This research intends to investigate the relation between cause and effect which influence the water availability and water need, and then to build a formulation as an effort of intervention with high leverage. The object of this research is Batam island that is part of the Riau islands province-Indonesia. This province has been remained as the national strategy area based on the Government Regulation No 26/ 2008 about the spatial plan of national area. The methodology consists of the system dynamics approach that can integrate the complex and persistence system in analyzing water balance. In the system dynamics, the behaviour patterns are generated by the water availability and water need with increasing time and by using the main asumption that every complex system is sourced on the causal structure that is forming the system. The result is as the model of water balance due to the system dynamics generally in Indonesia and especially in Batam island
ASSESSMENT OF LP AND GA AS RESERVOIR SYSTEM ANALYSIS TOOLSIAEME Publication
A reservoir is a huge manmade structure constructed for a number of reasons. It
uses natural water resources and helps in the development of a society. The quantum
of water in a reservoir is a function of the hydrologic characteristics of the region. An
efficient planning and operation of a reservoir is a skill of the water planner. The
works done by researchers in the system analysis of a reservoir are discussed in the
present paper. The most appreciated linear programming (LP) and genetic algorithm
(GA) are studied in the context of system analysis of Urmodi Reservoir in
Maharashtra, India. The objective function is set to minimize the sum of the squared
irrigation demand deficit. Results show that these tools seem to be versatile in nature
and efficiently adopted for reservoir operation purpose.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document discusses selecting a soil water simulation model to provide soil water information for deficit irrigation as part of the REDSIM project. It evaluates several potential models and their capabilities. The models considered include APSIM, AquaCrop, CROPSYST, DSSAT, STICS, SWAP, SWAT, and WOFOST. The document describes the modeling concepts and compares the models. It discusses requirements for the soil water, growth, and data modules. The selected model will be set up and calibrated using existing database and monitoring data, and satellite data will be assimilated to update state variables.
Use of Storage Water in a Hydroelectric SystemIOSR Journals
This document discusses the use of storage water in hydroelectric systems. It begins by discussing how hydroelectric systems work and the importance of water storage. It then reviews several past studies that have analyzed optimal water storage and use in hydroelectric systems. These studies used different assumptions and approaches, such as using decision support systems and dynamic programming. The document proposes using an existing decision support system to optimize water use during low flow periods. It describes the components and benefits of comprehensive decision support systems for hydroelectric operations and planning. Finally, it concludes that decision support systems can optimize water storage and use in hydroelectric systems based on updated forecasts and probabilistic modeling.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document provides an overview of various optimization techniques that have been used for operating multi-reservoir systems, including linear programming, non-linear programming, and dynamic programming. It describes how each technique works and examples of its applications to reservoir systems. Dynamic programming is highlighted as being well-suited for reservoir operations given their multi-stage decision process nature, but it faces computational challenges for problems with more than a few state variables. The document also discusses how combinations of techniques, like linear programming and dynamic programming, have been used to help address some of the limitations.
This document summarizes a research paper that uses explicit stochastic dynamic programming to determine optimal long-term reservoir operation policies under uncertainty. It begins by introducing reservoir operation as a multistage dynamic stochastic control process and describes how stochastic dynamic programming can account for uncertainties. It then reviews relevant literature on applying stochastic dynamic programming to single and multi-reservoir systems. The document proceeds to describe the DV reservoir system in India that is used as a case study. It provides storage capacities and operational details. Finally, it outlines the stochastic dynamic programming formulation, including the system dynamics, objective function, transition probabilities, and recursive equations used to solve for the optimal policy.
DEVELOPMENT OF CLEAN WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK CAPACITY BY USING WATERCADIAEME Publication
This document describes a study that used WaterCAD software to analyze and develop the clean water distribution network for Kedungkandang District in Malang, Indonesia. The study projected the population to reach 27,284 people by 2031. It determined the average daily clean water need would be 41,763 liters/second and peak hour need would be 65,150 liters/second. Hydraulic simulations found the water pressure would be between 1.6-2.3 atmospheres and velocities between 0.47-1.85 meters/second, meeting design criteria. The study concluded the existing network was sufficient with some pipe diameter changes required for development.
Review of performance evaluation of canal irrigation systemRonak Patel
This document reviews various approaches that researchers have used to evaluate the performance of canal irrigation systems in India and worldwide. It discusses 12 studies that used indicators, remote sensing, hydrological models, or other methods to assess irrigation system efficiency, uniformity, productivity, and other metrics. The studies examined irrigation projects and canal systems in various locations and identified technical, financial, and other factors that affected performance. The review indicates that evaluating irrigation systems through performance indicators and other methods can provide insights on constraints and improvement opportunities.
