Organisms who are closely related with common morphological structures usually have similar
nucleotide sequences in DNA compared to those who have different morphological structures
with varied DNA sequences. However in some cases morphological divergence between related
species can be huge but nucleotide sequences might not differ much. This proves that although
there are phenotypic differences the genes are very similar to each other which means that the
common ancestor must have diverged millions of years ago into different habitats leading to
divergent evolution. If the species are very closely related the nucleotide sequences only differ at
one or a few sites. In contrast nucleotide sequences in distantly related species have very
different genes at many sites and have many variations because of insertion and deletion of
nucleotide sequences over a long period of time. We also need to understand the concept of
homologous and analogous organs present in organisms. Homologous organs are organs having
similar basic structure but different functions like the pentadactyl limb of vertebrates which
proves that although they have many dissimilarities they have a common ancestor. Similarly, two
nucleotide sequences that resemble each other at many point along their length most likely are
homologous. Analogous organs are structures whose function is same but basic structures are
different like wings in insect and birds. Similarly organisms that do not appear to be closely
related, the bases that their otherwise very different sequences share may just be coincidental and
also called molecular homoplasies.
Solution
Organisms who are closely related with common morphological structures usually have similar
nucleotide sequences in DNA compared to those who have different morphological structures
with varied DNA sequences. However in some cases morphological divergence between related
species can be huge but nucleotide sequences might not differ much. This proves that although
there are phenotypic differences the genes are very similar to each other which means that the
common ancestor must have diverged millions of years ago into different habitats leading to
divergent evolution. If the species are very closely related the nucleotide sequences only differ at
one or a few sites. In contrast nucleotide sequences in distantly related species have very
different genes at many sites and have many variations because of insertion and deletion of
nucleotide sequences over a long period of time. We also need to understand the concept of
homologous and analogous organs present in organisms. Homologous organs are organs having
similar basic structure but different functions like the pentadactyl limb of vertebrates which
proves that although they have many dissimilarities they have a common ancestor. Similarly, two
nucleotide sequences that resemble each other at many point along their length most likely are
homologous. Analogous organs are structures whose funct.
Why phelogyny has to be this way not other way aroundExaplain bas.pdffazalenterprises
Why phelogyny has to be this way not other way around?
Exaplain based on evidence of
-fossil record
-genetic evdence
-Blast search engine
-nervous system
-body structure or itera itera ori platy helminthes Nematoda Chid a an, ermata Chrdota Chino
Solution
Fossil record & Genetic evidence:
It has clearly observed the predicted order of trait appearance has been increasing as the actual
order of appearance of trait increases among a group of species. Therefore, according to “a
descent with modification of a trait i.e. derived from a common ancestor (a fossil species arose
from a common ancestor)” specifically changing over time. This change was observed in
phylogenetic tree of multicellular organisms (from porifera with no symmetry to bilateral
symmetric species) as “a linear hypothetical relationship between the predicted order of trait
appearance based on trait nesting and the actual order of appearance in the fossil record for a
number of traits among a group of species”.
Fossil species are different and they are transitional fossils as they often resemble and exhibit
both the groups of organisms. They often different in the DNA sequences when perform DNA
sequencing even though they look similar morphologically thereby paleontologists often classify
them as per their interspecific and intraspecific genetic variations (pan genes, core genes)
variations. Fossils are formed due to catastrophism and gradualism, their classification is based
on their body size, and body weight for example dinosaurs is the common ancestors of both birds
and reptiles. Thereby different paleontologists show different family trees for the same fossils.
Blast search engine
The above multicellular eukaryotic classification as per PSI-BLAST considerably along with
matrix -based alignments is used to reveal the amino acid substitution in every species for gene
expression similarity so that protein synthesis can be compared with every species in relation to
higher eukaryotes (chordates). PPSM (position specific scoring matrix) is widely used to get
either positive or negative results in relation to the substitution of the amino acids for protein
multiple sequences.
Delta Blast is more useful in detecting and is identifying “species proteins from lower
multicellular porifera species to annelids, arthropods, non-chordates & chordates” in which
amino acid or nucleotide sequences of the species, which are not closely related compared to the
PSI- BLAST. Some time PSI-Blast also enables to get possible information in identifying the
evolutionary nucleotide substituent’s in the species, which are not closely related.
