EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY- V SEMESTER-BSC NURSING, PERENNIALISM, EXISTENTIALISM, RECONSTRUCTIONISM,ESSENTIALISM, PROGRESSIVISM

1. MODERN CONTEMPORARY
PHILOSOPHY
Perennialism, Existentialism,
Reconstructionism,
Essentialism, Progressivism
Prepared By: Ms. Meera Chandran

2. Modern contemporary philosophy
PERENNIALISM
Comes from the word perennial meaning everlasting.
A teacher-centered philosophy that emphasizes the
importance of transferring knowledge, information,
and skills from the older (presumably wiser)
generation to the younger one.
Perennialism says since people are human, one should
teach first about humans, not machines or techniques.

3. PERENNIALISM
PRINCIPLES AND AIMS OF EDUCATION
⁂To develop rational person and to uncover
universal truth by carefully training the intellect
⁂Character training is also important as a means of
developing one’s moral and spiritual being.

4. PRINCIPLES OF PERENNIALISM
The enduring nature of truth
The importance of rational thought
Focus on classical texts
Consistent, universal nature of knowledge
Moral and ethical education

5. Perennialism and education
The function of man is the same in every
society
The aim of educational system is the same
in every age and in every society where
such system exists, it is to improve man.

6. Perennialism and curriculum
֎ It draw heavily on defined disciplines
֎or bodies of content, emphasis on
language, literature, arts, science

7. PERENNIALISM AND METHOD OF TEACHING
The teacher play a secondary role
It is pupil who play a primary role
Self learning,
self activity and
self discovery are suggestable
method of teaching

8. Perennialism and discipline
Pupils should cultivate universal, moral and
intellectual values in them
It emphasis the self discipline
Each student cultivate a sense of discipline by
developing interest in literacy, artistic, political
and religious works.

9. Perennialism and teacher
An authority in the field whose
knowledge is unquestionable
A master of the subject and discipline
and must be able to guide discussion

10. Advantages of Perennialism
♥Develop good discipline for their students
♥Believes that knowledge should be ever
lasting
♥Students become problem solver
♥They teach from the great books
♥Emphasis on the humanities( Math's,
reading, and Science)

11. CRITISISM OF PERENNIALISM
Lack of consideration for individual
interests( fixed set of knowledge can neglect
individual interests, talents, and curriculum
background)
Potential for rigidity( enduring truth and
classical texts can seen as rigid, not flexible)
Limited cultural perspectives (western texts)

12. Modern contemporary philosophy
EXISTENTIALISM
It is the youngest philosophy, described as
modern 20th
century philosophy.
Meaning: This philosophy stresses the
important of human experience and says that
everyone is responsible for the results of their
own action.

13. Existentialism
DEFINITION:
Ternands: it is a type of philosophy which
analyze the basic structure of human
existence in its essential freedom
Existentialism emphasizes individual
freedom, choice, and the search for meaning
in a seemingly indifferent world.

14. Existentialism philosophy in education
Teacher must facilitate choices for students
Let the child take the first step and the teacher
guide the next
Teacher prepare the child for success and failure
When kids have freedom, teacher helping them
to develop their identity and authentic self.

15. Concepts of Existentialism
People are forced in to number of
choices making situations
Person create her own identity. We are
what we choose to be
The essence we create is a product of
our choices, it vary with individual

16. Characteristics of Existentialism
1. Criticism of idealism:
2. Criticism of naturalism
3. Criticism of scientific philosophy
4. Value of human personality
5. No construction of philosophical system
6. Existential harmony

17. Existentialism and education
1. It believes that most important
knowledge is about human condition and
the choices we make.
2. Education is a process of developing
consciousness about the freedom to
choose and the meaning of one’s
responsibility of one’s choices.

18. Existentialism
Existentialism and curriculum
1. It avoid systematic knowledge on structured
discipline and students are free to selects
from many available learning situations
Existentialism and Teacher:
Teacher cultivate personal choices and
individual self definition

19. Existentialism
Existentialism and Method of
Teaching:
Experimentation
Self expressive activities
Method and media that illustrates
emotions, feelings and insight

20. Merits of Existentialism
Helping people to create meaning in their lives
It lacks solid research backing to demonstrate its effectiveness.
It can be difficult to understand what progress looks like in treatment if this is not
clearly defined.
Criticism of existentialism:
Emphasis on individualism
Lack of structure
Potential for anxiety

21. Modern contemporary philosophy
RECONSTRUCTIONISM:
Based on early socialistic utopian ideas of
19th
century
It is a society centered philosophy
Aims to create a better society by
addressing social issues and promoting
social change

22. CONCEPT OF RECONSTRUCTIONISM:
The social issues of 1930;s class
discrimination, poverty and
unemployment which are similar to
present issues
This is a crisis philosophy appropriate
for a society in crisis.