ASSESSMENT OF LP AND GA AS RESERVOIR SYSTEM ANALYSIS TOOLSIAEME Publication
A reservoir is a huge manmade structure constructed for a number of reasons. It
uses natural water resources and helps in the development of a society. The quantum
of water in a reservoir is a function of the hydrologic characteristics of the region. An
efficient planning and operation of a reservoir is a skill of the water planner. The
works done by researchers in the system analysis of a reservoir are discussed in the
present paper. The most appreciated linear programming (LP) and genetic algorithm
(GA) are studied in the context of system analysis of Urmodi Reservoir in
Maharashtra, India. The objective function is set to minimize the sum of the squared
irrigation demand deficit. Results show that these tools seem to be versatile in nature
and efficiently adopted for reservoir operation purpose.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document discusses selecting a soil water simulation model to provide soil water information for deficit irrigation as part of the REDSIM project. It evaluates several potential models and their capabilities. The models considered include APSIM, AquaCrop, CROPSYST, DSSAT, STICS, SWAP, SWAT, and WOFOST. The document describes the modeling concepts and compares the models. It discusses requirements for the soil water, growth, and data modules. The selected model will be set up and calibrated using existing database and monitoring data, and satellite data will be assimilated to update state variables.
Use of Storage Water in a Hydroelectric SystemIOSR Journals
This document discusses the use of storage water in hydroelectric systems. It begins by discussing how hydroelectric systems work and the importance of water storage. It then reviews several past studies that have analyzed optimal water storage and use in hydroelectric systems. These studies used different assumptions and approaches, such as using decision support systems and dynamic programming. The document proposes using an existing decision support system to optimize water use during low flow periods. It describes the components and benefits of comprehensive decision support systems for hydroelectric operations and planning. Finally, it concludes that decision support systems can optimize water storage and use in hydroelectric systems based on updated forecasts and probabilistic modeling.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document provides an overview of various optimization techniques that have been used for operating multi-reservoir systems, including linear programming, non-linear programming, and dynamic programming. It describes how each technique works and examples of its applications to reservoir systems. Dynamic programming is highlighted as being well-suited for reservoir operations given their multi-stage decision process nature, but it faces computational challenges for problems with more than a few state variables. The document also discusses how combinations of techniques, like linear programming and dynamic programming, have been used to help address some of the limitations.
This document summarizes a research paper that uses explicit stochastic dynamic programming to determine optimal long-term reservoir operation policies under uncertainty. It begins by introducing reservoir operation as a multistage dynamic stochastic control process and describes how stochastic dynamic programming can account for uncertainties. It then reviews relevant literature on applying stochastic dynamic programming to single and multi-reservoir systems. The document proceeds to describe the DV reservoir system in India that is used as a case study. It provides storage capacities and operational details. Finally, it outlines the stochastic dynamic programming formulation, including the system dynamics, objective function, transition probabilities, and recursive equations used to solve for the optimal policy.
DEVELOPMENT OF CLEAN WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK CAPACITY BY USING WATERCADIAEME Publication
This document describes a study that used WaterCAD software to analyze and develop the clean water distribution network for Kedungkandang District in Malang, Indonesia. The study projected the population to reach 27,284 people by 2031. It determined the average daily clean water need would be 41,763 liters/second and peak hour need would be 65,150 liters/second. Hydraulic simulations found the water pressure would be between 1.6-2.3 atmospheres and velocities between 0.47-1.85 meters/second, meeting design criteria. The study concluded the existing network was sufficient with some pipe diameter changes required for development.
Review of performance evaluation of canal irrigation systemRonak Patel
This document reviews various approaches that researchers have used to evaluate the performance of canal irrigation systems in India and worldwide. It discusses 12 studies that used indicators, remote sensing, hydrological models, or other methods to assess irrigation system efficiency, uniformity, productivity, and other metrics. The studies examined irrigation projects and canal systems in various locations and identified technical, financial, and other factors that affected performance. The review indicates that evaluating irrigation systems through performance indicators and other methods can provide insights on constraints and improvement opportunities.
This document describes a study that used multi-criteria decision analysis to evaluate alternative operating rules for an urban water supply system in Melbourne, Australia. It involved eliciting preferences from three stakeholder groups - resource managers, water users, and environmental groups - to model their preferences in the PROMETHEE method. Eight performance measures across four objectives were used to evaluate 16 alternative operating rules. An interviewer-assisted questionnaire was used to derive stakeholder preference functions and weights for the performance measures. The study aimed to develop a decision support system incorporating stakeholder preferences to help evaluate operating rules for complex water supply systems.
Optimization of reservoir operation using neuro fuzzy techniquesIAEME Publication
The document discusses optimization of reservoir operation using neuro-fuzzy techniques. It summarizes that reservoir operation is traditionally based on heuristic methods that do not account for randomness of inflows and demands. It explores using soft computing tools like artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic, and neuro-fuzzy systems for optimization. The document reviews linear programming, dynamic programming, and evolutionary algorithms as traditional optimization techniques and their limitations for reservoir operation. It discusses standard and optimal operating policies using rule curves and maximizing long-term benefits through dynamic programming.
