FOR BSN COURSE

1. INTEGUMENTARY
SYSTEM

2. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
- Consists of the skin and accessory
structures, such as hair, glands, and
nails.
- Integument means covering, and the
integumentary system is one of the
more familiar systems of the body to
everyone because it covers the outside
of the body and is easily observed.

3. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
- Appearance in the integumentary system can
indicate physiological imbalances in the body.
- Some disorders such as acne or warts, affect
just the integumentary system.
- Other disorders affect different parts of the
body but are reflected in the integumentary
system, providing useful signs for diagnosis.

4. 1
2
3
4
5
MAJOR
FUNCTIONS
OF
INTEGUMENTARY
SYSTEM

5. 1
2
3
4
5
MAJOR
FUNCTIONS
OF
INTEGUMENTARY
SYSTEM
PROTECTION
The skin provides
protection against
abrasion and ultraviolet
light. It also prevents
microorganisms from
entering the body and
reduces water loss, thus
preventing dehydration

6. 1
2
3
4
5
MAJOR
FUNCTIONS
OF
INTEGUMENTARY
SYSTEM
SENSATION
The integumentary
system has sensory
receptors that can
detect heat, cold,
touch, pressure, and
pain

7. 1
2
3
4
5
MAJOR
FUNCTIONS
OF
INTEGUMENTARY
SYSTEM
VITAMIN D
PRODUCTION
When exposed to
ultraviolet light, the skin
produces a molecule
that can be transformed
into vitamin D, an
important regulator of
calcium homeostasis

8. 1
2
3
4
5
MAJOR
FUNCTIONS
OF
INTEGUMENTARY
SYSTEM
TEMPERATURE
REGULATION
The amount of blood
flow beneath the
skin’s surface and the
activity of sweat
glands in the skin
both help regulate
body temperature.

9. 1
2
3
4
5
MAJOR
FUNCTIONS
OF
INTEGUMENTARY
SYSTEM
EXCRETION
Small amounts of
waster products
are lost through
the skin and in
gland secretions.

10. SKIN
- The skin rests on the subcutaneous tissue,
which is also a layer of connective tissue.
- The subcutaneous tissue is not part of the skin,
but it does connect the skin to underlying
muscle or bone.
- The skin is made up of two major tissue layers:
(1) epidermis and (2) dermis.

11. EPIDERMIS

12. EPIDERMIS
- Meaning upon the dermis
- Is the most superficial layer of the skin. It is a
layer of epithelial tissue that rests on the
dermis.
- Is a stratified squamous epithelium; in its
deepest layers, new cells are produced by
mitosis.
- The many cells of the epidermis prevent water
loss and resist abrasion.

13. EPIDERMIS
- The outermost cells protect the cells
underneath, and the deeper, replicating cells
replace cells lost from the surface.
KERATINIZATION
- A process where the cells change shape and
chemical composition.
- The term keratinization reflects the fact that the
cells become filled with the protein keratin,
which makes them more rigid and durable.

14. 1
2
3
4
5
Five strata
from deepest
to the most
superficial

15. 1
2
3
4
5
STRATUM BASALE
Consists of cuboidal or
columnar cells that undergo
mitotic division about every
19 days. One daughter cell
becomes a new stratum
basale cell and can divide
again. The other daughter
cell is pushed toward the
surface, a journey that
takes about 40-56 days.
Five strata
from
deepest to
the most
superficial

16. 1
2
3
4
5
STRATUM SPINOSUM
Cells of stratum
spinosum take in a
flattened appearance
and accumulate lipid-
filled vesicles called
LAMELLAR BODIES.
Five strata
from
deepest to
the most
superficial

17. 1
2
3
4
5
STRATUM
GRANULOSUM
Cells are flat and
diamond shaped.
Five strata
from
deepest to
the most
superficial

18. 1
2
3
4
STRATUM LUCIDUM
- Is a thin, clear zone between
the stratum granulosum and
stratum corneum.
- Is present in certain areas of
the body.
- The cells are no longer have
nuclei or organelles, and as a
result, the cells stain more
lightly.
Five strata
from
deepest to
the most
superficial

19. 1
2
3
4
5
MAJOR
FUNCTIONS
OF
INTEGUMENTARY
SYSTEM
STRATUM CORNEUM
- Is the most superficial
stratum of the epidermis.
- It consists of dead
squamous cells filled with
keratin.
- Are also coated and
surrounded by lipids
released from the lamellar
bodies of the skin cells.

