This document discusses interpretation and report writing for research. It defines interpretation as making sense of collected and analyzed numerical data. Good interpretation is important for maintaining research continuity, guiding further research, and communicating significance. Techniques for interpretation include explaining relationships found, interpreting relationships in terms of processes, and forming generalizations. A research report should contain an objective presentation of methods, findings, conclusions and references. Key aspects of writing a research report include following appropriate formats and reference styles, and maintaining ethical standards.
To know different types of research methods
To identify different parts of a research report
To Identifying research questions
To know Web-based searches
To know different types of research methods
To identify different parts of a research report
To Identifying research questions
To know Web-based searches
Its a investigation paper that has to be done following this format.docxsleeperfindley
Its a investigation paper that has to be done following this format:
Table of Contents
Introduction
(It is recommended to consider the following aspects:
• Brief overview of the topic where the problem is to be investigated.
• Importance of the theme, its validity and current affairs.
• Purpose or purpose of the research).
4.4. Project Body
4.4.1. The problem
4.4.1.1. Problem Statement
It consists of broadly describing the situation under study, placing it in a context that allows understanding their origin and relationships. During the drafting, it is desirable that the judgments issued be backed with data or figures from previous studies.
In posing the problem, it is recommended to answer the following questions:
What are the elements of the problem: data, situations and concepts related to it?
What are the previous facts that relate to the problem?
What is the current situation?
What is the relevance of the problem?
4.5 goals
The research objectives are goals that the researcher traces in relation to the aspects that he wants to investigate and to know. These express a result or "product of the investigative work."
As for its wording, the objectives ... "will translate in an affirmative manner, which expressed the initial questions." (Sabino 1994, 108). For this purpose u will be verbs in infinitive, for example: to know, to characterize, to determine, to establish, to detect, to diagnose, etc.
4.6. Rationale for Research
This section should state the reasons for the research, and its possible contributions from a theoretical or practical point of view.
For your writing, we recommend answering the following questions:
Why is the research done?
What will be your contributions?
Who could benefit?
4.7. Limitations
These are obstacles that may arise during the course of research. The lack of cooperation of the respondents in providing the information is an example of a limitation or obstacle confronted by the researcher.
4.8. Hypothesis
"Hypothesis is a stated proposition to respond tentatively to a problem." (Pardinas, 1991, p.151).
It is important to note that, in general, the formulation of hypotheses is relevant in investigations at the explanatory level, where it is intended to establish causal relationships between variables. In the investigations of exploratory level and in some of character descriptive usually does not pose hypotheses of explicit, that is to say, it works with objectives.
Here are some recommendations for formulating hypotheses:
• They will be written accurately, without using value judgments, for example: good, bad, better, etc.
• Express the variables contained in the problem.
• They must be subject to verification.
4.9. The Theoretical Framework
The theoretical frame of research or reference frame can be defined as the compendium of a series of conceptual elements that serve as the basis for the investigation to be carried out.
This framework is generally .
Chapter Two:
Review of the Literature
*
Chapter Outline
Review of the Literature
The Research Topic
The Literature Review
The Use of the Literature
Design Techniques
Steps in Conducting a Literature Review Searching Computerized Databases
A Priority for Selecting Literature Material
A Literature Map of the Research
Abstracting Studies
Example 2.1. Literature Review Abstract in a Quantitative Study
Example 2.2. Literature Review Abstract in a Study Advancing a Typology
Style Manuals
The Definition of Terms
Example 2.3. Terms Defined in an Independent Variables Section
Example 2.4. Terms Defined in a Mixed Methods Dissertation
A Quantitative or Mixed Methods Literature Review
*
The Research Topic
A critical first step in any research is examining the existing body of knowledge on the research topic/idea, and it will assist the Researcher with all of the following:The subject or subject matter of a proposed studyDescribe in a few wordsThe central idea you want to learn aboutThe topic can be researched ifYou have access to participantsYou have resources to collect and analyze informationThe topic should be researched ifThe research will add to the literature about the topicScholars will be interested in the topicA study of it will advance your personal goals
The Literature ReviewShares the results of other studiesRelates the study to the larger dialogue in the literatureProvides a framework for establishing the importance of the studyProvides a benchmark for comparing the results to other findings
The Use of Literature
The use and length of the literature varies based on the forum: research proposal, dissertation or journal article. Despite this, the literature may:provide a summary of major studies on the research problemdemonstrate the writers knowledge of the topic/problem/issueintegrate what others have done and said about the topic/problem/issuemay criticize previous scholarly works on the topic/problem/issuemay allow for connections between related topicsmay elucidate the central issues in the field
Using Literature in a Qualitative Study
The Use of Literature in a Quantitative Study
In quantitative studies the literature is used deductively as it provides a framework for the research questions and hypothesisProvide direction to the research questions and hypothesesIntroduce a problemIntroduce and describe the theory that will be used Examine the usefulness of the theoryCompare results with existing literature or predictions
The Use of Literature in a Mixed Methods Study
In mixed methods studies Researchers use the literature:in either a quantitative or qualitative approachin a manner consistent with either quantitative or qualitative approachrelative to the intended audience
Irrespective of the type of study, choose one of the following types of literature reviews:
Integrative
Critical
Building bridges among topics
Identification of central issues
Steps in Con ...