Modeling and optimization of a wastewater pumping system withMohammad Imran
This document discusses using data-mining methods to model and optimize a wastewater pumping system. Neural networks are used to model pump energy consumption and wastewater flow rate based on operational data. A bi-objective optimization model is formulated to minimize energy consumption and maximize flow rate. An artificial immune network algorithm solves the optimization problem. Results show the potential to save 6-14% of energy while maintaining pumping performance through optimizing pump speeds.
Optimal operation of a multi reservoir system and performance evaluationIAEME Publication
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology that discusses optimal operation of a multi-reservoir system in India. The article develops an efficient algorithm using Discrete Differential Dynamic Programming to determine optimal policies for reservoir release from the Damodar Valley reservoir system, which consists of 4 reservoirs. The objective is to minimize deficits in water supply for irrigation, municipal, and industrial use. Two types of objective functions are used and evaluated: one that penalizes only deficits, and one that penalizes both deficits and surpluses. Performance is evaluated using reliability parameters to analyze the initial and optimal solutions.
This project aims to reduce Clark University's water use by improving its irrigation system. It proposes installing moisture sensors, irrigation meters, and a new remote-controlled irrigation system. This will allow for better monitoring and management of the irrigation zones to prevent unnecessary watering. If implemented, the project is estimated to save water and lower costs by enabling more efficient watering practices. Physical Plant will partner in the installation and ongoing maintenance.
a study material for risk assessments in water supplyathulya cs
This document discusses water supply systems and the risks they face from climate change and population growth. It summarizes that water supply systems provide drinking water but face risks from factors like precipitation, temperature, climate change, and population increases. It then describes using a stochastic model with Monte Carlo simulation and artificial neural networks to estimate how these risks may impact the reliability, resilience and vulnerability of water supply systems over time based on historical data. The model aims to help with better decision making.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A comparative study of different imputation methods for daily rainfall data i...journalBEEI
Rainfall data are the most significant values in hydrology and climatology modelling. However, the datasets are prone to missing values due to various issues. This study aspires to impute the rainfall missing values by using various imputation method such as Replace by Mean, Nearest Neighbor, Random Forest, Non-linear Interactive Partial Least-Square (NIPALS) and Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC). Daily rainfall datasets from 48 rainfall stations across east-coast Peninsular Malaysia were used in this study. The dataset were then fed into Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) model. The performance of abovementioned methods were evaluated using Root Mean Square Method (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency Coefficient (CE). The experimental results showed that RF coupled with MLR (RF-MLR) approach was attained as more fitting for satisfying the missing data in east-coast Peninsular Malaysia.
Budget Allocation Assessment for Water Resources Project in Thailand Using GI...drboon
This document summarizes a study that assessed the appropriateness of water budget allocation among Thailand's 25 major river basins using a GIS-based water poverty index (WPI). The study found that basins like Mae Nam Pattani, Mae Nam Kok, and Mae Nam Mun had lower WPI scores, reflecting higher water shortage, but were allocated less budget per capita compared to other basins. Thus, water budget allocation was inconsistent with levels of water poverty between basins. The study developed a WPI for each basin based on factors of resources, access, capacity, use, and environment. GIS was used to analyze sub-factors for each basin and display water shortage levels according to the WPI ratings.
This document discusses rainwater harvesting systems. It begins with an introduction describing rainwater harvesting as the collection and storage of rainwater for later use. It then discusses related work on rainwater harvesting projects at universities. The methodology section outlines the components of a rainwater harvesting system and methods for storing harvested rainwater. Results are presented on water levels from monitoring wells before and after monsoon seasons from 2002-2011. Finally, conclusions state that rainwater harvesting can help solve water scarcity issues and save energy from well pumping while providing household water.
This document summarizes a study that evaluates the performance of the urban water sector in Surat City, India using a sustainability index approach. A sustainability index was calculated based on social, economic, environmental, and engineering criteria. Data was collected from the Surat Municipal Corporation and experts were interviewed. The results showed that Surat City has a moderate sustainability index of 0.396. The engineering criteria scored lowest at 0.031, indicating room for improvement in that area. The study provides information on weaknesses in the system and approaches to enhance sustainability of urban water management in Surat City.
IRJET - To Study the Hurdles in Designing a Water Supply System for a CityIRJET Journal
This document discusses the challenges of designing a water supply system for a city in India. It notes that water scarcity is a major issue in India, with over 600 million people facing extreme water stress. The document then summarizes the key processes involved in a water supply system, including sources of water, treatment, storage, and distribution. It identifies several difficulties that can occur at different phases of a water supply project, such as land acquisition issues in planning, traffic diversion challenges during execution, and quality control problems after completion. The study aims to further analyze how to effectively apply project management strategies to address these hurdles and improve water supply systems, using the city of Jalgaon as a case study.