Nervous system:
The three animal phyla that best represent stages in the evolution of the nervous system of
animals are animals belongs to primitive bilateria, Cnidaria and Ctenophora since these are often
referred as Epitheliozoa. These animals often diversified from primitive sponges where primitive
neuronal system has developed already. The nervous system present.
Why phelogyny has to be this way not other way aroundExaplain bas.pdffazalenterprises
Why phelogyny has to be this way not other way around?
Exaplain based on evidence of
-fossil record
-genetic evdence
-Blast search engine
-nervous system
-body structure or itera itera ori platy helminthes Nematoda Chid a an, ermata Chrdota Chino
Solution
Fossil record & Genetic evidence:
It has clearly observed the predicted order of trait appearance has been increasing as the actual
order of appearance of trait increases among a group of species. Therefore, according to “a
descent with modification of a trait i.e. derived from a common ancestor (a fossil species arose
from a common ancestor)” specifically changing over time. This change was observed in
phylogenetic tree of multicellular organisms (from porifera with no symmetry to bilateral
symmetric species) as “a linear hypothetical relationship between the predicted order of trait
appearance based on trait nesting and the actual order of appearance in the fossil record for a
number of traits among a group of species”.
Fossil species are different and they are transitional fossils as they often resemble and exhibit
both the groups of organisms. They often different in the DNA sequences when perform DNA
sequencing even though they look similar morphologically thereby paleontologists often classify
them as per their interspecific and intraspecific genetic variations (pan genes, core genes)
variations. Fossils are formed due to catastrophism and gradualism, their classification is based
on their body size, and body weight for example dinosaurs is the common ancestors of both birds
and reptiles. Thereby different paleontologists show different family trees for the same fossils.
Blast search engine
The above multicellular eukaryotic classification as per PSI-BLAST considerably along with
matrix -based alignments is used to reveal the amino acid substitution in every species for gene
expression similarity so that protein synthesis can be compared with every species in relation to
higher eukaryotes (chordates). PPSM (position specific scoring matrix) is widely used to get
either positive or negative results in relation to the substitution of the amino acids for protein
multiple sequences.
Delta Blast is more useful in detecting and is identifying “species proteins from lower
multicellular porifera species to annelids, arthropods, non-chordates & chordates” in which
amino acid or nucleotide sequences of the species, which are not closely related compared to the
PSI- BLAST. Some time PSI-Blast also enables to get possible information in identifying the
evolutionary nucleotide substituent’s in the species, which are not closely related.
Nervous system:
The three animal phyla that best represent stages in the evolution of the nervous system of
animals are animals belongs to primitive bilateria, Cnidaria and Ctenophora since these are often
referred as Epitheliozoa. These animals often diversified from primitive sponges where primitive
neuronal system has developed already. The nervous system present.
Grade 12 Term 3 Evolution slides
to help students understand the content better, look at it from a different viewpoint and excel further in their studies. This can be used as guide however it all depends on learners study methods and whatever works best for them. We hope this is useful to our students and goodluck!
The three components of a nucleotide ... Sugar -.pdfLAMJM
The three components of a nucleotide ... Sugar - Either ribose or deoxyribose (in
RNA or DNA) Nitrogenous base - Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine (only in DNA), uracil
(only in RNA) Phosphates - One to three, two of which are usually hydrolyzed to provide the
energy to attach the nucleotide and form the phosphodiester bond
Solution
The three components of a nucleotide ... Sugar - Either ribose or deoxyribose (in
RNA or DNA) Nitrogenous base - Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine (only in DNA), uracil
(only in RNA) Phosphates - One to three, two of which are usually hydrolyzed to provide the
energy to attach the nucleotide and form the phosphodiester bond.
More Related Content
Similar to Organisms who are closely related with common morphological structur.pdf
Grade 12 Term 3 Evolution slides
to help students understand the content better, look at it from a different viewpoint and excel further in their studies. This can be used as guide however it all depends on learners study methods and whatever works best for them. We hope this is useful to our students and goodluck!
