This is a summary of the findings from the survey carried out on Taxi (cab) operators in the larger Nairobi area, Kenya. The survey was carried out on the mSurvey platform. The operators send a text message with the word 'Taxi' to opt in to the survey, and no spamming was done. Essentially, this survey, and any other on the mSurvey platform, is on a strict voluntary respondent basis. There was a very high degree of apprehension and suspicion, partly attributed to the lack of familiarity with the technology. This explains the low sample count relative to the expected sample size.
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled Biz Models for Hi-Tech Products to analyze the business model for Uber’s taxi service. Uber’s service enables anyone to provide taxi services and it provides dynamic pricing for better matching of supply and demand. Its value proposition for potential drivers is the opportunity to work as driver on their own hours. Its value proposition for user to lower taxi fares during most times of the day and a higher supply of taxis (and higher prices) during peak demand. The customers are tech-savvy and smart phone users who value their time. Uber receives payments directly from customers and keeps a percentage of these payments as its income. Uber’s patents for a demand-price algorithm represent a barrier of entry and thus a method of strategic control.
This is a summary of the findings from the survey carried out on Taxi (cab) operators in the larger Nairobi area, Kenya. The survey was carried out on the mSurvey platform. The operators send a text message with the word 'Taxi' to opt in to the survey, and no spamming was done. Essentially, this survey, and any other on the mSurvey platform, is on a strict voluntary respondent basis. There was a very high degree of apprehension and suspicion, partly attributed to the lack of familiarity with the technology. This explains the low sample count relative to the expected sample size.
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled Biz Models for Hi-Tech Products to analyze the business model for Uber’s taxi service. Uber’s service enables anyone to provide taxi services and it provides dynamic pricing for better matching of supply and demand. Its value proposition for potential drivers is the opportunity to work as driver on their own hours. Its value proposition for user to lower taxi fares during most times of the day and a higher supply of taxis (and higher prices) during peak demand. The customers are tech-savvy and smart phone users who value their time. Uber receives payments directly from customers and keeps a percentage of these payments as its income. Uber’s patents for a demand-price algorithm represent a barrier of entry and thus a method of strategic control.
Examples of procurement and payroll tests using SAP data in IDEA from a previous User Group. Recommendations are also made taken from the council's own experiences.
Dmitry Berg, Olga Zvereva - Identification Of Autopoietic Communication Patte...AIST
Dmitry Berg, Olga Zvereva (Ural Federal University)
Identification Of Autopoietic Communication Patterns In Social And Economic Networks
AIST Conference 2015 http://aistconf.org
Estimating Demand for Intercity Bus Services in a Rural EnvironmentUGPTI
The general objective of this research was to develop an intercity mode choice model that could be incorporated into a statewide travel demand model to estimate demand for rural intercity bus services. This presentation describes the study method, which included a stated preference survey and a mixed logit model, survey results, findings from the mode choice model, applications of the model, and an analysis of attitudes and mode choice.
Mining dockless bikeshare and dockless scootershare trip data - Stefanie Brod...PyData
In September 2017, dockless bikeshare joined the transportation options in the District of Columbia. In March 2018, scooter share followed. During the pilot of these technologies, Python has helped District Department of Transportation answer some critical questions. This talk will discuss how Python was used to answer research questions and how it supported the evaluation of this demonstration.
Credit card fraud is a growing problem that affects card holders around the world. Fraud detection has been an interesting topic in machine learning. Nevertheless, current state of the art credit card fraud detection algorithms miss to include the real costs of credit card fraud as a measure to evaluate algorithms. In this paper a new comparison measure that realistically represents the monetary gains and losses due to fraud detection is proposed. Moreover, using the proposed cost measure a cost sensitive method based on Bayes minimum risk is presented. This method is compared with state of the art algorithms and shows improvements up to 23% measured by cost. The results of this paper are based on real life transactional data provided by a large European card processing company.
Efforts to reduce the emissions from car travel have so far been hampered by a lack of specific information on car ownership and use. The Motoring and vehicle Ownership Trends in the UK (MOT) project seeks to address this by bringing together new sources of data to give a spatially and disaggregated diagnosis of car ownership and use in Great Britain and the associated energy demand and emissions.