A genre based analysis on the discussion section of ph d research manuscript ...Tutors India
During the course of writing your undergraduate dissertation, there will be a time when you have to take up the task of writing a literature review. For those who are unaware, a literature review is deemed as an integral part of academic writing which would be instrumental in signifying understanding and knowledge about academic literature regarding a particular topic [1]. However, the important aspect that academic researchers need to know is that literature review is not just about writing, on the contrary, it would consist of critically assessing the literature [2]. That’s the main reason why it is known as a literature review. Otherwise, it could have very well been termed as a literature report.
For #Enquiry
https://www.tutorsindia.com
info@tutorsindia.com
(Whatsapp): +91-8754446690
(UK): +44-1143520021
This powerpoint reviews parts of academic paper, such as the Title, Abstract, Introduction, Literature Review, Methodology, Findings, Discussion, and Conclusion
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Its a investigation paper that has to be done following this format.docxsleeperfindley
Its a investigation paper that has to be done following this format:
Table of Contents
Introduction
(It is recommended to consider the following aspects:
• Brief overview of the topic where the problem is to be investigated.
• Importance of the theme, its validity and current affairs.
• Purpose or purpose of the research).
4.4. Project Body
4.4.1. The problem
4.4.1.1. Problem Statement
It consists of broadly describing the situation under study, placing it in a context that allows understanding their origin and relationships. During the drafting, it is desirable that the judgments issued be backed with data or figures from previous studies.
In posing the problem, it is recommended to answer the following questions:
What are the elements of the problem: data, situations and concepts related to it?
What are the previous facts that relate to the problem?
What is the current situation?
What is the relevance of the problem?
4.5 goals
The research objectives are goals that the researcher traces in relation to the aspects that he wants to investigate and to know. These express a result or "product of the investigative work."
As for its wording, the objectives ... "will translate in an affirmative manner, which expressed the initial questions." (Sabino 1994, 108). For this purpose u will be verbs in infinitive, for example: to know, to characterize, to determine, to establish, to detect, to diagnose, etc.
4.6. Rationale for Research
This section should state the reasons for the research, and its possible contributions from a theoretical or practical point of view.
For your writing, we recommend answering the following questions:
Why is the research done?
What will be your contributions?
Who could benefit?
4.7. Limitations
These are obstacles that may arise during the course of research. The lack of cooperation of the respondents in providing the information is an example of a limitation or obstacle confronted by the researcher.
4.8. Hypothesis
"Hypothesis is a stated proposition to respond tentatively to a problem." (Pardinas, 1991, p.151).
It is important to note that, in general, the formulation of hypotheses is relevant in investigations at the explanatory level, where it is intended to establish causal relationships between variables. In the investigations of exploratory level and in some of character descriptive usually does not pose hypotheses of explicit, that is to say, it works with objectives.
Here are some recommendations for formulating hypotheses:
• They will be written accurately, without using value judgments, for example: good, bad, better, etc.
• Express the variables contained in the problem.
• They must be subject to verification.
4.9. The Theoretical Framework
The theoretical frame of research or reference frame can be defined as the compendium of a series of conceptual elements that serve as the basis for the investigation to be carried out.
This framework is generally .