Sachpazis: ewra2005, A Hydrogeotechnical Integrated SystemDr.Costas Sachpazis
«A Hydrogeotechnical Integrated System for Water Resources Management of Attica – Greece». Presented in the 6th International Conference of the European Water Resources Association (EWRA2005), held in Menton (France) on 7-10 September 2005. Cooperation with Manoliadis Odysseus, Baronos Athina, and Tsapraili Chrysanthy. 2005
Assessing the importance of geo hydrological data acquisition in the developm...Alexander Decker
The document discusses two groundwater flow models developed for Lagos, Nigeria and Birmingham, UK. The Birmingham model had extensive geo-hydrological data including geology, groundwater levels, recharge rates, abstraction data, and aquifer parameters obtained from field tests. This allowed for detailed discretization, calibration, and reliable predictive capabilities. The Lagos model had limited data, requiring interpolation and extrapolation. It had coarse discretization and assumed parameters. This greatly limited its reliability and predictive ability. The document recommends improving Nigeria's geo-hydrological data acquisition and accessibility to enable more effective water resources management planning and modeling.
ANALYSIS OF WATER LOGGING AT SJCET CAMPUS AND ITS REMEDIAL MEASURESIRJET Journal
The document analyzes water logging issues at SJCET campus in Kerala, India. It discusses collecting data on rainfall and soil infiltration rates. The existing drainage system and rainwater harvesting system are studied. Issues identified include inadequate drainage, low soil infiltration rates, and insufficient capacity of the drainage system. The document proposes remedial measures to address water logging such as improving drainage schemes, adding deep drains, excavating new channels, and enhancing the existing drainage system and rainwater harvesting system. The overall goal is to develop a modern drainage system to reduce water logging on campus.
Impacts of management and modernization on water savings in large irrigation ...Innspub Net
This study was conducted to assess and optimize the conveyance performance of major irrigation systems in the case of the NIA-Magat River Integrated Irrigation System in the Philippines. Options Analysis in Irrigation System (OASIS) was used to evaluate and optimize the conveyance efficiency of the system. Management and modernization scenarios were undertaken in the irrigation system assuming that the rehabilitation projects exerted efforts on improving efficiencies and reduced losses in the conveyance and distribution systems. Based on the results, the actual condition of the irrigation system as the reference of improvement will have 1,365,759 million cubic meters diversion supply from MARIIS and Baligatan diversion dams. Having been improved from 76% of conveyance efficiency to 95% assumed result of the improvement measures, approximately 84,303 million cubic meters or 6% increase from the actual diversion requirement can be realized. With every 1% increase in conveyance efficiency, there will be approximately 33,831 cubic meters savings in irrigation diversion requirements. This could be achieved through canal repairs of damaged structures, the lining of earth canals, and modernization of control structures. The OASIS program has shown its ability to assess the effects of irrigation management and modernization in a large irrigation system that can serve as a science-based planning and decision-making support program. It may also be used to study the management and optimization of irrigation in other irrigation systems in the country and elsewhere in the world.
- The document analyzes the hydrological impacts of land-use and land-cover changes in the Ketar watershed in Ethiopia between 1986 and 2010.
- Land-use classifications using satellite images from 1986 and 2010 showed an expansion of agricultural land and settlements, and a reduction of forest and grassland areas.
- Hydrological modeling with SWAT found that mean monthly wet season flow increased 3.8% from 1986 to 2010, while mean monthly dry season flow decreased 12.3%, indicating changes to the watershed's hydrological processes due to land conversion.
- Continued conversion of marginal lands to agriculture as the population grows could further impact the watershed's hydrology and threaten livelihoods.
SIMULATION OF PRESSURE VARIATIONS WITHIN KIMILILI WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM USING E...IAEME Publication
Water Supply system is a system of engineered hydrologic and hydraulic components which provide water supply for domestic use, industrial purposes, fire fighting and so on. The system
comprises of intake structures, treatment units, storage tanks and distribution systems. A well designed water supply system is meant to operate optimally such that consumers have access to portable water of sufficient pressure and quality at all times. However during operations of water supply systems, cases of pressure drops, Leakages and contamination occur and the main challenge is the lack of a simple tool to accurately predict zones of low pressures and areas where quality is compromised.
Performance evaluation of sprinkler irrigation system in Matimba irrigation s...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the performance of a sprinkler irrigation system in Matimba, Rwanda. Catch can tests were conducted on 110 hectares of maize under the system. Key findings were that the distribution uniformity was 84%, coefficient of uniformity was 86%, and delivery performance ratio was 0.9, indicating overall satisfactory system performance. However, regular maintenance and controlling silt buildup were recommended to improve performance further.