Data from annual car M.O.T tests, made available by the Department for Transport, will be used as a platform upon which to develop and undertake a set of inter-linked modelling and analysis tasks using multiple sources of vehicle-specific and area-based data. Through this the project will develop the capability to understand spatial and temporal differences in car ownership and use, the determinants of those differences, and how levels may change over time and in response to various policy measures. The relationship between fuel use and emissions, and the demographic, economic, infrastructural and socio-cultural factors influencing these will also be tested.
Consequently, the MOT project has the potential to transform the way in which energy and emissions related to car use are quantified, understood and monitored to help refine future research and policy agendas and to inform transport and energy infrastructure planning.
www.its.leeds.ac.uk/research/featured-projects/mot
International syndicated loans and regional banksMasaki Yamaguchi
This paper investigates regional bank participation in international syndicated loans, which attract significant attention from the banking industry. This topic has a remarkable importance for regional banks because overseas activities are related to their growth strategies. We pose two questions to illustrate the internationalization of regional banks. The first question explores differences in loan transactions between the first internationalization during 1992-1997 and the second internationalization during 2009-2014. The second question seeks to identify the types of loan transactions preferred by regional banks. We answer these questions by using a comparative analysis and Probit analysis of 23,387 transaction data. Activities of regional banks in the first period overwhelm that of the second period. The first internationalization was characterized by a broad base of participant banks. Estimation results demonstrated similarities in the lending behavior of regional banks between the two periods. Smaller loan amounts, larger syndicates, and loan purposes for ordinary business facilitate regional bank participation in syndicated loans. These preferences reflect limited risk-taking capability and a weaker screening technique by regional banks. We also observe differences in currency denomination, and the Japanese yen increases its presence in the second period.
Exploring the geography of the registered addresses of car models through a b...Guy Lansley
In 2013 there were 29.2 million registered cars in Great Britain, and the 2011 UK Censuses confirmed that almost 75% of households had access to at least one car or van. Despite this, the DVLA’s database of car model registrations remains underexplored as an indicator of household characteristics. Car ownership itself has been frequently considered as a census proxy variable for affluence in the past. However, this is now a dated interpretation as car ownership has become more widespread across society and the value of automobiles range considerably, additionally ownership is influenced by several factors asides from disposable income. Understanding the geography of different car models is likely be more informative of local population characteristics as the choice of model purchase is dependent on several factors, notably including the cost and the purpose of the vehicle. In partnership with the DFT and the DVLA, a car classification was produced which grouped every car model registered in Great Britain in 2011 into 10 distinctive categories based on the key characteristics of the vehicle. The DVLA then made the total number of registered cars for each classification category available at a small are geography (LSOA) to be analysed. The dataset was then explored to reveal distinctive spatial patterns exerted between car model types at the neighbourhood level. The findings were then compared to key 2011 Census variables and 2011 house price data from the Land Registry to understand how social standing and life stage relate to patterns in car consumption between neighbourhoods.
Examples of procurement and payroll tests using SAP data in IDEA from a previous User Group. Recommendations are also made taken from the council's own experiences.
Dmitry Berg, Olga Zvereva - Identification Of Autopoietic Communication Patte...AIST
Dmitry Berg, Olga Zvereva (Ural Federal University)
Identification Of Autopoietic Communication Patterns In Social And Economic Networks
AIST Conference 2015 http://aistconf.org
Estimating Demand for Intercity Bus Services in a Rural EnvironmentUGPTI
The general objective of this research was to develop an intercity mode choice model that could be incorporated into a statewide travel demand model to estimate demand for rural intercity bus services. This presentation describes the study method, which included a stated preference survey and a mixed logit model, survey results, findings from the mode choice model, applications of the model, and an analysis of attitudes and mode choice.
Mining dockless bikeshare and dockless scootershare trip data - Stefanie Brod...PyData
In September 2017, dockless bikeshare joined the transportation options in the District of Columbia. In March 2018, scooter share followed. During the pilot of these technologies, Python has helped District Department of Transportation answer some critical questions. This talk will discuss how Python was used to answer research questions and how it supported the evaluation of this demonstration.
