Abstract: India is a country which is abundant in natural resources; the substantial availability of renewable energy sources in the form of solar, hydropower and wind energy can provide opportunities of sustainable energy based development. The Indian government began to pay more attention to wind energy utilization in rural areas. Because the wind energy resource in many rural areas is sufficient for attractive application of wind pumps, and as fuel is insufficient, the wind pumps will be spread on a rather large scale in future.
This is report prepared by me on Airborne Wind Turbines (AWT). It consists of the types of wind turbines used today. Types of prototypes in the airborne sector, and a brief working of them.
Wind energy is playing a critical role in the establishment of an environmentally sustainable low carbon economy. This paper presents an overview of wind turbine generator technologies and compares their advantages and drawbacks used for wind energy utilization. Traditionally, DC machines, synchronous machines and squirrel-cage induction machines have been used for small scale power generation. For medium and large wind turbines (WTs), the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) is currently the dominant technology while permanent magnet (PM), switched reluctance and high temperature superconducting generators are all extensively researched and developed over the years. In this paper, the topologies and features of these machines are discussed with special attention given to their practical considerations involved in the design, control and operation. It is hoped that this paper provides quick reference guidelines for developing wind turbine generation systems.
This is report prepared by me on Airborne Wind Turbines (AWT). It consists of the types of wind turbines used today. Types of prototypes in the airborne sector, and a brief working of them.
Wind energy is playing a critical role in the establishment of an environmentally sustainable low carbon economy. This paper presents an overview of wind turbine generator technologies and compares their advantages and drawbacks used for wind energy utilization. Traditionally, DC machines, synchronous machines and squirrel-cage induction machines have been used for small scale power generation. For medium and large wind turbines (WTs), the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) is currently the dominant technology while permanent magnet (PM), switched reluctance and high temperature superconducting generators are all extensively researched and developed over the years. In this paper, the topologies and features of these machines are discussed with special attention given to their practical considerations involved in the design, control and operation. It is hoped that this paper provides quick reference guidelines for developing wind turbine generation systems.
what is air borne wind energy system and how it is work and types of wind energy system history of air borne wind energy system mathematical calculation related to awes all are in this pdf
POWER PLANT- PORTABLE MICRO POWER GENERATIONvivatechijri
This project gives on idea of "POWER PLANT- PORTABLE MICRO POWER GENERATION". In this project we considered wind as a renewable source of energy to generate electricity with the help of aeroleaves are leaf like structure of wind turbine. Which are placed in the form of tree called Wind tree. These aeroleaves are small vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) and able to generate power. They are also silent, so they could be installed along buildings, street or even in people’s backyards. The rotation of aeroleaves depends on wind speed and wind direction. VAWT will catch wind from all directions. When wind blows, aeroleaves rotate and energy get produced .In this project , the power generated from wind tree is eco-friendly, less noise polluted and can provide electricity to remote locations.
There is a much need for switch over to renewable energy in this present world. Wind energy is one of this from which we can generate more power as compared to other resources. This presentation tells you about its installed capacity in all over world and also tells about ways to utilize more wind power. new developments in this field are also presented.
what is air borne wind energy system and how it is work and types of wind energy system history of air borne wind energy system mathematical calculation related to awes all are in this pdf
POWER PLANT- PORTABLE MICRO POWER GENERATIONvivatechijri
This project gives on idea of "POWER PLANT- PORTABLE MICRO POWER GENERATION". In this project we considered wind as a renewable source of energy to generate electricity with the help of aeroleaves are leaf like structure of wind turbine. Which are placed in the form of tree called Wind tree. These aeroleaves are small vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) and able to generate power. They are also silent, so they could be installed along buildings, street or even in people’s backyards. The rotation of aeroleaves depends on wind speed and wind direction. VAWT will catch wind from all directions. When wind blows, aeroleaves rotate and energy get produced .In this project , the power generated from wind tree is eco-friendly, less noise polluted and can provide electricity to remote locations.
There is a much need for switch over to renewable energy in this present world. Wind energy is one of this from which we can generate more power as compared to other resources. This presentation tells you about its installed capacity in all over world and also tells about ways to utilize more wind power. new developments in this field are also presented.
DESIGN & ANALYSIS OF MAGNETIC REPULSION VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINEPresentation7709437978
FINAL YEAR ENGINEERING. PROJECT ON DESIGN & ANALYSIS OF MAGNETIC REPULSION VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE.