Similar to Organisms who are closely related with common morphological structur.pdf (20)
The three components of a nucleotide ... Sugar -.pdfLAMJM
The three components of a nucleotide ... Sugar - Either ribose or deoxyribose (in
RNA or DNA) Nitrogenous base - Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine (only in DNA), uracil
(only in RNA) Phosphates - One to three, two of which are usually hydrolyzed to provide the
energy to attach the nucleotide and form the phosphodiester bond
Solution
The three components of a nucleotide ... Sugar - Either ribose or deoxyribose (in
RNA or DNA) Nitrogenous base - Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine (only in DNA), uracil
(only in RNA) Phosphates - One to three, two of which are usually hydrolyzed to provide the
energy to attach the nucleotide and form the phosphodiester bond.
The alcohol is a secondary alcohol,therefore must.pdfLAMJM
The alcohol is a secondary alcohol,therefore must have been made from reduction
(using metalhydrides) of ketones (It\'s not letting me insert diagrams, but the structure is1-
phenyl-2-propanone)
Solution
The alcohol is a secondary alcohol,therefore must have been made from reduction
(using metalhydrides) of ketones (It\'s not letting me insert diagrams, but the structure is1-
phenyl-2-propanone).
rate = K[R1][R2] Order of the reaction is the sum.pdfLAMJM
rate = K[R1][R2] Order of the reaction is the sum of the powers of the
concentration terms of the reactants in the rate expression. So order = 1+1 = 2 ---> 2nd order
reaction
Solution
rate = K[R1][R2] Order of the reaction is the sum of the powers of the
concentration terms of the reactants in the rate expression. So order = 1+1 = 2 ---> 2nd order
reaction.
moles of Fe = 1.2656 = 0.0225 moles of O2 = (1.8.pdfLAMJM
moles of Fe = 1.26/56 = 0.0225 moles of O2 = (1.8-1.26)/16 = 0.03375 so, for
every atom of Fe there is 3/2 moles of O so, empirical formula is Fe2O3
Solution
moles of Fe = 1.26/56 = 0.0225 moles of O2 = (1.8-1.26)/16 = 0.03375 so, for
every atom of Fe there is 3/2 moles of O so, empirical formula is Fe2O3.
In SO2, the charge of O is 2(-2)= -4 so the charg.pdfLAMJM
In SO2, the charge of O is 2(-2)= -4 so the charge of S is +4. In H2SO4, the charge
of O is 4(-2)= -8, the charge of H is 2(+1)= +2, so the charge of S is +6. Since S +4 becomes S
+6, electrons are lost, and this is oxidation. So, SO2 is the substance oxidized, and it is also the
reducing agent. The other reactant, HNO3, is the substance reduced, and it is the oxidizing agent.
Solution
In SO2, the charge of O is 2(-2)= -4 so the charge of S is +4. In H2SO4, the charge
of O is 4(-2)= -8, the charge of H is 2(+1)= +2, so the charge of S is +6. Since S +4 becomes S
+6, electrons are lost, and this is oxidation. So, SO2 is the substance oxidized, and it is also the
reducing agent. The other reactant, HNO3, is the substance reduced, and it is the oxidizing agent..
Elution order is based on the polarities of the c.pdfLAMJM
Elution order is based on the polarities of the compounds. Remember the saying
\"like dissolves like\" when thinking about theanswer. The mobile phase starts out very non-polar
usinghexanes; so the compound that will elute first is the mostnon-polar compound. The
compound that is more polar than oneof the other compounds but not as polar as the third
compound willelute second, and the most polar compound will elute third. Adding
dichloromethane speeds up the elution of the more polarcompounds. Naphthalene is the most
non-polar compound due tothe fact that it only has carbons and hydrogens. Fluorenol ismostly
carbons and hydrogens, but it contains a hydroxy groupmaking it a little more polar than
naphthalene. o-Toluic acidcontains a carboxylic acid group making it the most polar
compoundof the three. So, the elution order for these three compoundsis: naphthalene, then
fluorenol, and then o-toluic acid.