Credit card fraud is a growing problem that affects card holders around the world. Fraud detection has been an interesting topic in machine learning. Nevertheless, current state of the art credit card fraud detection algorithms miss to include the real costs of credit card fraud as a measure to evaluate algorithms. In this paper a new comparison measure that realistically represents the monetary gains and losses due to fraud detection is proposed. Moreover, using the proposed cost measure a cost sensitive method based on Bayes minimum risk is presented. This method is compared with state of the art algorithms and shows improvements up to 23% measured by cost. The results of this paper are based on real life transactional data provided by a large European card processing company.
Efforts to reduce the emissions from car travel have so far been hampered by a lack of specific information on car ownership and use. The Motoring and vehicle Ownership Trends in the UK (MOT) project seeks to address this by bringing together new sources of data to give a spatially and disaggregated diagnosis of car ownership and use in Great Britain and the associated energy demand and emissions.
Data from annual car M.O.T tests, made available by the Department for Transport, will be used as a platform upon which to develop and undertake a set of inter-linked modelling and analysis tasks using multiple sources of vehicle-specific and area-based data. Through this the project will develop the capability to understand spatial and temporal differences in car ownership and use, the determinants of those differences, and how levels may change over time and in response to various policy measures. The relationship between fuel use and emissions, and the demographic, economic, infrastructural and socio-cultural factors influencing these will also be tested.
Consequently, the MOT project has the potential to transform the way in which energy and emissions related to car use are quantified, understood and monitored to help refine future research and policy agendas and to inform transport and energy infrastructure planning.
www.its.leeds.ac.uk/research/featured-projects/mot
International syndicated loans and regional banksMasaki Yamaguchi
This paper investigates regional bank participation in international syndicated loans, which attract significant attention from the banking industry. This topic has a remarkable importance for regional banks because overseas activities are related to their growth strategies. We pose two questions to illustrate the internationalization of regional banks. The first question explores differences in loan transactions between the first internationalization during 1992-1997 and the second internationalization during 2009-2014. The second question seeks to identify the types of loan transactions preferred by regional banks. We answer these questions by using a comparative analysis and Probit analysis of 23,387 transaction data. Activities of regional banks in the first period overwhelm that of the second period. The first internationalization was characterized by a broad base of participant banks. Estimation results demonstrated similarities in the lending behavior of regional banks between the two periods. Smaller loan amounts, larger syndicates, and loan purposes for ordinary business facilitate regional bank participation in syndicated loans. These preferences reflect limited risk-taking capability and a weaker screening technique by regional banks. We also observe differences in currency denomination, and the Japanese yen increases its presence in the second period.
Exploring the geography of the registered addresses of car models through a b...Guy Lansley
In 2013 there were 29.2 million registered cars in Great Britain, and the 2011 UK Censuses confirmed that almost 75% of households had access to at least one car or van. Despite this, the DVLA’s database of car model registrations remains underexplored as an indicator of household characteristics. Car ownership itself has been frequently considered as a census proxy variable for affluence in the past. However, this is now a dated interpretation as car ownership has become more widespread across society and the value of automobiles range considerably, additionally ownership is influenced by several factors asides from disposable income. Understanding the geography of different car models is likely be more informative of local population characteristics as the choice of model purchase is dependent on several factors, notably including the cost and the purpose of the vehicle. In partnership with the DFT and the DVLA, a car classification was produced which grouped every car model registered in Great Britain in 2011 into 10 distinctive categories based on the key characteristics of the vehicle. The DVLA then made the total number of registered cars for each classification category available at a small are geography (LSOA) to be analysed. The dataset was then explored to reveal distinctive spatial patterns exerted between car model types at the neighbourhood level. The findings were then compared to key 2011 Census variables and 2011 house price data from the Land Registry to understand how social standing and life stage relate to patterns in car consumption between neighbourhoods.
www.nhtnetwork.org/cqc-efficiency-network/home
The CQC Efficiency Network is a collaborative venture between ITS researcher Dr Phill Wheat and leading
performance and benchmarking company measure2improve (m2wi). Dr Wheat has used funding from the EPSRC
Impact Acceleration Account (IAA) to refine the tools to support m2i in developing the fast growing network. The IAA is an institutional award funded by EPSRC to help speed up the contribution that engineering and physical science research make towards new innovation, successful businesses and
the economic returns that benefit UK plc.