We intend to use the cheapest available sources as raw material for constructing a power generation VAWT’s unit which can be used as a source of electricity for Powering so as to make it cost-effective. Analysis of VAWT includes
Vortex Bladeless is an alternative and innovative way to harness energy from wind, with different and exciting characteristics which makes it a revolution in wind power generation.
Train Mounting T Box for Wind Power Generationijtsrd
Today many industries are rapidly growing to the wind energy generation. Nowadays, the need of energy resources is increasing at a much faster rate. We need to capitalize all the available options to complete all our needs with ease. For this, inventions such as T BOX are very helpful. As it needs only wind from passing trains to produce the energy. Since fasting is going on for alternative forms of treatment, T box has created hope. This device introduces a new generation of wind energy generator producing very prominent in techno buffs. That's it however, it is important to remember, that the design is still in a conceptual state, so that in the future, the ‘use and maintenance of this device has not been resolved. Our evolution shows that i Constructing electricity Using the concept of rotation of wind turbine by hawking rail. ii Using air tight coat to reduce large pressure and use it to control wind flow. The mouth of casing provided with valve to control the wind flow. To provide full mechanical support to the Train. Vaghela P. M | Thorat P. D | Lakudzode K. B | Prof. Udamle S. R ""Train Mounting T-Box for Wind Power Generation"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23933.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/23933/train-mounting-t-box-for-wind-power-generation/vaghela-p-m
Wind Energy Harvesting: Technological Advances and Environmental ImpactsChristo Ananth
Christo Ananth, Rajini K R Karduri, "Wind Energy Harvesting: Technological Advances
and Environmental Impacts", International Journal of Advanced Research in Basic Engineering Sciences and Technology (IJARBEST), Volume 6,Issue 2,February 2020,pp:77-84
Design of PVC Bladed Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine for Low Wind Speed RegionIJERA Editor
The Project is aimed at designing a wind turbine that can be able to build by Laypersons, using readily available material which is feasible & affordable to provide much needed electricity. Since most of the high wind power density regions in the zone of high wind speed are already being tapped by large scale wind turbine and so it required creating a large scope for the development of low wind speed turbines. Our study focuses primarily on designing the blade for tapping power in the regions of low wind power density. The aerodynamic profiles of wind turbine blades have major influence on aerodynamic efficiency of wind turbine. This can be achieved by comparing the effectiveness of a crude blade fashioned from a different Size, Material & standard of PVC drainage pipe which are easily available in market. It can be evaluated by performing experimental analysis, data collection & its evaluation on different type & size of PVC Pipe & preparing an analytical tool for best Design.
Design of Savonius model wind turbine for power catchmentIJECEIAES
In this study, the fossil fuel usage by-product is carbon dioxide, which is known as the primary cause in global warming. Alternatively, wind energy is a clean alternative energy source compared the fuel consumption can cause smoke pollution. The goal of the work is to develop a pollution controller device model Savonius wind turbine to represent the characterized actual speed wind turbine concepts into convert kinetic energy into electric energy from campus and monitoring all output data display on the cloud. The wind speed operation is enabled through the use of ESP8266 as internet of things (IoT) platform and the alternating current (AC) direct current (DC) harvesting circuit into improve stability of the wind energy performance. Secondly, a magnet coil synchronous generator is used, which is a grid coupled through a diode rectifier and voltage source converter. The parameters that have been measured using wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) module ESP8266 are considering wind speed, current, voltage and power. The wind speed with 7.8 MPH can produce a maximum output voltage and output current of 1.104 V and 4.321 µA, respectively. Blynk applications functional as role present performance monitoring kit wind turbine analysis with more precise and efficient in anywhere and anytime.
Similar to Modified Prototype of Wind Powered Water Pump (20)
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
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This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
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Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
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Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
1. ISSN 2393-8471
International Journal of Recent Research in Civil and Mechanical Engineering (IJRRCME)
Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (27-35), Month: April 2015 – September 2015, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 27
Paper Publications
Modified Prototype of Wind Powered Water
Pump
1
L. D. Wagh, 2
V. S. Patil, 3
S. N. Gaikwad, 4
H. D. Sancheti
1,2,3,4
Department of Mechanical Engineering, JSPM's Rajarshi Shahu School of Engineering and Research, Narhe, Pune,
India, 411041
Abstract: India is a country which is abundant in natural resources; the substantial availability of renewable
energy sources in the form of solar, hydropower and wind energy can provide opportunities of sustainable energy
based development. The Indian government began to pay more attention to wind energy utilization in rural areas.