Chapter Two:
Review of the Literature
*
Chapter Outline
Review of the Literature
The Research Topic
The Literature Review
The Use of the Literature
Design Techniques
Steps in Conducting a Literature Review Searching Computerized Databases
A Priority for Selecting Literature Material
A Literature Map of the Research
Abstracting Studies
Example 2.1. Literature Review Abstract in a Quantitative Study
Example 2.2. Literature Review Abstract in a Study Advancing a Typology
Style Manuals
The Definition of Terms
Example 2.3. Terms Defined in an Independent Variables Section
Example 2.4. Terms Defined in a Mixed Methods Dissertation
A Quantitative or Mixed Methods Literature Review
*
The Research Topic
A critical first step in any research is examining the existing body of knowledge on the research topic/idea, and it will assist the Researcher with all of the following:The subject or subject matter of a proposed studyDescribe in a few wordsThe central idea you want to learn aboutThe topic can be researched ifYou have access to participantsYou have resources to collect and analyze informationThe topic should be researched ifThe research will add to the literature about the topicScholars will be interested in the topicA study of it will advance your personal goals
The Literature ReviewShares the results of other studiesRelates the study to the larger dialogue in the literatureProvides a framework for establishing the importance of the studyProvides a benchmark for comparing the results to other findings
The Use of Literature
The use and length of the literature varies based on the forum: research proposal, dissertation or journal article. Despite this, the literature may:provide a summary of major studies on the research problemdemonstrate the writers knowledge of the topic/problem/issueintegrate what others have done and said about the topic/problem/issuemay criticize previous scholarly works on the topic/problem/issuemay allow for connections between related topicsmay elucidate the central issues in the field
Using Literature in a Qualitative Study
The Use of Literature in a Quantitative Study
In quantitative studies the literature is used deductively as it provides a framework for the research questions and hypothesisProvide direction to the research questions and hypothesesIntroduce a problemIntroduce and describe the theory that will be used Examine the usefulness of the theoryCompare results with existing literature or predictions
The Use of Literature in a Mixed Methods Study
In mixed methods studies Researchers use the literature:in either a quantitative or qualitative approachin a manner consistent with either quantitative or qualitative approachrelative to the intended audience
Irrespective of the type of study, choose one of the following types of literature reviews:
Integrative
Critical
Building bridges among topics
Identification of central issues
Steps in Con ...
A genre based analysis on the discussion section of ph d research manuscript ...Tutors India
During the course of writing your undergraduate dissertation, there will be a time when you have to take up the task of writing a literature review. For those who are unaware, a literature review is deemed as an integral part of academic writing which would be instrumental in signifying understanding and knowledge about academic literature regarding a particular topic [1]. However, the important aspect that academic researchers need to know is that literature review is not just about writing, on the contrary, it would consist of critically assessing the literature [2]. That’s the main reason why it is known as a literature review. Otherwise, it could have very well been termed as a literature report.
For #Enquiry
https://www.tutorsindia.com
info@tutorsindia.com
(Whatsapp): +91-8754446690
(UK): +44-1143520021
This powerpoint reviews parts of academic paper, such as the Title, Abstract, Introduction, Literature Review, Methodology, Findings, Discussion, and Conclusion
Similar to Module-4_ research methodology.pptx (20)
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
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Bibliography
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2. Interpretation
After the data is collected and analysed using several data
analysis methods, the next task is to draw Inferences from
these data.
In other words, Interpretation of data needs to be done, so as
to derive certain conclusions, which is the whole purpose of
the research study.
Definition
"Interpretation refers
numerical data that
presented".
to the process of making sense of
has been collected, analysed and
3. Need of Interpretation
Maintaining Continuity of Research
Pointers for further Research
Communicate Significance of Research
Transition of Exploratory Research to Experimental Research
4. Techniques of Interpretation
Steps
1. Explanations of the relations which the researcher has found
during the research study
2. Interpretation of the lines of relationship in terms of the
underlying processes
3. Finding thread of uniformity that lies beneath the diversified
research findings and thereby, forming generalizations and
theories.
5. Techniques of Interpretation
Steps
4. Extraneous information, collected during the study, must also
be considered while interpreting the final results of research
study, as it may result in better understanding of the
problem in hand.
5. Consulting an expert having an insight of the research study
who points out omissions and errors in logical argumentation
will result in correct interpretation and, add to usefulness of
the research results.
6. Techniques of Interpretation
Steps
6. All relevant
considered
factors
before
affecting
forming
the problem must be
Interpretations or
Generalizations. Otherwise, it may lead to incorrect
conclusions.
7. Precautions in Interpretation
1. Ensure Proper Data Collection
2. Data Analysis
3. Errors can Arise
4. Results of Hypothesis Testing
5. Statistical Measures
6. Avoid Broad Generalizations
7. Quality of Interpretation
8. Difference Between Analysis & Interpretation
Analysis helps in describing general trends in the data and
differences and similarities among data points.
Interpretation, on the other hand, relates data to the
objectives of the research, explores relationships between
multiple measures, qualifies and amplifies data, draws
inferences and evaluates
9. Difference Between Analysis & Interpretation
Analysis is made on the basis of observed data to identify the
pattern. This trend or pattern gives useful information about
the design or system.
Interpretation involves things like predicting the outcome,
observing the output response and associating meaning to
that output. In other words, making the numerical data
speak is the purpose of Interpretation.
10. Difference Between Analysis & Interpretation
Analysis is the information deciphered after collecting the
data (Trend or routine).
Interpretation explains the reasons behind the trend or a
prevailing practice (Why the trend?).