Posters summarizing dissertation research projects - presented by MSc students at the Institute for Transport Studies (ITS), University of Leeds, April 2017. http://bit.ly/2re35Cs
www.its.leeds.ac.uk/courses/masters/dissertation
Cutting-edge transport research showcased to Secretary of State during the event to officially re- open the Institute building www.leeds.ac.uk/news/article/4011/cutting-edge_transport_research_showcased_to_secretary_of_state
DR STEPHEN HALL, PROFESSOR SIMON SHEPHERD, DR ZIA WADUD; UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS, IN COLLABORATION WITH FUTURE CITIES CATAPULT
Also see https://theconversation.com/five-reasons-why-you-might-be-driving-electric-sooner-than-you-think-71896
Presentation Fiona Crawford - winner of the Smeed prize for best student paper at the UTSG Conference 2017
www.its.leeds.ac.uk/people/f.crawford
www.utsg.net/web/index.php?page=annual-conference
The University's Annual Review covering the 2015-16 academic year. This new publication gives an overview of some of the most important initiatives and activities that the University has undertaken recently and a sense of the scale of the ambition for the future.
www.its.leeds.ac.uk/people/c.calastri
Social networks, i.e. the circles of people we are socially connected to, have been recognised to play a role in shaping our travel and activity behaviour. This not only has to do with socialisation being the purpose of travel, but also with enabling mobility and other activities through the so-called social capital. Another theme in the literature connecting social environment and travel behaviour is social influence, i.e. the investigation of how travel behaviour can be affected by observation or comparison with other people. Research about the impact of social influence on travel choices is still at its infancy. In this talk, I will give an overview of how choice modelling can be used to investigate the relationships between social networks, travel and activities. I will touch upon work that I have done so far, in particular I will describe my applications of the Multiple Discrete-Continuous Extreme Value (MDCEV) model to frequency of social interactions as well as to allocation of time to different activities, taking the social dimension into account. In these studies, I make use of social network and travel data collected in places as diverse as Switzerland and Chile. I will also discuss ongoing work making use of longitudinal life-course data to model the impact of family of origin and the “mobility environment” people grew up in on travel decision of adults. Finally, I will outline future plans about modelling behavioural changes due to social influence using the smartphone app travel data that are being collected in Leeds within the “Choices and consumption: modelling long and short term decisions in a changing world” (“DECISIONS”) project.
Shigeki Oxawa is Associate Professor at the Department of Integrated Informatics, Daido University and part-time Lecturer in Transport Economics at Hosei University. He is a transport economist with a strong interest in transport policy. He is currently an academic visitor at Leeds University (April 2016-March 2017) working in the area of intermodal transport (with a focus on rail freight transport) and in turn track access charges.
Abstract: In the national railway revolution in Japan, the passenger division was divided into 6 companies by regions. They operate trains and own/manage the rail track (vertical integration system). On the other hand, vertical separation was introduced into freight companies, therefore, freight companies have to access rail track owned/managed by passenger companies. The Japanese regulator regards track access transactions between passenger companies and freight companies as private business.
In the vertical separation system, freight companies cannot get access to the slots required and efficient allocation of rail track cannot be achieved. The vertical separation is a very significant issue in railway policy and freight transport policy in Japan. In the presentation, causes and possible solutions to the issue will be shown.
Shigeki is Associate Professor at the Department of Integrated Informatics, Daido University and part-time Lecturer in Transport Economics at Hosei University. He is a transport economist with a strong interest in transport policy. He is currently an academic visitor at Leeds University (April 2016-March 2017) working in the area of intermodal transport (with a focus on rail freight transport) and in turn track access charges. He has 20 years of experience in research and teaching.
Presentation from NORTHMOST - a new biannual series of meetings on the topic of mathematical modelling in transport.
Hosted at its.leeds.ac.uk, NORTHMOST 01 focussed on academic research, to encourage networking and collaboration between academics interested in the methodological development of mathematical modelling applied to transport.