Because the wind energy resource in many rural areas is sufficient for attractive application of wind pumps, and
as fuel is insufficient, the wind pumps will be spread on a rather large scale in future.
Keywords: natural resources, renewable energy, wind pumps, insufficient fuels.
I. INTRODUCTION
Energy today has become ultimate need of world. Today every application which has been develop in the world require
energy supply for its functioning but population of the world is increasing causes tremendous pressure on the energy and
mineral resources leading to their exploitation. More ever the greenhouse gases are increasing due to exploitation of these
resources. So we need to focus an alternative solution for this problem. Light, wind, Biomass, water etc. are some of the
alternative for this problem. Wind is one of the most clean and highly abundant resources in nature.
So focusing on this concept wind turbine are being developing the world. They are mostly classified as horizontal axis
wind turbine and vertical axis wind turbine.
Fig. horizontal axis and vertical axis wind turbine
2. ISSN 2393-8471
International Journal of Recent Research in Civil and Mechanical Engineering (IJRRCME)
Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (27-35), Month: April 2015 – September 2015, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 28
Paper Publications
In horizontal axis wind turbine blades are perpendicular to the horizontal axis of rotation. Both rotor shaft and blades are
mounted in the horizontal axis wind turbine require Yaw control mechanism which is used to direct the direction of
rotation of blade in the direction of wind pump. This wind turbines are mostly used for high commercial purpose as
compare to vertical axis wind turbine. This wind turbine are mostly available in the segment of 350kw, 650kw, 1Mw,
2Mw as so on for commercial purpose.
Vertical axis wind turbine are as important as horizontal axis wind turbine from commercial point of view. Vertical axis
wind turbine are developed in world and they have the advantage over horizontal axis wind turbine with absence of Yaw
control system. Due to absence of Yaw control system it acts as Omni direction (it accept wind from all direction).
VAWT need not to be directed in the direction of wind flow. It can be rotated in any condition with different variable
wind flow, here the Darrius wind turbine is discussed below.
With the spinning of Darrius wind turbine, the rotor blades of turbine also move in circular path in forward direction
creating positive angle of attack. Resultant force act on the line of action. The rotor rotate as force is projected inward past
the turbine axis leaving the positive torque to the shaft. The angle of attack changes as per the direction of wind flow. The
rotor spin regardless of wind speed. Thus energy is obtained from the torque and speed due to the rotation of rotor shaft.
More ever the concept of lift and drag is totally neglected in VAWT.
Rigging angle-
It is angle between rotor blades and adjoin structure.
Yaw control system-
It is system used in horizontal axis wind turbine to direct direction of turbine blade in direction of wind flow.
Rotor blade-
Rotor blade used in VAWT robust in construction connected from top to bottom in adjoining assembly. This turbine blade
is symmetric in nature to create positive angle of attack in direction of wind flow.
Electric generator-
Mechanical work is obtained from rotation of turbine blade due to high speed wind and further converted to the torque
leading to generation of electricity.
Fig: Wind operated water pump
3. ISSN 2393-8471
International Journal of Recent Research in Civil and Mechanical Engineering (IJRRCME)
Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (27-35), Month: April 2015 – September 2015, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 29
Paper Publications
Moreover wind mill could also be used for irrigation purpose along with generation of electric power, so the concept of
horizontal wind powered water pump developed in the world. Rotor blades rotate in the direction of wind flow and
motion is transmitted to the pump via gears drives mechanism and connecting rod. The upward and downward movement
of piston takes place in the water pumping. With the upward movement of piston vacuum is created leading to the suction
of water from the source. Thus water is pumped out and the real motto of this technology to obtain the electric power and
pumping of water is obtained.
II. MATERIAL SELECTION
Material selection plays very important role for design and fabrication of any prototype. Material selected should have
optimum and reliable properties as per requirement of variable environmental condition. Commercially many material
with high strength and rigidity are available in the market.