3 comparison of actual release schedule and optimalprjpublications
This document summarizes a study that developed a yield model using linear programming to optimize reservoir operations for the Isapur reservoir in India. The study aimed to calculate the optimal irrigation yield and compare it to actual irrigation releases. A linear programming model was formulated to maximize reservoir yield subject to water balance constraints. The model estimated over-year and within-year storage requirements separately. The results were analyzed to compare optimal yields from the model to actual historical irrigation releases and draw conclusions about reservoir performance.
This document describes a study that used multi-criteria decision analysis to evaluate alternative operating rules for an urban water supply system in Melbourne, Australia. It involved eliciting preferences from three stakeholder groups - resource managers, water users, and environmental groups - to model their preferences in the PROMETHEE method. Eight performance measures across four objectives were used to evaluate 16 alternative operating rules. An interviewer-assisted questionnaire was used to derive stakeholder preference functions and weights for the performance measures. The study aimed to develop a decision support system incorporating stakeholder preferences to help evaluate operating rules for complex water supply systems.
Optimization of reservoir operation using neuro fuzzy techniquesIAEME Publication
The document discusses optimization of reservoir operation using neuro-fuzzy techniques. It summarizes that reservoir operation is traditionally based on heuristic methods that do not account for randomness of inflows and demands. It explores using soft computing tools like artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic, and neuro-fuzzy systems for optimization. The document reviews linear programming, dynamic programming, and evolutionary algorithms as traditional optimization techniques and their limitations for reservoir operation. It discusses standard and optimal operating policies using rule curves and maximizing long-term benefits through dynamic programming.
Modeling and optimization of a wastewater pumping system withMohammad Imran
This document discusses using data-mining methods to model and optimize a wastewater pumping system. Neural networks are used to model pump energy consumption and wastewater flow rate based on operational data. A bi-objective optimization model is formulated to minimize energy consumption and maximize flow rate. An artificial immune network algorithm solves the optimization problem. Results show the potential to save 6-14% of energy while maintaining pumping performance through optimizing pump speeds.
Optimal operation of a multi reservoir system and performance evaluationIAEME Publication
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology that discusses optimal operation of a multi-reservoir system in India. The article develops an efficient algorithm using Discrete Differential Dynamic Programming to determine optimal policies for reservoir release from the Damodar Valley reservoir system, which consists of 4 reservoirs. The objective is to minimize deficits in water supply for irrigation, municipal, and industrial use. Two types of objective functions are used and evaluated: one that penalizes only deficits, and one that penalizes both deficits and surpluses. Performance is evaluated using reliability parameters to analyze the initial and optimal solutions.
This project aims to reduce Clark University's water use by improving its irrigation system. It proposes installing moisture sensors, irrigation meters, and a new remote-controlled irrigation system. This will allow for better monitoring and management of the irrigation zones to prevent unnecessary watering. If implemented, the project is estimated to save water and lower costs by enabling more efficient watering practices. Physical Plant will partner in the installation and ongoing maintenance.
a study material for risk assessments in water supplyathulya cs
This document discusses water supply systems and the risks they face from climate change and population growth. It summarizes that water supply systems provide drinking water but face risks from factors like precipitation, temperature, climate change, and population increases. It then describes using a stochastic model with Monte Carlo simulation and artificial neural networks to estimate how these risks may impact the reliability, resilience and vulnerability of water supply systems over time based on historical data. The model aims to help with better decision making.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A comparative study of different imputation methods for daily rainfall data i...journalBEEI
Rainfall data are the most significant values in hydrology and climatology modelling. However, the datasets are prone to missing values due to various issues. This study aspires to impute the rainfall missing values by using various imputation method such as Replace by Mean, Nearest Neighbor, Random Forest, Non-linear Interactive Partial Least-Square (NIPALS) and Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC). Daily rainfall datasets from 48 rainfall stations across east-coast Peninsular Malaysia were used in this study. The dataset were then fed into Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) model. The performance of abovementioned methods were evaluated using Root Mean Square Method (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency Coefficient (CE). The experimental results showed that RF coupled with MLR (RF-MLR) approach was attained as more fitting for satisfying the missing data in east-coast Peninsular Malaysia.
Budget Allocation Assessment for Water Resources Project in Thailand Using GI...drboon
This document summarizes a study that assessed the appropriateness of water budget allocation among Thailand's 25 major river basins using a GIS-based water poverty index (WPI). The study found that basins like Mae Nam Pattani, Mae Nam Kok, and Mae Nam Mun had lower WPI scores, reflecting higher water shortage, but were allocated less budget per capita compared to other basins. Thus, water budget allocation was inconsistent with levels of water poverty between basins. The study developed a WPI for each basin based on factors of resources, access, capacity, use, and environment. GIS was used to analyze sub-factors for each basin and display water shortage levels according to the WPI ratings.