The focus of the meetings will alternate; NORTHMOST 02 - planned for Spring 2017 - will be led by practitioners who are modelling experts. Practitioners will give presentations, with academic researchers in the audience. In addition to giving a forum for expert practitioners to meet and share best practice, a key aim of the series is to close the gap between research and practice, establishing a feedback loop to communicate the needs of practitioners to those working in university research.
Presentation from NORTHMOST - a new biannual series of meetings on the topic of mathematical modelling in transport.
Hosted at its.leeds.ac.uk, NORTHMOST 01 focussed on academic research, to encourage networking and collaboration between academics interested in the methodological development of mathematical modelling applied to transport.
The focus of the meetings will alternate; NORTHMOST 02 - planned for Spring 2017 - will be led by practitioners who are modelling experts. Practitioners will give presentations, with academic researchers in the audience. In addition to giving a forum for expert practitioners to meet and share best practice, a key aim of the series is to close the gap between research and practice, establishing a feedback loop to communicate the needs of practitioners to those working in university research.
Presentation from NORTHMOST - a new biannual series of meetings on the topic of mathematical modelling in transport.
Hosted at its.leeds.ac.uk, NORTHMOST 01 focussed on academic research, to encourage networking and collaboration between academics interested in the methodological development of mathematical modelling applied to transport.
The focus of the meetings will alternate; NORTHMOST 02 - planned for Spring 2017 - will be led by practitioners who are modelling experts. Practitioners will give presentations, with academic researchers in the audience. In addition to giving a forum for expert practitioners to meet and share best practice, a key aim of the series is to close the gap between research and practice, establishing a feedback loop to communicate the needs of practitioners to those working in university research.
Presentation from NORTHMOST - a new biannual series of meetings on the topic of mathematical modelling in transport.
Hosted at its.leeds.ac.uk, NORTHMOST 01 focussed on academic research, to encourage networking and collaboration between academics interested in the methodological development of mathematical modelling applied to transport.
The focus of the meetings will alternate; NORTHMOST 02 - planned for Spring 2017 - will be led by practitioners who are modelling experts. Practitioners will give presentations, with academic researchers in the audience. In addition to giving a forum for expert practitioners to meet and share best practice, a key aim of the series is to close the gap between research and practice, establishing a feedback loop to communicate the needs of practitioners to those working in university research.
Presentation from NORTHMOST - a new biannual series of meetings on the topic of mathematical modelling in transport.
Hosted at its.leeds.ac.uk, NORTHMOST 01 focussed on academic research, to encourage networking and collaboration between academics interested in the methodological development of mathematical modelling applied to transport.
The focus of the meetings will alternate; NORTHMOST 02 - planned for Spring 2017 - will be led by practitioners who are modelling experts. Practitioners will give presentations, with academic researchers in the audience. In addition to giving a forum for expert practitioners to meet and share best practice, a key aim of the series is to close the gap between research and practice, establishing a feedback loop to communicate the needs of practitioners to those working in university research.
Presentation from NORTHMOST - a new biannual series of meetings on the topic of mathematical modelling in transport.
Hosted at its.leeds.ac.uk, NORTHMOST 01 focussed on academic research, to encourage networking and collaboration between academics interested in the methodological development of mathematical modelling applied to transport.
The focus of the meetings will alternate; NORTHMOST 02 - planned for Spring 2017 - will be led by practitioners who are modelling experts. Practitioners will give presentations, with academic researchers in the audience. In addition to giving a forum for expert practitioners to meet and share best practice, a key aim of the series is to close the gap between research and practice, establishing a feedback loop to communicate the needs of practitioners to those working in university research.
