There are three main ways that culture is acquired: 1) Imitation, where children imitate things around them as they grow; 2) Indoctrination, through formal teaching or training; 3) Conditioning, where individuals acquire beliefs and behaviors through prevailing social norms. Cultures vary greatly but also resemble each other. Ethnocentrism is the idea that one's own group is superior, while cultural relativity understands beliefs in terms of one's own culture. Subcultures have distinct values and identities from the majority culture and provide a sense of belonging through unique features and signals. Culture shock and cultural lag can occur when adapting to unfamiliar cultures.

1. Modes of Acquiring
Culture

2. 3 ways by which culture may be
acquired
 1. Imitation- The process of socialization plays
a very important role in the development of
every individual.As the child grows, he imitates
the things around him.
 2.Indoctrination-This may take the form of
formal teaching or training.
 3.Conditioning-Through the social norms
prevailing in one’s social and cultural milieu, the
individual acquires a certain pattern of
beliefs,values,behavior,and actions through the
process of conditioning.

3.  Cultural Variability
 “the range of variations between cultures is
almost endless and yet at the same time
cultures resemble one another in many
important ways”. – Dean and his associates.
Ethnocentrism-having or based on the idea that
your own group or culture is better or more
important than others
Example- racial discrimination arises because of
those tendency of one group to regard his own
race as superior to those of the others.
Cultural relativity-s the principle that an
individual's beliefs and activities should be
understood by others in terms of that individual's
own culture.

4. Example of
Ethnocentrism
White Supremac
White supremacy or white supremacism is
a racist ideology centered upon the belief,
and promotion of the belief, that white
people are superior in certain
characteristics, traits, and attributes to
people of other racial backgrounds

5. Subculture
Subcultures are those groups that have values and
norms that are distinct from those held by majority.
 This would include differences in interest,
behaviors or beliefs, like religion, ethnicity, and
social or economic status.
 Ex.
 Fandom - can be fans of movies, a celebrity, or
any shared interest.
 LGBT - sometimes referred to as the gay culture,
includes lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender
people
 Otaku - people obsessed with anime and manga
 Kpopper-people obsessed/loves korean pop music

9. The following are important
features of subcultures;
 1. Subcultures provide sense of belonging and
Identity.
 2. Each subculture develops unique features.
 3. Even if they are ridiculed by other groups in
society,subculture members knows that upon
returning to their own group,they will receive the
social support and approval need.
4.Special signals such as language,dress or
handshakes are often used so that subculture
members can identify each other without being
noticed by outsiders.

10.  Culture shock- is experienced by migrants,or
even by professionals who go to other countries
whose culture they are not familiar with.
 Cultural lag- expounded first by William Ogburn
 -Inability of a given society to adopt a culture
immediately.
Example: when the village folks,for instance
cannot accept innovations in scientific farming
because they cannot give up the antiquated
methods they learned from their fore fathers.this
is because they have practiced the traditional
system for years.