This document discusses rainwater harvesting systems. It begins with an introduction describing rainwater harvesting as the collection and storage of rainwater for later use. It then discusses related work on rainwater harvesting projects at universities. The methodology section outlines the components of a rainwater harvesting system and methods for storing harvested rainwater. Results are presented on water levels from monitoring wells before and after monsoon seasons from 2002-2011. Finally, conclusions state that rainwater harvesting can help solve water scarcity issues and save energy from well pumping while providing household water.
This document summarizes a study that evaluates the performance of the urban water sector in Surat City, India using a sustainability index approach. A sustainability index was calculated based on social, economic, environmental, and engineering criteria. Data was collected from the Surat Municipal Corporation and experts were interviewed. The results showed that Surat City has a moderate sustainability index of 0.396. The engineering criteria scored lowest at 0.031, indicating room for improvement in that area. The study provides information on weaknesses in the system and approaches to enhance sustainability of urban water management in Surat City.
IRJET - To Study the Hurdles in Designing a Water Supply System for a CityIRJET Journal
This document discusses the challenges of designing a water supply system for a city in India. It notes that water scarcity is a major issue in India, with over 600 million people facing extreme water stress. The document then summarizes the key processes involved in a water supply system, including sources of water, treatment, storage, and distribution. It identifies several difficulties that can occur at different phases of a water supply project, such as land acquisition issues in planning, traffic diversion challenges during execution, and quality control problems after completion. The study aims to further analyze how to effectively apply project management strategies to address these hurdles and improve water supply systems, using the city of Jalgaon as a case study.
Sachpazis: ewra2005, A Hydrogeotechnical Integrated SystemDr.Costas Sachpazis
«A Hydrogeotechnical Integrated System for Water Resources Management of Attica – Greece». Presented in the 6th International Conference of the European Water Resources Association (EWRA2005), held in Menton (France) on 7-10 September 2005. Cooperation with Manoliadis Odysseus, Baronos Athina, and Tsapraili Chrysanthy. 2005
Assessing the importance of geo hydrological data acquisition in the developm...Alexander Decker
The document discusses two groundwater flow models developed for Lagos, Nigeria and Birmingham, UK. The Birmingham model had extensive geo-hydrological data including geology, groundwater levels, recharge rates, abstraction data, and aquifer parameters obtained from field tests. This allowed for detailed discretization, calibration, and reliable predictive capabilities. The Lagos model had limited data, requiring interpolation and extrapolation. It had coarse discretization and assumed parameters. This greatly limited its reliability and predictive ability. The document recommends improving Nigeria's geo-hydrological data acquisition and accessibility to enable more effective water resources management planning and modeling.
ANALYSIS OF WATER LOGGING AT SJCET CAMPUS AND ITS REMEDIAL MEASURESIRJET Journal
The document analyzes water logging issues at SJCET campus in Kerala, India. It discusses collecting data on rainfall and soil infiltration rates. The existing drainage system and rainwater harvesting system are studied. Issues identified include inadequate drainage, low soil infiltration rates, and insufficient capacity of the drainage system. The document proposes remedial measures to address water logging such as improving drainage schemes, adding deep drains, excavating new channels, and enhancing the existing drainage system and rainwater harvesting system. The overall goal is to develop a modern drainage system to reduce water logging on campus.
Impacts of management and modernization on water savings in large irrigation ...Innspub Net
This study was conducted to assess and optimize the conveyance performance of major irrigation systems in the case of the NIA-Magat River Integrated Irrigation System in the Philippines. Options Analysis in Irrigation System (OASIS) was used to evaluate and optimize the conveyance efficiency of the system. Management and modernization scenarios were undertaken in the irrigation system assuming that the rehabilitation projects exerted efforts on improving efficiencies and reduced losses in the conveyance and distribution systems. Based on the results, the actual condition of the irrigation system as the reference of improvement will have 1,365,759 million cubic meters diversion supply from MARIIS and Baligatan diversion dams. Having been improved from 76% of conveyance efficiency to 95% assumed result of the improvement measures, approximately 84,303 million cubic meters or 6% increase from the actual diversion requirement can be realized. With every 1% increase in conveyance efficiency, there will be approximately 33,831 cubic meters savings in irrigation diversion requirements. This could be achieved through canal repairs of damaged structures, the lining of earth canals, and modernization of control structures. The OASIS program has shown its ability to assess the effects of irrigation management and modernization in a large irrigation system that can serve as a science-based planning and decision-making support program. It may also be used to study the management and optimization of irrigation in other irrigation systems in the country and elsewhere in the world.
- The document analyzes the hydrological impacts of land-use and land-cover changes in the Ketar watershed in Ethiopia between 1986 and 2010.