20. Five Strata
from
DEEPEST TO
THE MOST
SUPERFICIAL

21. DERMIS
- Is composed of dense collagenous connective
tissue containing fibroblasts, adipocytes, and
macrophages.
- Nerves, hair follicles, smooth muscles, glands,
and lymphatic vessels extend into the dermis.
- Collagen and elastic fibers are responsible for
the strength of the dermis.

22. STRETCHED MARKS
- If the skin is overstretched for any reason, the
dermis can be damaged, leaving lines that are
visible through the epidermis.
- It can develop when a person increases in size
quite rapidly.
DERMAL PAPILLAE
- A projection in the upper part of the dermis
which extended toward the epidermis

23. SKIN COLOR
Several factors determine skin color:
1. Pigments in the skin
2. Blood circulating through the skin
3. The thickness of the stratum corneum

24. MELANIN
- Is the group od pigments primarily
responsible for skin, hair, and eye color.
- Most melanin molecules are brown to black
pigments, but some are yellowish or
reddish.
- Provides protection against ultraviolet light
from the sun.

25. MELANOCYTES
- (melano, black + kytos, cells)
- Produces MELANIN
- They are irregularly shaped and are located
between the stratum Basale and the stratum
spinosum.
- Large amounts of melanin form freckles or
moles in some regions of the skin, as well as
darkened areas in the genitalia, the nipples,
and the circular areas around the nipples.

26. - For example, ALBINISM is a recessive genetic
trait that causes a deficiency or an absence of
melanin, resulting in fair skin, white hair, and
unpigmented irises in the eyes.
- Exposure to ultraviolet light, in sunlight,
stimulates melanocytes to increase melanin
production. The result is a suntan. The
production of melanin in response to ultraviolet
light is a protective measure, reducing DNA
damage in the cell.

27. - Estrogen and melanocyte-stimulating hormone
can cause an increase in melanin production
during pregnancy in the mother.
- Blood flowing through the skin imparts a
reddish hue, and when blood flow increases, the
red color intensifies.
- A decrease in the blood O, content produces
bluish discoloration of the skin, called
CYANOSIS
- Birthmarks are congenital disorders of the
blood vessels in the dermis

28. CAROTENE
- Is a yellow pigment found in plants such as
squash and carrots.
- Humans normally ingest carotene and use it as
a source of Vitamin A.
- It is a lipid-soluble, and when consumed, it
accumulates in the lipids of the stratum
corneum and the adipocytes of the dermis and
subcutaneous tissue.

29. - The subcutaneous tissue is not part of the
skin but instead attached the skin to
underlying bone and muscle and supplies it
with blood vessels and nerves.
- Is a loose connective tissue, including
adipose tissue that contains about half the
body’s stored lipids.
SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE

30. - The skin and subcutaneous tissue are
pinched and selected locations, and the
thickness of the fold is measured. The
thicker the fold, the greater the amount of
total body fat.
- The acceptable percentage of body fat
varies from 21% to 30% for females and
from 13% to 25% for males.
SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE

31. - Are attached to or embedded into
the skin.
- The accessory skin structures are
• Hair
• glands, and
• nails.
ACCESSORY SKIN STRUCTURES

32. H
A
I
R

33. H A I R
- It is produced in the hair bulb, which rests
on the hair papilla.
- The HAIR PAPILLA is an extension of the
dermis that protrudes into the hair bulb.
- Blood vessels within the papilla supply the
hair with the nourishment needed to
produce the hair.

34. H A I R
- The duration of each stage depends on the
individual hair.
- Eyelashes grow for about 30 days and rest
for 105 days
- Scalp hairs grow for 3 yrs and rest for 1-2
years.

35. H A I R COLOR
- Is determined by varying amounts and types
of melanin.
- The production and distribution of melanin
by melanocytes occurs in the hair bulb by
the same method as in the skin.
- With age, the amount of melanin in hair can
decrease, causing the hair color to become
faded, or the hair can contain no melanin
and be white.

36. GLANDS
- The major
glands of the
skin are:
• the
sebaceous
glands
• the sweat
glands

37. GLANDS
1.SEBACEOUS GLANDS – are
simple, branched acinar glands.
2.SWEAT GLANDS

38. TWO KINDS OF SWEAT GLANDS
1. ECCRINE SWEAT GLAND
- are simple, coiled, tubular glands that release
sweat by merocrine secretion.
- Are located in almost every part of the skin, but
are most numerous in the palms and soles
- They produce a secretion that is mostly water
with few salts.

