2. Leader
1. “A process of social influence in which a person can enlist the aid
and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task“
2. Leadership is a matter of intelligence, trustworthiness,
humaneness, courage, and discipline ...
• Reliance on intelligence alone results in rebelliousness.
• Exercise of humaneness alone results in weakness.
• Fixation on trust results in folly.
• Dependence on the strength of courage results in violence.
• Excessive discipline and sternness in command result in cruelty.
When one has all five virtues together, each appropriate to its function,
then one can be a leader. — Jia Lin, in commentary on Sun Tzu, Art of
War
3. Leadership
• Leadership is generally defined as influence, the art of
process of influencing people so that they will strive willingly
towards the achievement of group goals. (Koontz and
O’Donnell)
• Leadership is the lifting of man’s visions to higher rights, the
raising of man’s performance to higher standards, the
building of man’s personality beyond its normal limitations.
(Peter Drucker)
4. Needs and Importance of Leadership
• Perfect organization structure
• Directing group activities
• Technological, economical and social changes
• Better utilization of manpower
• Avoiding imbalances
• Source of motivation
• Reconciliation of goals
• Developing good human relations
• Promoting the spirit of co-ordination
• Fulfilling social responsibilities
5. Approaches and theories of Leadership
1. Trait theory of Leadership
2. Behavioral Theory of Leadership
3. Situational Theory of Leadership
4. Follower’s Theory or Acceptance Theory of Leadership
5. System Theory of A Path-Goal Theory of Leadership
6. Trait theory of Leadership
• Good personality
• Tirelessness
• Ability to take Quick decision
• Courage to face competitors
• Persuasion
• Lesson out of experience
• Intelligence
• Different thinking
• Reliability
• Physical fitness
7. Weakness of Trait theory of Leadership
• No common equalities list
• Measurement of quality
• No scope for future development
• No consideration for situational factors
• No need of uniform traits
8. 2. Behavioral Theory of Leadership
• This theory had popularity during 1950S.
• The basis of this theory lies in the fact that how the management viewed
the worker.
• Theory assumes that people are lazy and irresponsible by nature. So here
leadership act as an instrument to motivate the people and manager is an
instrument holder.
• Autocratic, Democratic or supervisory styles are some of the leadership
style.
• Weakness:
i. Both leaders and Followers changes their behaviour according to situation
ii. Followers change their behaviour as per the change of behaviour of the leader
9. 3. Situational Theory of Leadership
• Usefulness of both Trait and Behaviour theories of leadership is
tested in a particular situation.
• As per Situation theory, a leader is strongly affected by the situation
in which he works.
• Situation helps managers to learn and emerge as a leader.
• This theory believes that there is an interlink between the group of
workers and its leaders.
• If the followers have some aspirations, they follow the leader, so it is
the situation drives them to follow the leader.
10. 4. Follower’s Theory or Acceptance Theory of
Leadership
• According to this theory only follower’s decide whether a person is a
leader or not.
• This theory cant exit without a group of followers.
• Traits and behaviour are not considered as essential elements of
leadership. If the followers accept someone as leader that person
becomes leader.
11. 5. System Theory of A Path-Goal Theory of
Leadership
• System theory is focused on a person’s act rather than his traits or
behaviour.
• A leader coordinates the efforts of his/ her followers. It is termed as a
person’s act.
• The process of coordination stimulates the people to achieve the goal
in a particular situation.
• System theory considers all the variables. The term variables includes
the leader, followers, situation, leadership traits, environment, goals
and group’s nature, characteristics and needs, role of bahaviour of
leader and coordination efforts of the leader.
• This theory is also considered as Modern theory of leadership.
15. What makes a Leader?
• FUNCTION OF A LEADER
1. Taking initiative
2. Representation
3. Guide
4. Encouraging others
5. Arbitrator and mentor
6. Planner
7. Reward and punishment
8. Integration
9. Communication
10. Production
16. Leadership Qualities
• Physical appearance and strength
• Mental vigour
• Emotional stability
• Sense of judgement
• Goodwill
• Motivation
• Communication skills
• Guiding ability
• Sociability
• Technical knowledge
18. Technique of leadership
• Securing co-operation
• The use of power
• Co-ordination
• Discipline
• Morale
19. Characteristics of leadership
• There must be followers
• Working relationship between leader and followers
• Personal quality
• Reciprocal relationship
• Community of interest
• Guidance
• Related to a particular situation
• Shared function
• Power relationship