- Land-use classifications using satellite images from 1986 and 2010 showed an expansion of agricultural land and settlements, and a reduction of forest and grassland areas.
- Hydrological modeling with SWAT found that mean monthly wet season flow increased 3.8% from 1986 to 2010, while mean monthly dry season flow decreased 12.3%, indicating changes to the watershed's hydrological processes due to land conversion.
- Continued conversion of marginal lands to agriculture as the population grows could further impact the watershed's hydrology and threaten livelihoods.
SIMULATION OF PRESSURE VARIATIONS WITHIN KIMILILI WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM USING E...IAEME Publication
Water Supply system is a system of engineered hydrologic and hydraulic components which provide water supply for domestic use, industrial purposes, fire fighting and so on. The system
comprises of intake structures, treatment units, storage tanks and distribution systems. A well designed water supply system is meant to operate optimally such that consumers have access to portable water of sufficient pressure and quality at all times. However during operations of water supply systems, cases of pressure drops, Leakages and contamination occur and the main challenge is the lack of a simple tool to accurately predict zones of low pressures and areas where quality is compromised.
Performance evaluation of sprinkler irrigation system in Matimba irrigation s...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the performance of a sprinkler irrigation system in Matimba, Rwanda. Catch can tests were conducted on 110 hectares of maize under the system. Key findings were that the distribution uniformity was 84%, coefficient of uniformity was 86%, and delivery performance ratio was 0.9, indicating overall satisfactory system performance. However, regular maintenance and controlling silt buildup were recommended to improve performance further.
3 comparison of actual release schedule and optimalprjpublications
This document summarizes a study that developed a yield model using linear programming to optimize reservoir operations for the Isapur reservoir in India. The study aimed to calculate the optimal irrigation yield and compare it to actual irrigation releases. A linear programming model was formulated to maximize reservoir yield subject to water balance constraints. The model estimated over-year and within-year storage requirements separately. The results were analyzed to compare optimal yields from the model to actual historical irrigation releases and draw conclusions about reservoir performance.
This document presents a study that developed a linear programming yield model to optimize reservoir operations for the Isapur reservoir in India. The yield model was used to calculate the optimal annual irrigation yield from the reservoir under different reliability targets. The model considered factors like monthly inflows, irrigation demands, and evaporation losses. The actual irrigation releases from the reservoir over 28 years were also collected. The yield model results were then compared to the actual historical releases to evaluate how well the model performed and identify opportunities to improve reservoir operations. Key findings and conclusions from this comparison are presented.
Putting into consideration most of the dynamics of Water production costs, the SD approach is used in determining the Unit cost of water production. It is hoped that the model will assist Water Companies, Water Supply Agencies and Board to price water in an economic manner.
URBAN FLOOD SUSCEPTIBILITY MAP OF CHENNAI - GIS AND RANDOM FOREST METHODIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that created an urban flood susceptibility map of Chennai, India using GIS and the random forest machine learning method. Eleven factors like elevation, land use, rainfall, and distance from rivers were used as inputs to the random forest model. 300 historic flood locations and 300 non-flood locations were collected and used to train and test the model. The random forest model achieved 95.5% accuracy in predicting flood locations. The output was used to classify the study area into low and high flood susceptibility zones to assist with flood management and mitigation.
A Holistic Approach for Determining the Characteristic Flow on Kangsabati Cat...ijceronline
Kangsabati river rises from the Chotanagpur plateau in the state of West Bengal, India and passes through the districts of Purulia, Bankura and Paschim Medinipur in West Bengal before joining into river Rupnarayan. It is life of these three districts of West Bengal situated in the western part of the state. The river has ephemeral characteristics i.e. it has low flow in the year round and have a high peak on a certain time basis. In the Kangasabati catchment hydrological study gives an evident that during the period every two years there is a chance of drought condition and consecutively after that there is a high flow year. In our study period from 1991 to 2010 there are six low streamflow year i.e. in that year there is less rainfall than the average rainfall on that area. The year 1991, 2002 and 2009 are the drought prone year and above that in 2010 the severe drought condition was seen and this is the lowest rainfall year among the last 20 years and the rainfall on this year is only 766 mm which is in an about 38% less rainfall than the average rainfall of the catchment. And the highest flood peak in the last twenty year is noted on 19th Aug 2007 as 377107.8 Mm3
ICT solutions for highly-customized water demand management strategiesSmartH2O
1) Smart metering technologies and big data analytics can help water utilities better understand residential water usage patterns and identify different consumption profiles.
2) Gamification approaches, like the SmartH2O project's "DropTheQuestion" app, show potential for inducing behavioral change and reducing household water consumption. Preliminary results from SmartH2O indicate water savings of 10% on average.
3) Further analysis of smart meter data from over 11,000 households in Valencia, Spain identified common daily, weekly, and hourly water usage patterns and helped classify households into consumption categories from very high to low users.