For instance, deciphering the patterns of monsoon over
several years refers to Analysis.
The reasons behind this trend will be explained through
Interpretation.
11. Research Report Writing
Dr. Shlesinger and M. Stephenson in the encyclopaedia of
Social Sciences define Research as the manipulation of
things, concepts or symbols for the purpose of generalizing
to extend correct or verify knowledge aids in construction of
theory or in the practice of an art.
Writing the Research Report is the last step of Research
Process.
12. Research Report Writing
Definition
Research Report is defined as "Systematic, articulate and
orderly presentation of research work in a written form.“
Research Report is a Research Document that contains basic
and important aspects of a Research project.
13. Contents of Research Report
Description of events
Facts discovered during investigation
Description of procedures/ analysis tools
References carefully documented
Conclusion
Results objectively recorded
Recommendations/ Suggestions
14. Objectives of Research Report
T
o become familiar with the given subject and achieve new
insights into it.
To portray the exact features or nature of an individual, group
or object.
To determine the frequency with which something occurs or is
associated with something else.
T
o study and test the relationship between two or more
variables.
15. Characteristics of an Ideal Research Report
Proper title
Relevant subheadings and paragraph divisions
The Research report should be factual
The Research report should relate to certain period
The Research report should be clear, brief and concise
The reporting must be prompt
Distinguish between controllable and non-controllable factors
16. Characteristics of an Ideal Research Report
Appropriate remarks
Periodically reviewed
Permissible degree of inaccuracy
Highlight important deviations from standards
Visual reporting
Comparison between comparable matters
17. Significance of Report Writing
Major component
Findings are brought into light
Medium to communicate research work with relevant people.
Contributes to the body of knowledge
Effective way of conveying the research work
Reference material
Aid for decision making
18. Steps in Report Writing
Analysis of the Subject-matter
Making of the Final Outline
Making Rough Draft
Polishing the Rough Draft
Making of Bibliography
Writing the Final Draft
19. Format of Research Report
A. Preliminary Pages
B. Main Text
1. Introduction
2. Statement of Findings and Recommendation
3. The Results
4. The Implications Drawn from the Results
5. The Summary
C. End Matter
20. Contents of the Research Report
Cover page
Summary
Acknowledgement
Index
Introduction
Objectives
Literature review
Research Methodology
Data analysis and interpretation
Conclusion
Bibliography
Appendix/Annexure
21. Precautions in Writing Research Report
Communicate research finding
Length of research report
Curiosity within reader
Objective style of writing
Use of charts, graphs and tables
Appropriate layout
Avoid grammatical mistakes
Logical analysis
Appendices
Bibliography of necessary sources
Appearance
Policy implications
Originality
Objectives of study
22. Research Paper Writing
Definition
According to Berge and Saffioti, Research paper is a paper
written to reflect a search that will present information to
support a point of view on a particular topic".
A research paper entails surveying a field of knowledge so as
to find the best possible information in that field.
23. Structure of Research Paper
1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Review of Literature
4. Research methods and procedures
5. Analysis and findings
6. Conclusions and recommendations
7. Limitations and future scope
8. References
24. Referencing Styles
The different references used by the researcher for the
purpose of research study such as books, articles, other
research papers, Internet URL's should be cited in standard
accepted formats.
There are different referencing styles such as APA (American
Psychological Association), MLA (Modern Language
Association), Harvard referencing style, Chicago style of
referencing etc.
25. Referencing Styles - Elements
Name of author
Title of article/research paper
Name of journal /periodical
Volume number
Date/month of issuance
Year of publication
Page number
Name of book (in case of a book)
Book publisher and place (in case of a book)
26. Referencing Styles
APA (American Psychological Association) Referencing Style
The style to reference is
1. For a Research paper/Article
Authors surname followed by his (their) initials (Y
ear of
publication) Article title. Name of Journal, Volume, Page no.
Example
Tomaszewski, S. & Showerman, S. (2010). IFRS in United States:
Challenges and opportunities, Review of Business,30,59-71
27. Referencing Styles
APA (American Psychological Association) Referencing Style
The style to reference is
2. For a Book
Author's surname, Initials (Year of publication) Book title. Place:
Publisher
Example
Kumar, R(2014). Research Methodology: A Step-by-Step Guide for
Beginners(4th ed). Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications
28. Referencing Styles
Harvard Referencing Style
The broad style to reference is
Author Surname, Initials. (Publication
Newspaper/Magazine Name, Day Month
Available at: URL or DOI (Accessed date)
Y
ear) 'Article title,
Published, Page(s).
29. Ethics in Report/Research Paper Writing
Avoid Plagiarism
Honesty
Objectivity
Integrity
Alertness
Openness
Confidentiality
Publication
Social Responsibility