Solution
Elution order is based on the polarities of the compounds. Remember the saying
\"like dissolves like\" when thinking about theanswer. The mobile phase starts out very non-polar
usinghexanes; so the compound that will elute first is the mostnon-polar compound. The
compound that is more polar than oneof the other compounds but not as polar as the third
compound willelute second, and the most polar compound will elute third. Adding
dichloromethane speeds up the elution of the more polarcompounds. Naphthalene is the most
non-polar compound due tothe fact that it only has carbons and hydrogens. Fluorenol ismostly
carbons and hydrogens, but it contains a hydroxy groupmaking it a little more polar than
naphthalene. o-Toluic acidcontains a carboxylic acid group making it the most polar
compoundof the three. So, the elution order for these three compoundsis: naphthalene, then
fluorenol, and then o-toluic acid..
XSCID - Human Severe Combined Immunodeficiency SyndromeIt is an P.pdfLAMJM
XSCID :- Human Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Syndrome
It is an Primary Immunodeficiency disorder, which caused due to mutation in the gene on the X
Chromosome,that is essential for T cell growth factor(Gamma c) for formation of Gamma Chain,
due to which T cells wont differentiate thus T cells will decrease in count along with NK cells,
but the B cells will be very high,where T cells plays an vital role in the eradication of pathogens
from the body,not completed by the B cells due to absence of its receptors, so it causes
dysfunction,imbalance in the system thus causes immunodeficiency.
It is reported in high number due to X linked defective gene, nearly 45% of all cases are reported
as X SCID.
Difference between X SCID and IL2 deficiency :-
Comparision : Both are immuno deficiency, caused due to impaired T cell differentiation, except
few most of the symptoms are quite similar,
Il2 deficiency is due to alpha receptor dysfunction is also called CD25
dysfunction.S.NoFeatureX SCIDIL2 deficiency1EpidemiologyReport more casesRare
cases2SeverityMore severe due to absence of T cells, high B cellsPoor differentiation of T and B
cells3Phenotypic appearancePrimary ImmunodeficiencyResembles like immune syndromes like
Polyendocrinopathy, IPEX4SymptomsSensitive for diseases, no characteristic
locationInflammation of lymphatic tissues like lung,liver,gut bone.
Solution
XSCID :- Human Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Syndrome
It is an Primary Immunodeficiency disorder, which caused due to mutation in the gene on the X
Chromosome,that is essential for T cell growth factor(Gamma c) for formation of Gamma Chain,
due to which T cells wont differentiate thus T cells will decrease in count along with NK cells,
but the B cells will be very high,where T cells plays an vital role in the eradication of pathogens
from the body,not completed by the B cells due to absence of its receptors, so it causes
dysfunction,imbalance in the system thus causes immunodeficiency.
It is reported in high number due to X linked defective gene, nearly 45% of all cases are reported
as X SCID.
Difference between X SCID and IL2 deficiency :-
Comparision : Both are immuno deficiency, caused due to impaired T cell differentiation, except
few most of the symptoms are quite similar,
Il2 deficiency is due to alpha receptor dysfunction is also called CD25
dysfunction.S.NoFeatureX SCIDIL2 deficiency1EpidemiologyReport more casesRare
cases2SeverityMore severe due to absence of T cells, high B cellsPoor differentiation of T and B
cells3Phenotypic appearancePrimary ImmunodeficiencyResembles like immune syndromes like
Polyendocrinopathy, IPEX4SymptomsSensitive for diseases, no characteristic
locationInflammation of lymphatic tissues like lung,liver,gut bone..
p = 0.25n = 1000standard error, SE = sqrt(p(1-p)n)SE = sq.pdfLAMJM
p = 0.25
n = 1000
standard error, SE = sqrt(p(1-p)/n)
SE = sqrt(0.25(1-0.25) / 1000) = 0.0137
.
proportion of flights within 3%
= P(-0.03/0.0137
= P( (-0.03 / 0.0137)
Solution
p = 0.25
n = 1000
standard error, SE = sqrt(p(1-p)/n)
SE = sqrt(0.25(1-0.25) / 1000) = 0.0137
.
proportion of flights within 3%
= P(-0.03/0.0137
= P( (-0.03 / 0.0137).
CaO is the lewis base (accepts electrons). SO2 is.pdfLAMJM
CaO is the lewis base (accepts electrons). SO2 is the lewis acid (donates electrons).
Solution
CaO is the lewis base (accepts electrons). SO2 is the lewis acid (donates electrons)..
