aq) + 3 I(aq) + 2 H+(aq) I3(aq) + 2 H2O(l)
H2O2 first oxidizes I into I2, which then combines with excess I to form the I3 complex:
(1) H2O2(aq) + 2 I(aq) + 2 H+(aq) I2(aq) + 2 H2O(l)
(2) I2(aq) + I(aq) I3(aq).
SolutionCu2+ and CO2, BOTH will behave as a Lewis acid toward OH-.pdf
Cu2+ and CO2 will both behave as Lewis acids toward OH- in water. Both Cu2+ and CO2 can accept an electron pair from the Lewis base OH- in water. The reaction will involve Cu2+ or CO2 accepting the lone pair of electrons from the OH- ion.
TCP provide reliable connection oriented transport of a byte brook U.pdf
TCP provide reliable connection oriented transport of a byte brook UDP make available for best
effort relationship less move of individual communication.
TCP/IP provides with internationally single consistent address that enables equipment linked to
the Internet to admittance these services.
The IP address system is extremely scalable because of its hierarchical arrangement.
Internet layer in TCP/IP model provide the similar services as the Network layer. Their reason is
to course packet to their intention self-governing of the lane in use
The TCP/IP protocol element that is install in your net operating system is a sequence of
interrelated protocols called the core protocols of TCP/IP
Window Sockets provide services that allocate application to connect to an exacting port and IP
concentrate on a host, start and recognize a link, send and receive information, and close a link
Solution
TCP provide reliable connection oriented transport of a byte brook UDP make available for best
effort relationship less move of individual communication.
TCP/IP provides with internationally single consistent address that enables equipment linked to
the Internet to admittance these services.
The IP address system is extremely scalable because of its hierarchical arrangement.
Internet layer in TCP/IP model provide the similar services as the Network layer. Their reason is
to course packet to their intention self-governing of the lane in use
The TCP/IP protocol element that is install in your net operating system is a sequence of
interrelated protocols called the core protocols of TCP/IP
Window Sockets provide services that allocate application to connect to an exacting port and IP
concentrate on a host, start and recognize a link, send and receive information, and close a link.
Solution - (E) Calculation of WACC (Weighted average cost of capital.pdf
Solution
- (E) Calculation of WACC (Weighted average cost of capital)
1) Total Capital = Equity + Preferred stock + debt = $86 Million ($44+$9+$33)
Cost of debt = 9.5%(1-tax)
cost of debt = 9.5%(1-0.34) = 6.27%ParticularsCost (A)Weightage (B)Weighted average cost of
capital (A*B)Equity16%$44/$868.186%Preferred
stock12%$9/$861.255%Debt6.27%$33/$862.405%Total1.0011.85%.
Solution His total Volume = the volume of wa.pdf
Solution
:
His total Volume
= the volume of water before he fully submerged in the tub - the water left in the tub after
he got out
= 500L - 429L
= 71L.
SQLiteStudio is a SQLite database manager with the following feature.pdf
SQLiteStudio is a SQLite database manager with the following features:
Solution
SQLiteStudio is a SQLite database manager with the following features:.
C) H2O .pdf
La respuesta es C) H2O. El documento proporciona la fórmula química del agua como respuesta a una pregunta o problema.
Salvia apiana (white sage, bee sage, or sacred sage) is an evergreen.pdf
Salvia apiana (white sage, bee sage, or sacred sage) is an evergreen perennial shrub that is native
to the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico, found mainly in the coastal sage
scrub habitat of Southern California and Baja
California.Family:LamiaceaeGenus:SalviaSpecies:S. apiana.
Solution
Salvia apiana (white sage, bee sage, or sacred sage) is an evergreen perennial shrub that is native
to the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico, found mainly in the coastal sage
scrub habitat of Southern California and Baja
California.Family:LamiaceaeGenus:SalviaSpecies:S. apiana..
Q.2 steps required to implement ABC within the companyABC Costing .pdf
Q.2 steps required to implement ABC within the company
ABC Costing is a supplemental method of cost accounting that provides the decision-making
information absent from traditional costing methods. While ABC costing is not limited by
business unit boundaries, it can not fully supplant traditional costing methods as it often fails to
meet financial reporting requirements for businesses.