23. ELEMENTS OF RECONSTRUCTIONISM
National culture and philosophy of life
National education
Duty of the government: (large scale
money for reconstructionism)
Duty of the country man: (social, political
and educational activities)

24. RECONSTRUCTIONISM AND EDUCATION:
Critically examines the cultural heritage of a
society as well as entire civilization
Is deliberately committed to bring about social
and constructive change
Cultivate a future planning attitude that
considers the realities of the world
Enlist students and teachers in a definite
programme to enhance cultural renewal and
interculturalism

25. RECONSTRUCTIONISM AND CURRICULUM:
For reconstructionism analysis, interpretation
and evaluation of problems are insufficient.
Commitment and action by students and
teachers are needed.
The focus of curriculum is on present and future
trends and issues of national and international
interest.

26. RECONSTRUCTIONISM AND TEACHER
Instructors guide students to think critically
about social injustice and challenge oppression
(harassment).
RECONSTRUCTIONISM AND AIMS OF
EDUCATION:
Strengthen control of the schools by and for
goal-seeking interests of the overwhelming
majority of mankind.

27. Modern contemporary philosophy
ESSENTIALISM:
♥ This philosophy is rooted in both idealism and
realism and surfaced in the 1930’s as a reaction to
progressivism
♥ Exponents: the ideas of essentialism were
formulated by William Bagley and later developed
by Arthur Bestor and Admiral Hyman Rickover

28. CONCEPT OF ESSENTIALISM:
♥ The school curriculum should be geared to the fundamentals
or essentials
♥Essentialism today is reflected in the public demand to raise
academic standards and to improve the students work and
minds.
♥DEFINITION:
♥Essentialism can be thought of as the idea that an entity’s
identity or essence is determined by certain essential qualities
or attributes.

29. ESSENTIALISM AND CURRICULUM:
♥Essentialism rejects subject such as art, music,
physical education, home making and vocational
education as fades and appeal to those who favor
limiting educational expenses
♥ESSENTIALISM AND AIMS OF EDUCATION:
1. To promote the intellectual growth of the individual
2. To educate the competent person

30. ESSENTIALISM AND DISCIPLINE:
♥The philosophy believes in tough discipline and training,
and a good deal of home work and serious studies fills the
curriculum
♥ESSENTIALISM AND TEACHER:
Teacher is considered as Master of a particular subject
An authority because of the high standards he/she holds
A person who holds control over the class room with
minimal student input.

31. Modern contemporary philosophy
PROGRESSIVISM
It is an American philosophy.
It is a student-centered philosophy, says ideas are tested by experimentation and
learning comes from finding answers for questions.
MEANING
 Progressivism is the theory of education that is concerned with learning by
doing
 Education of the child for the present life and not for the future
 Development of child and society possible when education facilitate growth of
every phase of the child.

32. PRINCIPLES OF PROGRESSIVISM
1. Freedom to develop naturally
2. Interest to motive of work
3. The teacher a guide, not a test-master
4. Scientific study of pupil development
5. Great attention to all aspect of the child’s physical development
6. Cooperation between school and home to meet the need of the
children
7. The progressive school, a leader in educational movements

33. AIMS OF PROGRESSIVISM IN EDUCATION
Cooperative social participation
An all-round development of the child
Education of the whole man, or whole
personality, which includes the physical,
emotional, social and intellectual aspects
of individual.

34. PROGRESSIVISM AND TYPES OF EDUCATION

Education should be recognized as needs of all phases of growth.

It stands for emotions and feelings

It is recognized by progressive educators

Include acquisition of skill

Training for recreation and leisure activities, hobbies

Stands for functional activity rather than passive

It provide opportunities for every type of experience to them.

35. PROGRESSIVISM AND METHOD OF TEACHING
Project method-for active participation
Socialized method
Group interaction/conference
Experience practical situation
Active participation in life activities
Principles of motivation and appreciation
Self directed learning experiences
Criticism: these classroom lack in discipline

36. MERITS OF PROGRESSIVISM
It emphasis the importance of human personality
Helped to concentrate development of the whole child as
individual and a member of the society
Education of emotion, mental and physical education, all
three are inter dependent
Acquisition of skills possible
Aims to provide opportunities for every type of experience

37. DEMERITS OF PROGRESSIVISM
 it is against bookish curriculum
Does not encourage the organization of
school in to distinctively separate class
Pupils lack discipline