39. TWO KINDS OF SWEAT GLANDS
1. APPOCRINE SWEAT GLANDS
- They are simple, coiled, tubular glands that
produce a thick secretion rich in organic
substances.
- Become active at puberty because of the
influence of reproductive hormones.

40. NAILS
- It is a thin plate, consisting of layers of
dead stratum corneum cells that contain a
very hard type of keratin.

41. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
 PROTECTION
The integumentary system performs many
protective functions:
1. The intact skin plays an important role in
reducing water loss because its lipids act as a
barrier to the diffusion of water from the deeper
tissues of the body to the surface of the epidermis.

42. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
2. The skin acts as a barrier that prevents
microorganisms and other foreign
substances from entering the body.
Secretions from skin glands also produce
an environment unsuitable for some
microorganisms.

43. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
3. The stratified squamous epithelium of the
skin protects underlying structures against
abrasion.
4. Melanin absorbs ultraviolet light and
protects underlying structures from its
damaging effects.

44. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
5. Hair protects in several ways: The hair on
the head acts as a heat insulator, eyebrows
keep sweat out of the eyes, eyelashes protect
the eyes from foreign objects, and hair in the
nose and ears prevents the entry of dust and
other materials.
6. The nails protect the ends of the fingers
and toes from damage.

45. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
 SENSATION
- Many sensory receptors are associated with
the skin. Receptors in the epidermis and
dermis can detect pain, heat, cold, and
pressure.
- Although hair does not have a nerve supply,
sensory receptors around the hair follicle
can detect the movement of a hair.

46. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
 VITAMIN D PRODUCTION
- When the skin is exposed to ultraviolet light,
a precursor molecule of vitamin D is
formed. The precursor is carried by the
blood to the liver, where it is modified, and
then to the kidneys, where the precursor is
modified further to form active vitamin D.

47. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
 VITAMIN D PRODUCTION
- Adequate levels of vitamin D are
necessary because active vitamin D
stimulates the small intestine to absorb
calcium and phosphate, the substances
necessary for normal bone growth and
normal muscle function.

48. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
 TEMPERATURE REGULATION
- Body temperature is normally maintained at
about 37°C (98.6°F).
- Regulation of body temperature is important
because the rate of chemical reactions
within the body can be increased or
decreased by changes in body temperature.

49. 1. Blood vessels in
the dermis dilate and
enable more blood to
flow within the skin,
thus transferring
heat from deeper
tissues to the skin.

50. 2. The excess heat is lost
by radiation (infrared
energy), convection (air
movement), or
conduction (direct
contact with an object).
Excess heat is also
released as sweat
spreads over the surface
of the skin and
evaporates, thus reducing
body temperature.

51. 3. Heat can be
conserved by the
constriction of dermal
blood vessels, which
reduces blood flow to
the skin

52. 4. Thus, less heat is
transferred from
deeper structures to
the skin, and heat
loss is reduced.

53. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
 EXCRETION
- The integumentary system plays a minor role in
excretion, the removal of waste products from
the body. In addition to water and salts, sweat
contains small amounts of waste products, such
as urea, uric acid, and ammonia.
- Even though the body can lose large amounts of
sweat, the sweat glands do not play a significant
role in the excretion of waste products.

54. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM AS A
DIAGNOSTIC AID
- The integumentary system is useful
in diagnosis because it is observed
easily and often reflects events
occurring in other parts of the body.

55. Here are a few examples of skin illnesses
indicated by skin
1. CYANOSIS – a bluish color to the
skin caused by decreased blood O2
content, is an indication of impaired
circulatory or respiratory function.

56. Here are a few examples of skin illnesses
indicated by skin
2. JAUNDICE
- A yellowish skin color.
- Can occur when the liver is
damaged by a disease, such as viral
hepatitis

57. Here are a few examples of skin illnesses
indicated by skin
3. RASHES AND LESIONS
- Can be a symptom of problems
elsewhere in the body.
- The development of a rash can also
indicate an allergic reaction to
foods or to drugs, such as penicillin

58. - In vitamin A deficiency, the skin produces excess
keratin and assumes a characteristic sandpaper
texture
- Subcutaneous - tissue in iron-deficiency anemia,
the nails lose their normal contour and become
flat or concave (spoon-shaped)
- Hair concentrates many substances that can be
detected by laboratory analysis, and a patient's
hair can be compared with a "normal" hair for
certain diagnoses.