ABC Costing focuses on costs contributing to production of a product. It does not attribute other
general costs that do not have at least an indirect relationship to the product. While traditional
costing systems focus on direct costs and burden a product with other fixed costs, activity based
costing increases accuracy of indirect cost assignment.
In their 1999 book, Managerial Accounting, Garrison and Noreen identify six core steps to ABC
costing implementation.*
Implementation Steps
Step #1: Activity Identification
First, activities must be identified and grouped together in activity pools. Activity pools are the
supporting activities that tie in to a product line or service These pools or buckets may include
fractionally assigned costs of supporting activities to individual products as appropriate during
the second step.
Step #2: Activity Analysis
ABC continues with activity analysis, clearly identifying the processes which support a product
and avoiding some of the systemic inaccuracies of traditional costing. ABC costing requires
activity analysis, similar to the process mapping found in lean manufacturing.
This activity analysis identifies indirect cost relationships and allows assignment of some
percentage of that activity to an end product directly.
Step #3: Assignment of Costs
Based on the findings of step #1 and #2, costs are assigned to an activity pool. For example,
human resources costs would be assigned to indirect administrative or indirect management
costs. These pools will each have some contribution to object cost.
Step #4: Calculate Activity Rates
Initial analysis may include direct labor hours, or indirect support labor. These activities must be
assigned a value in real currency. All weightings must be added at this step. For instance,
production labor hours should be in terms of a weighted labor rate including benefit costs.
Step #5: Assign Costs to Cost Objects
Once activity costs, pools and rates are identified and clearly defined, the next step is to assign
them to cost objects. Objects are generally defined as the results offered to a customer. In both
manufacturing and non-manufacturing environments, this product should have some saleable
value to compare to the assigned costs.
Step #6: Prepare and Distribute Management Reports
Once ABC costing analysis is complete, that cost data should be placed in a concise and coherent
manner for cost object and process owners. This communication of the costing analysis is critical
to justify the cost of the analysis, as often this is not an inconsequential cost.
Q.3our classifications of the ABC .
Last mile in VOIP-1)Last mile isthe telecommunications and techno.pdf
Last mile in VOIP:-
1)Last mile isthe telecommunications and technology industries to describe the technologies and
processes used to connect the end customer to a communications network.
2)voice over Internet Protocol(VOIP) A methodology and group of technologies for the delivery
of voice communications and multimedia sessions over Internet Protocol (IP) networks, such as
the Internet.
3)Other terms commonly associated with VoIP are IP telephony, Internet telephony, broadband
telephony, and broadband phone service.
4)Service providers aim to ensure call quality by using circuits that prioritize voice traffic and
incorporate Quality of Service in voice over internet protocol.
5)Voice over internet protocol service provider to check the last mile circuit to ensure that it can
sustain quality.Voice over Internet Protocol, is a protocol used to transmit information over IP
networks
6)The problem for VoIP users and providers is that quality of service cannot be guaranteed over
the last mile.
7) last-mile connections have been plagued with technological issues and high costs.Some
providers use private Internet circuits to avoid any security or reliability risks associated with the
public Internet. Private circuits give them even greater control over call quality.
Solution
Last mile in VOIP:-
1)Last mile isthe telecommunications and technology industries to describe the technologies and
processes used to connect the end customer to a communications network.
2)voice over Internet Protocol(VOIP) A methodology and group of technologies for the delivery
of voice communications and multimedia sessions over Internet Protocol (IP) networks, such as
the Internet.
3)Other terms commonly associated with VoIP are IP telephony, Internet telephony, broadband
telephony, and broadband phone service.
4)Service providers aim to ensure call quality by using circuits that prioritize voice traffic and
incorporate Quality of Service in voice over internet protocol.
5)Voice over internet protocol service provider to check the last mile circuit to ensure that it can
sustain quality.Voice over Internet Protocol, is a protocol used to transmit information over IP
networks
6)The problem for VoIP users and providers is that quality of service cannot be guaranteed over
the last mile.
7) last-mile connections have been plagued with technological issues and high costs.Some
providers use private Internet circuits to avoid any security or reliability risks associated with the
public Internet. Private circuits give them even greater control over call quality..
fSolutionf.pdf
The document discusses a solution but provides no details about the problem or type of solution. It contains a single word, "Solution", with no other context or explanation.