Empirical analysis of crowd-sourced freight deliveries
Presenter: Amanda Stathopoulos, Assistant Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University
This seminar presents results from empirical analysis of crowd-sourced freight deliveries in the US. Crowd-sourced deliveries build on the idea that citizens deliver goods, ideally along planned travel routes. Crowdshipping has a potential to match highly fragmented transport capacities with vastly diverse demand for urban freight deliveries, temporally, spatially and in real-time. This is typically achieved through platforms that connect carriers with consumers in need of deliveries. A third-party broker, who operates the platform, provides match-making, analysis and customer services between demand and supply. The main advantage of crowdshipping is the reduced need for fixed facilities, such as cars or warehouses, to run operations. The main obstacles are trust, liability issues, and ensuring a critical mass of couriers and customers. Despite the growth in operations, there is still a poor understanding of the performance, functionality and acceptability of these new delivery methods. The seminar presents results analyzing the performance in the early stages of operation of crowdshipping. Based on real operational data from 2 years across the US the performance is examined with an emphasis on the specificity of crowdshipping, namely related to delivery variability and the temporal matching dynamics. Based on additional survey experiments the behavior of the main agents in the system is modeled with an emphasis on revealing acceptance and priorities of both occasional drivers and senders. The research derives from a Partnership-for-Innovation (PFI) project funded by the NSF where a Chicago based research team (NU, UIC) is evaluating the capabilities of CROwd-sourced Urban Delivery (CROUD) in collaboration with a crowd-shipper technology firm.
About Amanda: Amanda’s research focuses on developing new methodologies to collect data and specify mathematical models to account for broad and realistic choice behaviour in the transport setting (for instance social determinants, environmental concern, user experience, simplified decision rules). These richer layers of user motivations is an area of primary relevance in improving understanding and prediction of travel behavior. For a range of current transportation challenges such as promoting transit ridership growth, moving towards alternative fuels, or getting companies to adopt better practices in delivering goods, there is increasing recognition of the need to build adequate tools to account for decision complexity on the user side to match with effective decision support.
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Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
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Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Top 8 Strategies for Effective Sustainable Waste Management.pdfJhon Wick
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UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Modelling car trip generation in the developing world - the tale of two cities
1. School of something
FACULTY OF OTHER
Institute for Transport Studies
FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT
Modelling Car Trip Generation in the
Developing World: The Tale of Two Cities
Mr. Andrew Bwambale, ITS
Dr. Charisma F. Choudhury, ITS
Dr. Nobuhiro Sanko, Kobe University
2. • Motivation
• Study Objectives
• Study Area
• Data
• Modelling Framework
• Results
• Conclusions
Outline
3. Data sources
Motivation
• Models are key to understanding and solving complex
transport problems; however, there are limitations imposed by
data collection budget constraints in developing countries.
• Could transferable models be a possible solution?
• Besides transferability, what are the limitation of current trip
generation models?
• Data shortages in the application context
• Possible Endogeneity between car ownership
and trip generation (Simultaneity)
4. Study Objectives
(1) How does the household car ownership affect the
household car trip rate in the context of developing
countries?
(2) How can we account for the potential endogeneity in car
trip generation models?
(3) How can we account for data limitations associated with
modelling car trip generation? and
(4) How transferable are the models between two cities that
have similarity in socio-demographics?
5. Data sourcesStudy Area
Focus will be on spatial
transferability between
Nairobi and Dar-es-Salaam.
These areas are thought to
have largely similar socio-
demographics.
Household travel survey data
collected by JICA from both
cities has been used in this
study.
6. Data sources
Data
Survey period
Population (million)
Survey area (km2
)
Population density (persons/km2
)
Total number of households in the survey area ('000)
Number of households surveyed
Number of traffic analysis zones (TAZ)
Survey region
Survey lead
House ownership (%)
Yes
No
Household car ownership (%)
0
1
2
3+
Mean S.D Mean S.D
Household income in USD 385.80 377.20 110.87 194.85
Household size 3.33 1.65 4.40 1.83
Number of workers per household 1.51 0.79 1.24 0.80
Driving licence holders per household 0.60 0.84 0.43 1.04
Number of children per household 0.70 0.87 0.93 0.94
Number of students per household 0.61 0.86 1.02 1.07
650 (in 2004)
Dar-es-Salaam (Tanzania)
2007
3.0 (in 2007)
1687
1796 (in 2007)
708 (in 2007)
Nairobi (Kenya)
2004
2.7 (in 2004)
696
3817 (in 2004)
7676
164
Dar-es-salaam city
Japan International
Cooperation
Agency (JICA)
8588
104
Nairobi city
Japan International
Cooperation
Agency (JICA)
8.80 52.80
91.20 47.20
79.19 94.12
4.40 0.33
1.69 0.04
14.72 5.51
14. Data sources
Modelling Framework
• Model 4 (Joint car trip generation and car ownership models –
Simultaneous BOP models);
tnnnn
cnnn
zXy
Xz
**
*
.'