COMMONLY USED MATERIAL IN WIND TURBINE BLADE:
From the past time wood was primarily used for making wind turbine blade. Wood has high rigidity but is possess low
stiffness, so it has limitation of bending. Due to this region it lost its potential for manufacturing of wind turbine blade
with advancement of technology related to wind turbine. With the further research alloy steel was preferred for
manufacturing wind turbine blades, but it is excessive weight brought various problem for turbine assembly. Moreover it
has low fatigue resistance and high cost another material which proved to be useful for manufacturing wind turbine blade
was polymer matrix composite and is used still today. Composite are proving good material for manufacturing the turbine
blades but they are suffering in mechanical properties due to limitation of resin transfer.
FEW MATERIALS USED IN WIND TURBINE BLADES DUE TO THEIR SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS:
POLYESTER RESIN-
Polyester Resin is most commonly used material in industry. This material is most preferred for manufacturing turbine
blade as it shows better water resistance ability, its mechanical properties could be improved with the help of suitable
catalyst accelerator and additives. Polyester is chemically resistant but sometimes become brittle where certain shock load
is applied. When turbine blade reaches to certain level while rotation well before its ultimate strength cracks start to
appear. Thus it is poor to handle high fatigue stresses, due to these small cracks water, moisture is well able to penetrate
or adsorbed in the material decreasing its mechanical strength.
EPOXY RESIN-
Epoxy resin is another most wide and suitable material for manufacturing turbine blades. It possess superior properties in
terms of load carrying ability, resistance to environment degradation highly adhesiveness, and tensile strength of 85Mpa
and Young’s modulus of 10.5Gpa. It causes low viscosity and low shrinkage capacity thus maintaining good dimensional
tolerances.
VINYL EASTER RESIN-
This resin had good chemical structure due to which it shows improved shock loading capacity. It has high stiffness,
rigidity, water and chemical resistance, inspired operate good physical and mechanical properties. It is less popular as
found to be having adverse effect of human health.
THERMOPLASTIC-
Matrix here is having good fatigue strength abrasion but, it has problem of disposal techniques which include in land fill,
recycling, incineration etc.
ARAMID FIBRE-
It is also material which possess the properties suitable for manufacturing of turbine blade. It has a high specific strength
and available in the bright golden filament.In spite of its such accident properties t is susceptible to water in grace, ultra
violet ray erosion, sand erosion, insect collision due to this limitation its impact in manufacturing of wind turbine blades
is decreases.
4. ISSN 2393-8471
International Journal of Recent Research in Civil and Mechanical Engineering (IJRRCME)
Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (27-35), Month: April 2015 – September 2015, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 30
Paper Publications
CARBON FIBRE-
It is one of the material which has proved to be most suitable material from the manufacturing point of view in every
application in the developed world. Carbon fibre available in three different categories high strength, intermediate
module, ultra-high module. It has highest strength in tension and compression can possess very high resistance to fatigue,
creep and corrosion. In spite of this most suitable optimum and reliable properties it proves to be less feasible due to its
high cost.
HIGH SUITABILITY OF POLYPROPYLENE MATERIAL-
We discussed many material for manufacturing of our prototype but it has some limitations; so to overcome this
limitations with the material of high mechanical, physical, chemical properties we selected property material.
PP Plastic material has high chemical and corrosion resistance that it has inert nature with less reactivity towards
corrosive chemicals. It is light in weight with high rigidity to overcome sudden high shock loading. It has high tensile
strength so that it can overcome sudden fatigue stresses and avoid forming of cracks and pores. It has excellent abrasion
resistance properties which prove to be helpful for working of wind turbine in adverse environmental conditions with high
wind speeds. It has low moisture absorption properties as cracks and pores are avoided due to high ultimate tensile
strength. It is easy to use and cut due to which it can be fabricated in any required shape. It has excellent thermal
insulation and dielectric properties due to which our prototype can be protected against sudden lighting taking place
moreover it has flame retardant property thus proves to be lifelong material, hence due to all this excellent properties it
proves to be the most optimum material for turbine blade.
