The document describes modeling and simulation of hardware designs in VHDL. It discusses writing test benches to simulate and verify models. Test benches generate stimulus, apply it to the model, and monitor the output responses. Stimulus can be created using repetitive patterns or vectors. Vectors can be stored in tables or files. Assertions are used to check output matches expectations. Monitoring behavior involves applying a vector, sampling output after a delay, and verifying it matches the expected value.

1. MODEL SIMULATION
Prepared by
Abdullah Fadel
Hamad

2. Outline
Abstract
Simulation
Writing a Test Bench
- Waveform Generation
. Repetitive Patterns
. Using Vectors
- Monitoring Behavior

3. Abstract
 describes the environment necessary for simulating hardware
models written in VHDL.
 These models can be tested by writing test bench models which can
themselves be described in VHDL.
 Some approaches to writing test bench models .

4. Simulation
• Decide what type of simulation will be performed.
• what values would be used during simulation.
• Would all objects (signals and variables) take values '0' or 'V only, or would
they take values '0', 'V, 'V', or 'Z', or use other logic levels?
• number of values used during simulation will define the basic types used to
model hardware(prior to writing any model), the predefined types that the
language provides are not sufficient to model values such as "U'
(undefined) and 'Z' (high-impedance).
• The language, however, does provide the capability of creating user-
defined types that can be used to model the values required for a
particular simulation. In certain cases, it may be sufficient to model
hardware using the predefined types of the language, for example, when
modeling hardware at an abstract level where all data may be represented
strictly as integers

5. Example
• we shall assume that we are interested in performing a four-value simulation, 'U'
to represent undefined, '0' to represent logic 0, 'Y to represent logic I, and 'Z' to
represent high-impedance. The basic types are, therefore, defined as:
• The leftmost value of the MVL type is defined to be a 'U' so that all objects that
are defined to be of this base type will have an initial value of 'U' at start of
simulation. "This accurately models real hardware.
• These new basic types are still insufficient to model hardware. What is lacking is a
set of operations that can operate on these types. Most of the operators in the
language are defined for the predefined types only.
• Therefore, to allow operations on these new types, we need to provide
overloaded operator functions for all the language operators that are needed to
operate on these types. Often, it is useful to put all such information into a
package.

6. Example

7. Example : using the new package

8. Example : Package in structural model

9. Example : Package in behavioral model

10. Writing a Test Bench
• A test bench is a model that is used to exercise and verify the
correctness of a hardware model . A test bench has three main
purposes:
• Generate stimulus for simulation
(waveforms)1
• Apply this stimulus to the entity under
test and to monitor the output
responses
2
• monitor output responses with
expected known values3

11. A format of a test bench

12. Waveform Generation
Main approaches in generating stimulus values:
1. create waveforms and apply stimulus at certain discrete time
intervals
2. generate stimulus based on the state of the entity, that is, based on
the output response of the entity.
Two types of waveforms are typically needed :
1. Repetitive Patterns
2. Using Vectors

13. 1-Repetitive Patterns
• A repetitive pattern with a constant on-off delay can be created using
a concurrent signal assignment statement.
• - Signal A is assumed to be of type BIT.A <= not A after 20 ns;

14. • A clock with varying on-off period can be created using a process
statement

15. A problem
both of these approaches is that if the host environment provides no control
over the amount of time simulation is to be performed, simulation would go on
until time is equal to TIME'HIGH causing a lot of simulation time to be wasted.
Solution
One way to avoid this is to put an assertion statement in the process that will
cause the assertion to fail after a specific time. Here is such an example of an
assertion statement.
• Assertion would fail when simulation time exceeds 1000 ns and simulation would stop
(assuming that the simulator stops on getting a severity level of ERROR).

16. Another Ways To Generate Clock
• An alternate way to generate a clock with a varying on-off period is
by using a conditional signal assignment statement. Here is an
example.

17. Another Ways To Generate Clock(Cont.)
• A clock that is phase delayed from another clock can be generated by
using the DELAYED predefined attribute. For example:

18. Another Ways To Generate Clock(Cont.)
• Two overlapping clocks can be generated in a similar manner by making sure that
the time specified for the DELAYED attribute is larger than the clock's on-period.
• A sequential set of values can also be generated for a signal by using multiple
waveforms in a concurrent signal assignment statement. For example,

19. Another Ways To Generate Clock(Cont.)
• The previous waveform can be made to repeat itself by placing the
signal assignment statement inside a process statement along with a
wait statement. The following example of a two-phase clock shows
such a repeated waveform.

20. 2-Using Vectors
• Another way to apply stimulus to a set of signals is to store the set of
vectors in a constant table or in an ASCII file.
• Example :stores the input vectors in a table
INPUT_VECTORS (1-5)
1001
1000
0010
0000
0110

21. • Assume that the entity under test has four inputs. A, B, C, and D. If
the vectors are to be applied at regular time intervals, a generate
statement can be used as shown :
If the vectors were to be applied at arbitrary intervals, a concurrent
signal assignment statement with multiple waveforms can be used.

22. • Example :stores the input vectors in an ASCII file as a sequence of
values.

23.  A complete test bench that uses the waveform application method is
shown next. The entity being simulated is called DIV. The output value is
written into a file for later comparison.

24. • Consider an entity in which the objective is to compute the factorial of an
input number. The handshake mechanism between the entity under test
and the test bench model is shown bellow
• RESET input to the entity resets the
factorial model to an initial state.
• START signal is set after the DATA input is
applied.
• DONE signal is set when computation is
complete,
• FAC_OUT and EXP_OUT outputs signals
to indicate output
• . The resulting factorial value is [ FAC.OUT *
2^EXP_OUT ].
Hands on Example

25.  The test bench model applies the data, sets the START signal, waits for DONE signal,
and then applies the next input data. Assertion statements are used to make sure that
the values appearing at the output are correct.

26. Cont.

27. Monitoring Behavior
• Another common way to monitor the output response of an entity is to
apply a vector, sample the output after a specific time and then verify to
make sure that the output response matches the expected values.
• Remember :In the test bench model for the FACTORIAL entity, we saw
how the test bench can monitor the behavior of the entity and apply
different patterns based on the output response .

28. Example
The input and output vectors are stored in tables. Alternately,
they could have been read from an ASCII file.

29. • In this test bench example, the application of test vectors is expressed
as a process. After a test vector is applied, the process suspends for
time (CYCLE_TIME - STROBE_DELAY), samples the output and then
checks to see if the expected output is equal to the specified output
vector. The process then suspends for STROBE_DELAY time before
reapplying the next vector.