'
𝑖 =
0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑧 𝑛
∗
≤ ∝0
1, 𝑖𝑓 ∝0 < 𝑧 𝑛
∗
≤ ∝1
2, 𝑖𝑓 ∝1 < 𝑧 𝑛
∗
≤ ∝2
3+, 𝑖𝑓 𝑧 𝑛
∗
>∝2
𝑗 =
0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑦𝑛
∗
≤ 𝜃0
1, 𝑖𝑓 𝜃0 < 𝑦𝑛
∗
≤ 𝜃1
2, 𝑖𝑓 𝜃1 < 𝑦𝑛
∗
≤ 𝜃2
3+, 𝑖𝑓 𝑦𝑛
∗
> 𝜃2
# of cars # of car trips
zn*
Household socio-economic variables
Including # of cars
yn*
The BOP model
15. Data sources
Modelling Framework
Household socio-economic variables
Including # of cars
yn*
# of car trips
Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4
Is car ownership data required in the estimation context?
Is car ownership data required in the application context?
16. Data sources
Results
• Models 1 and 2
Variable Est. Z ≈ t-stat.a
Est. Z ≈ t-stat.a
Est. Z ≈ t-stat.a
Est. Z ≈ t-stat.a
Monthly household income ('000) US dollars 1.121 19.32 0.290 2.81 1.794 37.02 0.539 5.64
Dummies related to number of workers per household
Number of workers = 1 0.090 0.60** 0.540 2.89 -0.037 -0.26** 0.383 2.27
Number of workers = 2 0.519 3.45 0.707 3.73 0.324 2.29 0.552 3.21
Number of workers = 3 and above 0.576 3.63 0.733 3.36 0.387 2.59 0.552 2.77
Dummies related to number of driving license holders per
household
Number of driving license holders = 1 or 2 0.927 15.79 0.716 8.17 1.314 24.24 1.205 16.23
Number of driving license holders = 3 1.333 11.55 1.042 6.68 1.721 15.42 1.700 12.32
Number of driving license holders = 4 1.764 9.99 1.057 7.55 2.059 12.04 1.951 16.36
Number of driving license holders = 5 and above 2.116 6.73 1.564 8.38 2.418 7.72 2.583 15.33
Dummies related to number of cars owned per household
Number of car owned = 1 1.287 25.71 1.543 17.54 - - - -
Number of car owned = 2 1.523 19.7 1.364 5.44 - - - -
Number of car owned = 3 and above 1.222 10.91 2.366 3.06 - - - -
-
-
-
Model 1 Model 2
(-0.46)
(-1.03)
(-0.66)
(1.18)
(0.12)
(0.52)
(-1.46)
(1.50)
3.14
Nairobi Dar-es-Salaam t-stat. diff
11.71
(-1.90)
2.00
Nairobi Dar-es-Salaam t-stat. diff
7.03
(1.51)
-2.53
(0.61)
(-1.88)
(-0.78)
(-0.58)
Household socio-economic variables
Including # of cars
yn*
# of car trips
17. Data sources
Results
• Models 3 and 4
Variable Est. Z ≈ t-stat.a
Est. Z ≈ t-stat.a
Est. Z ≈ t-stat.a
Est. Z ≈ t-stat.a
Household car ownership model:
Monthly household income ('000) US dollars 1.942 37.47 0.719 8.24 1.956 37.73 0.709 8.17
House ownership 0.490 9.39 0.234 3.54 0.480 9.17 0.240 3.66
Dummies related to number of workers per household
Number of workers = 1 -0.335 -2.96 -0.355 -3.64 -0.364 -3.27 -0.362 -3.79
Number of workers = 2 -0.402 -3.52 -0.296 -2.83 -0.458 -4.07 -0.316 -3.07
Number of workers = 3 and above -0.299 -2.41 -0.280 -1.99 -0.354 -2.88 -0.292 -2.10
Dummies related to number of driving license holders per
household
Number of driving license holders = 1 or 2 1.249 24.51 1.468 21.44 1.229 23.94 1.441 21.20
Number of driving license holders = 3 1.525 14.11 1.913 14.55 1.487 13.77 1.885 14.33
Number of driving license holders = 4 1.718 10.54 2.392 20.83 1.659 10.25 2.354 20.58
Number of driving license holders = 5 and above 1.861 6.95 2.751 16.61 1.740 6.65 2.726 16.57
Dummies related to household size