III. PERFORMANCE PARAMETER
POWER AVAILABLE IN WIND-
P =
Where,
P = Power available in wind
= Air density in kg/m
r = Radius of blade in m
A = Cross sectional area of blade in m2
TORQUE-
T = =
Where,
T = Torque of shaft in Nm
P = Power available in wind in Watts
= Angular velocity in rad/sec
TIP SPEED RATIO-
=
Where,
= Tip speed ratio
n = Number of blade
5. ISSN 2393-8471
International Journal of Recent Research in Civil and Mechanical Engineering (IJRRCME)
Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (27-35), Month: April 2015 – September 2015, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 31
Paper Publications
FORCE ON BLADE-
F =
Where,
F = Force act on blade in N
= Air density in kg/m
= Swept area in m2
= Air velocity in m/s
DRAG FORCE ACTING ON BLADE-
FD =
FD = Drag force acting on blade
= Air density in kg/m
= Swept area in m2
= Air velocity m/s
Cd = Drag force coefficient
LIFT FORCE ACTING ON BLADE-
FL =
Where,
FL = Lift force acting on blade in N
= Air density in kg/m
= Swept area in m2
= Air velocity m/s
EFFICIENCY-
=
= Efficiency
Pt = Power in turbine in Watts
Pw = Power in wind in Watts
IV. COMPONENTS OF WORKING HORIZONTAL WIND OPERATED WATER PUMP
BLADE:
Blades are most important components in turbine assembly as it capture wind. Blade positioning and orientation plays a
very important role as it decides the intensity of air captured by the turbine blade. So looking for this point of view to
optimize our turbine efficiency we experimented two different types of blade.
First blade we used is cup in shape of PVC plastic material for manufacturing of our turbine blades. Intensity of wind
captured increased as turbine blade poses the cup shaped which proved to be helpful for generation of required
mechanical work leading to generation of electric power and water pump. But it has a limitation of being comparatively
light, as per the size and shape of prototype to be handled under different variable condition with different wind speed.
6. ISSN 2393-8471
International Journal of Recent Research in Civil and Mechanical Engineering (IJRRCME)
Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (27-35), Month: April 2015 – September 2015, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 32
Paper Publications
So to overcome this limitation and use suitable and optimum material for turbine blade according to prototype design
requirement we found Polypropylene plastic material.
Fig. Polypropylene plastic material blade
Polypropylene plastic material is light in weight but possess high strength and rigidity as compared to PVC plastic
material. Moreover it can be easily fabricated to the aerodynamic shape as per the requirement of prototype. Due to
aerodynamic shape been provided with help of PP material, efficiency of the overall system improves according to Betz
limit.
CRANKSHAFT:
Fig. Crank Shaft
Another most important component for the smooth functioning of prototype is crankshaft. Crankshaft should poses high
strength, rigidity and toughness due to these requirement they are manufactured by casting and forging production
techniques. Crankshaft is component connected between the turbine blade and connecting rod. With the rotation of
turbine blade, certain mechanical motion is obtained which is transmitted to the crankshaft leading to rotary motion of
connecting rod with piston in the pumping assembly.
CONNECTING ROD:
Fig: Connecting rod
7. ISSN 2393-8471
International Journal of Recent Research in Civil and Mechanical Engineering (IJRRCME)
Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (27-35), Month: April 2015 – September 2015, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 33
Paper Publications
Connecting rod is long slender component between crankshaft and piston assembly via sew-saw mechanism. Mechanical
motion obtained from the crankshaft for the reciprocation of piston rod in pumping assembly is transmitted via connecting
rod. Connecting rod should have high ultimate tensile stress, resistance for the bending, fatigue stresses so it should be
manufactured by casting and forging production techniques.
SEW-SAW MECHANISM:
Fig. Sew-saw mechanism
Sew-saw mechanism is the basic principle for reciprocation of piston in pumping assembly is achieved by sew-saw
mechanism. Blade rotate further leading to the rotatory motion of crankshaft. This rotatory motion is further transmitted
in the form of transverse motion for the reciprocation of piston rod in pumping assembly.
PUMPING ASSEMBLY
Pumping assembly is the most important sub system of prototype as it carry out work of pumping of water here in the
pumping assembly we use a single acting reciprocating piston. Due to sew-saw mechanism piston moves upward and
downward in pumping assembly with the upward movement of piston in pumping assembly vacuum is created in pump.
Due to this vacuum suction of water takes place for the commercial use from the required given outlet.
ALTERNATOR:
From the developed prototype, alternator plays an important role from the electric power generation point of view.
Alternator is provided on the back side of prototype. Alternator is connected to the connecting rod via small shaft. With
the rotatory motion of the crankshaft, mechanical motion is transmitted to the alternator by the small shaft through its
rotation. Due to rotation of the alternator shaft, electromagnetic flux is generated in the alternator assembly leading to the
development electromotive force which produce electric power.