The thrust to weight ratio must be higer than one in order to get (V.pdfLAMJM
The thrust to weight ratio must be higer than one in order to get (VTOL) Vertical lift off and
landing. This ratio must be greater than one to lift from the ground with the thrust vector pointed
downward during take off and pointed back ward during normal flight. In earlier days the main
problem with these aircraft was that thier control was too dificult and the maintenence of engine
was difficult too. In this way accident rate or ratio was too high. SO , Harrier was the first air
craft with successfull VTOL. There were four vectorizing Nozzels which could be turned
vectorially from 0 to 98degrees. WIth the reaction control system with the extra set of small
thruster there were no air stream in hover flight accross any control system . Harrier was prior to
preveous such jets because of its high roll rate, a small turn radius , and its ability of climb to
high altitude abruptly. Another plus point of Horrier was that it lands just like an ordinary plane
vectoring the thrust to about 45 degree down .
Solution
The thrust to weight ratio must be higer than one in order to get (VTOL) Vertical lift off and
landing. This ratio must be greater than one to lift from the ground with the thrust vector pointed
downward during take off and pointed back ward during normal flight. In earlier days the main
problem with these aircraft was that thier control was too dificult and the maintenence of engine
was difficult too. In this way accident rate or ratio was too high. SO , Harrier was the first air
craft with successfull VTOL. There were four vectorizing Nozzels which could be turned
vectorially from 0 to 98degrees. WIth the reaction control system with the extra set of small
thruster there were no air stream in hover flight accross any control system . Harrier was prior to
preveous such jets because of its high roll rate, a small turn radius , and its ability of climb to
high altitude abruptly. Another plus point of Horrier was that it lands just like an ordinary plane
vectoring the thrust to about 45 degree down ..
Views are virtual tables which are not real tables but are generated.pdfLAMJM
Views are virtual tables which are not real tables but are generated from base tables
Solution
Views are virtual tables which are not real tables but are generated from base tables.
This was an observational study as the investigators obsereved the e.pdfLAMJM
This was an observational study as the investigators obsereved the effect of proximity on the
interference of competition between two ants species.
The data that was used were gathered from the earlier studies as well as the research conducted
by the various researchers of the particular institute. They had mapped and censused the data
since the summer of 1985 for the ant population Pogonomyrmex (each of the colony was
labelled individually, and located using coordinates from a fixed origin, using a fixed infrared
theodolite. ), and since 1997 they had mapped and censused every Aphaenogaster member on the
particular site(aggression test was performed).
They studied the nesting pattern.
The age of the colony was percieved by the mating pattern of the ants.
By the cooperation among the habitants they found whether the ants belonged to same colony or
the other.
They saw that there was a significant effect of distance among the colonies,between teo different
species and also among the same species.
Solution
This was an observational study as the investigators obsereved the effect of proximity on the
interference of competition between two ants species.
The data that was used were gathered from the earlier studies as well as the research conducted
by the various researchers of the particular institute. They had mapped and censused the data
since the summer of 1985 for the ant population Pogonomyrmex (each of the colony was
labelled individually, and located using coordinates from a fixed origin, using a fixed infrared
theodolite. ), and since 1997 they had mapped and censused every Aphaenogaster member on the
particular site(aggression test was performed).
They studied the nesting pattern.
The age of the colony was percieved by the mating pattern of the ants.
By the cooperation among the habitants they found whether the ants belonged to same colony or
the other.
They saw that there was a significant effect of distance among the colonies,between teo different
species and also among the same species..
System integrationits defined as the development of carrying organ.pdfLAMJM
System integration
its defined as the development of carrying organized the element subsystems single system and
certifying the subsystems role organized as a system. In evidence skill, systems integration is the
process of connecting composed changed computing systems and software submissions
substantially or functionally to performance as a corresponding complete
System integration (SI) is as well about calculation value the system, competences that are
conceivable since of connections among subsystems
A system integration cause wants a wide range of services and is possible to be clear by a extent
of information relatively than a complexity of information. These services are likely to contain
software, systems then initiative manner, software and hardware engineering, border, and overall
problematic resolving skills. It is expected that the hitches to be resolved have not stayed solved
earlier but in the widest sense. They are likely to comprise new and interesting complications
with an effort from a comprehensive variety of causes wherever the system integration cause
Vertical integration
Vertical integration is the course of mixing subsystems conferring to their functionality by
making efficient objects also mentioned to as storage tower. The advantage of this technique is
that the integration is done rapidly and includes only the essential sellers, so, this technique is
inexpensive in the small term.