Household size = 2 or 3 0.096 1.30** 0.384 1.10** 0.070 0.96** 0.322 0.99**
Household size = 4 0.246 3.21 0.470 1.34** 0.226 2.98 0.400 1.23**
Household size = 5+ 0.306 3.97 0.484 1.39** 0.298 3.92 0.431 1.34**
12.06
3.04
(0.13)
(-0.69)
(-0.10)
-2.57
-2.28
-3.38
-2.83
(-0.81)
(-0.62)
(-0.50)
Nairobi Dar-es-Salaam t-stat. diff
Model 3
Nairobi Dar-es-Salaam
(-0.01)
(-0.93)
(-0.33)
-2.48
-2.34
-3.50
-3.19
(-0.76)
(-0.52)
(-0.40)
Model 4
t-stat. diff
12.34
2.87
18. Data sources
Results
• Models 3 and 4 cont’d
Household car trip generation model:
Monthly household income ('000) US dollars 0.846 4.31 0.256 1.25** 0.954 4.53 0.345 1.66*
Dummies related to number of workers per household
Number of workers = 1 0.126 0.86** 0.524 2.74 0.173 1.07** 0.637 2.54
Number of workers = 2 0.494 3.39 0.655 3.55 0.618 3.80 0.797 3.23
Number of workers = 3 and above 0.510 3.36 0.635 3.08 0.641 3.81 0.823 3.14
Dummies related to number of driving license holders per
household
Number of driving license holders = 1 or 2 0.727 5.63 0.645 1.77* 0.821 5.95 0.674 1.84*
Number of driving license holders = 3 0.958 5.07 0.967 1.98 1.078 5.43 1.065 2.23
Number of driving license holders = 4 1.177 4.78 1.031 1.72* 1.362 5.28 1.128 1.88*
Number of driving license holders = 5 and above 1.414 3.80 1.525 2.19 1.500 4.02 1.669 2.48
0.463 4.99 0.376 1.56** 0.553 5.32 0.535 1.63**
Correlation coefficient ( ) - - - - 0.043 0.414** 0.295 1.128**
(-0.22)
2.06
(-1.55)
(-0.60)
(-0.58)
(0.38)
(0.03)
(0.36)
(0.05)
(-0.90)
(-1.65)
(-0.69)
(-0.49)
(0.21)
(-0.02)
(0.22)
(-0.14)
(0.34)
2.08
corr
,
20. Data sources
Results
• Overall model spatial transferability (individual parameters are
relatively transferable)
Description Nairobi to Dar-es-Salaam Dar-es-Salaam to Nairobi
Model 1 525.66 2079.72
Model 2 630.54 2776.196
Model 3
(car owenership sub-model)
443.85 2833.88
Model 3
(car trip generation sub-model)
655.69 2957.16
Model 4 951.82 4689.43
Transferability Test Statistic
Better transferability in this direction
Nairobi models are better.
(434.10)
(733.38)
(2655.00)
(3474.48)
(car ownership component)
(trip generation component)
21. Data sources
Conclusions
• In both cities, car ownership has been found to have a
statistically significant positive influence on car trip
generation.
• Models 1, 3 and 4.
• The problem associated with potential endogeneity in
modelling trip generation and car ownership can be
addressed using Model structures 3 and 4.
• Model 3: Endogeneity due to variable omission.
• Model 4: Endogeneity due to variable omission and simultaneity.
22. Data sources
Conclusions
• Possible ways of addressing the lack of car ownership
data for car trip generation modelling in the application
context can be addressed using Model structures 2, 3
and 4, though Model structure 4 is a better option.
• Though all the four models have most of their parameters
individually transferrable between the two cities, none of
the models is wholly transferrable between the two cities.
23. • Improvement of transferability scores
• Treatment of missing data as a latent variable
Further research