WORKING ASSEMBLY:
Fig: Assembly of wind powered water pumping
Horizontal wind powered water pump proves to be hybrid system for generations of electricity and pumping of water for
the commercial purposes.
8. ISSN 2393-8471
International Journal of Recent Research in Civil and Mechanical Engineering (IJRRCME)
Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (27-35), Month: April 2015 – September 2015, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 34
Paper Publications
Polypropylene plastic blades rotate with the intensity of wind bombarded on it. Due to rotation of turbine blades
mechanical motion is transmitted to the crankshaft leading to its rotatory motion. This rotatory motion of crankshaft is
further transmitted to the piston of pumping assembly via sew-saw mechanism and connecting rod. The motion of piston
is between the top of dead centre and bottom of pumping assembly. When the piston is at the top dead centre, vacuum is
created in pumping assembly. This leads to suction of water for required commercial purpose. Moreover from the
electricity generation point of view alternate shaft is connected to the crankshaft. With the rotatory motion of crankshaft,
electromagnetic flux is produced in alternator leading to generation of electric power.
V. RESULTS
Table. Result table of aerodynamic shape of blade
Sr. No. Wind Velocity (m/s) Water Discharge (ml) Head (m)
1 2.89 400 0.8
2 3.82 485 1.0
3 4.49 530 1.5
4 4.97 600 1.8
5 5.36 670 2.5
6 5.79 720 3.0
7 6.5 760 3.4
Table. Result table of cup shape of blade
Sr. No. Wind Velocity (m/s) Water Discharge (ml) Head (m)
1 2.89 350 0.5
2 3.82 400 0.7
3 4.49 440 1.0
4 4.97 560 1.5
5 5.36 620 1.8
6 5.79 670 2.3
7 6.5 720 2.5
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Discharge(ml)
WIND VELOCITY(m/s)
GRAPH-1-WIND VELOCITY Vs DISCHARGE
cup shape of blade Aerodynamic Shape
9. ISSN 2393-8471
International Journal of Recent Research in Civil and Mechanical Engineering (IJRRCME)
Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (27-35), Month: April 2015 – September 2015, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 35
Paper Publications
VI. CONCLUSION
From the prototype design, it can be concluded that, the total torque of the windmill is 3.27 N-m and this is sufficient to
sustain the desired flow rate of 2.35 lit/min with a maximum head of 1.5 m at 45 rpm and also to overcome other
barriers to motion.
The numbers of blades used is 3 with a total surface area of 1.8381 m2
and this gives a solidity of 0.8, the minimum
value of solidity for a windmill and therefore ensures conformity with the standard specifications.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to present their sincere gratitude towards the faculty of Department of Mechanical Engineering,
JSPM's Rajarshi Shahu School of Engineering and Research, Narhe, Pune, 411041.
REFERENCES
[1] "Mechanical Engineering in the Medieval Near East", Donald Routledge Hill, Scientific American, May 1991.
[2] “Wind Energy Comes of Age”, Paul Gipe& John Wiley and Sons, ISBN 0-471-10924-X, 1995.
[3] “The Mechanical Design, Analysis, and Testing of a Two-Bladed Wind Turbine Hub”, J. Cotrell, National
Renewable Energy Laboratory is a U.S. Department of Energy Laboratory Operated by Midwest Research Institute,
June 2002.
[4] “The material selection for typical wind turbine blades using a approach& analysis of blades”, K.SureshBabu,
N.V.SubbaRaju, M.Srinivasa Reddy, Dr. D. NageswaraRao, MCDM 2006, Chania, Greece, June 19-23, 2006.
[5] “General Assessment of Fiber-Reinforced Composites Selection in Wind Turbine Blades”, AysegulAkdoganEker,
BulentEker, the World Academic Publishing Co. Ltd, 20, December 2013.
[6] “Wind Blade Material Optimization”, Samir Ahmad &Dr.Izhar-ul-Haq, Advances in Mechanical Engineering,
ISSN:2160-0619, Volume 2, Number 4, December, 2012.
[7] “Wind Turbine Blade Design”, Peter J. Schubel and Richard J. Crossley, Faculty of Engineering, Division of
Materials, Mechanics and Structures, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, Energies 2012.
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
HEAD(M)
WIND VELOCITY(m/s)
GRAPH 2-WIND VELOCITY Vs HEAD
Aerodynamic Shape cup shape of blade