Star integration
It’s also known as spaghetti integration, is a procedure of schemes mixing anywhere to each
system is interrelated to apiece of the residual subsystems. Once detected since the belvedere of
the subsystem which is lifecycle joint, the systems are suggestive of a star, but after the general
diagram of the scheme is accessible, the influences look like spaghetti, from now the title of this
process.
Horizontal integration
Horizontal integration is an mixing way in which a dedicated subsystem is devoted to
announcement among further subsystems. This agrees critical the amount of influences first
unique per subsystem which drive link directly to the ESB. The ESB is skilled of decoding the
border into extra interface. This lets wounding the costs of addition and affords dangerous
suppleness.
Internal ownership
On the other pointer, cost-of-ownership can be significantly advanced than seen in other devices,
since in situation of original or improved functionality, the only conceivable way to tool would
be by applying added silo. Recycling subsystems to generate one more functionality is not
possible.
External (third parties) ownership
A third party is an separate or thing that is complex in a deal then is not one of the leaders then
has a smaller attention. Ownership is most simply established in the case of perceptible property.
But, in the case of intelligent stuff which is critical for software. Most similes of intelligent
possessions favor it as analogous to, then not the identical as, palpable stuff
Solution
System integration.
Solution Function of neuron is to transmit information to the oth.pdfLAMJM
Solution
:
Function of neuron is to transmit information to the other neuron after processing it.It generates
nerve implulses.Neurones play their role or transmit information through electrical nerve
impulses.These electrical nerve information are generated by the action of some chemicals or we
can say that nerve impulses use electric power generated by chemicals for transmission of
information..
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Overview on Edible Vaccine: Pros & Cons with Mechanism
Organisms who are closely related with common morphological structur.pdf
1. Organisms who are closely related with common morphological structures usually have similar
nucleotide sequences in DNA compared to those who have different morphological structures
with varied DNA sequences. However in some cases morphological divergence between related
species can be huge but nucleotide sequences might not differ much. This proves that although
there are phenotypic differences the genes are very similar to each other which means that the
common ancestor must have diverged millions of years ago into different habitats leading to
divergent evolution. If the species are very closely related the nucleotide sequences only differ at
one or a few sites. In contrast nucleotide sequences in distantly related species have very
different genes at many sites and have many variations because of insertion and deletion of
nucleotide sequences over a long period of time. We also need to understand the concept of
homologous and analogous organs present in organisms. Homologous organs are organs having
similar basic structure but different functions like the pentadactyl limb of vertebrates which
proves that although they have many dissimilarities they have a common ancestor. Similarly, two
nucleotide sequences that resemble each other at many point along their length most likely are
homologous. Analogous organs are structures whose function is same but basic structures are
different like wings in insect and birds. Similarly organisms that do not appear to be closely
related, the bases that their otherwise very different sequences share may just be coincidental and
also called molecular homoplasies.
Solution
Organisms who are closely related with common morphological structures usually have similar
nucleotide sequences in DNA compared to those who have different morphological structures
with varied DNA sequences. However in some cases morphological divergence between related
species can be huge but nucleotide sequences might not differ much. This proves that although
there are phenotypic differences the genes are very similar to each other which means that the
common ancestor must have diverged millions of years ago into different habitats leading to
divergent evolution. If the species are very closely related the nucleotide sequences only differ at
one or a few sites. In contrast nucleotide sequences in distantly related species have very
different genes at many sites and have many variations because of insertion and deletion of
nucleotide sequences over a long period of time. We also need to understand the concept of
homologous and analogous organs present in organisms. Homologous organs are organs having
similar basic structure but different functions like the pentadactyl limb of vertebrates which
proves that although they have many dissimilarities they have a common ancestor. Similarly, two
nucleotide sequences that resemble each other at many point along their length most likely are
2. homologous. Analogous organs are structures whose function is same but basic structures are
different like wings in insect and birds. Similarly organisms that do not appear to be closely
related, the bases that their otherwise very different sequences share may just be coincidental and
also called molecular homoplasies.