59. BURNS
- A burn is an injury to a tissue caused by
heat, cold, friction, chemicals, electricity, or
radiation. Burns are classified according to
their depth.
- In partial-thickness burns, part of the
stratum Basale remains viable, and
regeneration of the epidermis occurs from
within the burn area, as well as from the
edges of the burn.

60. Partial-thickness burns are divided into:
1. FIRST-DEGREE BURN - involves only the
epidermis and is red and painful. Slight edema
or swelling may be present.
2. SECOND-DEGREE BURN - damage both the
epidermis and the dermis. If dermal damage is
minimal, symptoms include redness, pain,
edema, and blisters. Healing takes about 2
weeks, and no scarring results.

61. Partial-thickness burns are divided into:
3. FULL-THICKNESS OR THIRD-DEGREE BURNS
- The epidermis and the dermis are destroyed, and
recovery occurs from the edges of the burn
wound.
- are surrounded by areas of first- and second-
degree burns.
- Third-degree burns appear white, tan, brown,
black, or deep cherry red.

62. Partial-thickness burns are divided into:
4. FOURTH-DEGREE BURNS
- are extremely severe burns that affect tissues
deeper than the subcutaneous tissue.
- These burns often damage muscle, bone, and
other tissues associated with them.
- Because these burns are so severe, amputation
or complete removal of the damaged tissue is
required.
- Resultant increased susceptibility to infection

63. Partial-thickness burns are divided into:
- To prevent these complications and to speed
healing, skin grafts are often performed.
- In a procedure called a split skin graft, the
epidermis and part of the dermis are removed
from another part of the body and placed over
the burn.
- Interstitial fluid from the burn nourishes the
graft until blood vessels can grow into the graft
and supply it with nutrients.

64. REPRESENTATIVE DISEASES AND DISORDERS: SKIN
Condition Description
Ringworm Fungal infection that produces patchy scaling and
inflammatory response in the skin
Eczema and dermatitis Inflammatory conditions of the skin caused by allergy,
infection, poor circulation, or exposure to chemical or
environmental factors
Psoriasis Chronic skin disease characterized by thicker-than-normal
epidermal layer (stratum corneum) that sloughs off to
produce large, silvery scales; bleeding may occur if the scales
are scraped away
Bacterial infections
• Impetigo
• Decubitus ulcers(Bedsores or
pressure sores)
• Small blisters containing pus; easily rupture to form a
thick, yellowish crust; usually affects children
• Develop in people who are bedridden or confined to a
wheelchair; compression of tissue and reduced circulation
results in destruction of the subcutaneous tissue and skin,
which later becomes infected by bacteria, forming ulcers

65. REPRESENTATIVE DISEASES AND DISORDERS: SKIN
Condition Description
Viral Infections
• Rubeola
(measles)
• Rubella (German
Measles)
• Skin lesions, caused by a virus contracted
through the respiratory tract, may develop
into pneumonia or infect the brain,
causing damage
• Skin lesions; usually mild viral disease
contracted through the respiratory tract;
may be dangerous if contracted during
pregnancy because the virus can cross the
placenta and damage the fetus

66. REPRESENTATIVE DISEASES AND DISORDERS: SKIN
Condition Description
Viral Infections
(cont.)
• Chicken Pox
• Shingles
• Cold Sores (fever
blisters)
• Genital Herpes
• Skin lesions, usually mild, viral disease
contracted through the respiratory tract
• Painful skin lesions that can recur when the
dormant virus is activated by trauma, stress, or
another illness; caused by the chicken pox virus
after childhood infection
• Skin lesions; caused by herpes simplex I virus;
transmitted by oral or respiratory routes; lesion
recur
• Genital lesion caused by the herpes simplex II
virus; transmitted by sexual contact

67. VENOUS THROMBOSIS
- The development of a clot in a vein, is another
complication of burns.
- Blood normally forms a clot when exposed to
damaged tissue, such as at a burn site, but
clotting can also occur elsewhere, such as in
veins, where clots can block blood flow, resulting
in tissue destruction.

70. END OF
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM!!!
THANK YOU!!!