For more informationcontact South-Western,5191 Natorp Boulevard,Maso.pdf
For more informationcontact South-Western,5191 Natorp Boulevard,Mason, Ohio 45040.Or you
can visit our Internet site at: http://www.swlearning.com RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this
work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any
means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web
distribution, or information storage and retrieval systems—without the written permission of the
publisher. For permission to use material from this text or product, contact us byTel (800) 730-
2214Fax (800) 730-2215 http://www.thomsonrights.com of Congress Gelinas FM-iii Control
Number: 2003100005 ISBN: 0-324-00878-3 Dedication To our spouses Roxanne, Vicky, and
Michael and to Jane’s sons Andrew and Billy, with grateful appreciation for their patience and
support throughout this project. AUTHORS Ulric J. (Joe) Gelinas, Jr., Ph.D., is Associate
Professor of Accountancy and Davis Educational Foundation Fellow at Bentley College,
Waltham, Massachusetts. He received his A.B. in Economics from St. Michael’s College,
Winooski Park, Vermont, and his M.B.A. and Ph.D. from the University of Massachusetts,
Amherst. Professor Gelinas has also taught at the University of Tennessee and at Vesalius
College, Vrije Universtiteit Brussel in Brussels, Belgium. As a Captain in the United States Air
Force, he was Officer-in-Charge of IT Operations. Professor Gelinas was the founding editor of
the Journal of Accounting and Computers (formerly the Kent/Bentley Journal of Accounting and
Computers and the Kent/Bentley Review). Professor Gelinas has published Gelinas FM-iv
articles on accounting information systems, computers in accounting education, technical
communications, and information privacy. In 2000 he received the John W. Beveridge
Achievement Award from the New England Chapter of the Information Systems Audit and
Control Association for outstanding contributions to the IS Audit and Control profession. He has
made presentations and conducted workshops at the International Conference of the Information
Systems Audit & Control Association (ISACA), ISACA’s Computer Audit, Control and Security
(CACS) conferences, as well as other professional groups. He is a member of the American
Accounting Association, the Information Systems Audit & Control Association, Beta Alpha Psi,
and Beta Gamma Sigma. Professor Gelinas was a member of the U.S. expert panel that review
Solution
For more informationcontact South-Western,5191 Natorp Boulevard,Mason, Ohio 45040.Or you
can visit our Internet site at: http://www.swlearning.com RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this
work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any
means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web
distribution, or information storage and retrieval systems—without the written permission of the
publisher. For permission to use material from this text or product, contact us byTel (800) 730-
2214Fa.
answer is option (D) as in IUPAC we use numerals .pdf
answer is option (D) as in IUPAC we use numerals and in old pattern we use o,m,p.
Solution
answer is option (D) as in IUPAC we use numerals and in old pattern we use o,m,p..
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l=1 means p-orbital which is havind domble shape .pdf
l=1 means p-orbital which is havind domble shape .pdf
It will be due to A because it has a shorter life.pdf
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d) inconsistent with the general trend relating c.pdf
The yellowbrown coloration is due to the fomation of the triiodide .pdf
The yellowbrown coloration is due to the fomation of the triiodide .pdf
SolutionCu2+ and CO2, BOTH will behave as a Lewis acid toward OH-.pdf
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TCP provide reliable connection oriented transport of a byte brook U.pdf
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Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
Digital Artefact 1 - Tiny Home Environmental Design
Digital Artefact 1 - Tiny Home Environmental Design
Pride Month Slides 2024 David Douglas School District
Pride Month Slides 2024 David Douglas School District
Liberal Approach to the Study of Indian Politics.pdf
Liberal Approach to the Study of Indian Politics.pdf
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold Method
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold Method
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
Molecular clocks use mutations to estimate evolutionary time. They c.pdf
- 1. Molecular clocks use mutations to estimate evolutionary time. They can calculate how many years ago a particular species diverged from an ancestor, and there by it tells whether the species are closely related or not because the rates will be constant in related species. Mitochondrial DNA is used to study closely related species whereas ribosomal RNA is used to study distinctly related species. Solution Molecular clocks use mutations to estimate evolutionary time. They can calculate how many years ago a particular species diverged from an ancestor, and there by it tells whether the species are closely related or not because the rates will be constant in related species. Mitochondrial DNA is used to study closely related species whereas ribosomal RNA is used to study distinctly related species.