Assessment and Analysis of Maximum Precipitation at Bharkawada Village, Palan...RSIS International
Efficient Storm water network is the main tool to prevent the water gatheration and scattering of a city. Selecting the Bharkawada as study area and its problem was identified to be of very less effective drainage system. In this study methods have been adopted to identify the possibilities of completing the research for designing the storm water drainage design. Our main aim is to design a very efficient and rpid drainage system which should drain the water very fastly with less concentration time and less spreading of water with less provision of slope. The present design is based on rainfall data. Past 30 years rainfall data has been taken for study. The system has been designed considering in total of 65% of the impervious area. Estimated rainfall intensity has been calculated as 33.02527 mm/hour with a recurrence interval of 2 years from the detailed analysis of rainfall data of 34 years. Rainfall Intensity is estimated after frequency analysis of the rainfall data. The calculated runoff is 25.056 m3/s, which can be used as a design discharge for network designing. Different methods can be used for runoff estimation. Here, Rational method seems to be best for use in estimation of storm water runoff. The outfalls of system are directed to proposed lakes. Ere at this stage rainfall calculations have been done and in future work complete rainfall and runoff analysis will be carried out for storm water network.
Calculation of Leakage Water and Forecast Actual Water Delivery in Town Drink...Editor IJCATR
Almost all proposals present forecast data of the variables in focus and conclude the results. However, some variables such
as water can change its volume during the traverse from source to end. Such of these variables need to be studied with loss parameters
also. This loss parameter here is leakage water. Water demand forecast can be calculated for the coming years, but leakage water also
need to be calculated and then actually delivered water to the end users has to be forecast. This paper proposed a model of piping
pattern, leakage locations. Calculated leakage water and forecast the actual delivery of water to end users. On the application side, the
results of this paper help administrators take decisions on improving infrastructure of water distributions system and take precautions
to care the maintenance of the infrastructure. The ideas and methods presented in this paper can be applied to other projects of similar
nature. On the academic research side, this formulation helps further in-depth analysis to be carried out to calculate exact leakage
water volumes. Water works departments can also benefit from this research.
Similar to MODEL OF WATER BALANCE BASED ON THE SYSTEM DYNAMICS (20)
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
artificial intelligence and data science contents.pptxGauravCar
What is artificial intelligence? Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks that are commonly associated with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason.
› ...
Artificial intelligence (AI) | Definitio
The CBC machine is a common diagnostic tool used by doctors to measure a patient's red blood cell count, white blood cell count and platelet count. The machine uses a small sample of the patient's blood, which is then placed into special tubes and analyzed. The results of the analysis are then displayed on a screen for the doctor to review. The CBC machine is an important tool for diagnosing various conditions, such as anemia, infection and leukemia. It can also help to monitor a patient's response to treatment.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
2. Agus Rudyanto, Lily Montarch Limantara, Ussy Andawayanti and Ery Suhartanto
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 268 editor@iaeme.com
population income implies in the growth of food and water demand, however it is also in the
contamination of water bodies (Falkenmark and Molden, 2008; Ludang and Mangkoedihardjo,
2009; Samudro et al., 2011; Samudro et al., 2018). Water resources have a direct relationship
with the systemic approach due to the both of them are systemic and non-linear relation
(Ohlsson and Turton, 1999). A system is mentioned as a set of elements with the connections
among each other. Any system is composed of many sub-systems, each of them is open and
autonomous, directly integrated and interrelated with each environment (Santos, 1982)
System dynamics is an approach for helping the managers meets the challenges of
communicating with stakeholders (Krystyna and Stave, 2003). System dynamics is a policy-
based methodology that assessed the influence of the policy changes on a system. For any
system, the decisions that are made influence the behavior of the system. System dynamics
tries to find out the factors due to the characteristic behavior of the system (Ahmad and Prashar,
2010). The main aim of system dynamics is to better understand the dynamics and complex
systems and suggest the changes in the system dynamics approach decision-making rules for
improving the performance. System dynamics is fundamentally used to understand the policy
decisions and feedbacks (Sharawat et.al, 2014).
Batam Island is part of the Riau islands and has potency of water resources with the
inadequate hydro-climate condition because it does not have groundwater basin. Therefore, all
of the rivers depend on the surface water as well as the rainfall. Besides it, the thin topsoil layer
in Batam Island is needed to be mainly attended in design of area spatial and management of
area/ area conservation. Reservoir is as an artificial water storage that is functioned for holding
water on the rainy season and use it on the dry season. However, the reservoir operation pattern
determines how big the reservoir usage that will be obtained which is as a system unity. The
sub-system of reservoir operation system consists of water availability, water need in
downstream reservoir, hydro electrical power, reservoir physical condition, and the institution
and the aspiration of interest owner. Each of the sub-system is interplaying. The problem that
can be accurately modeled by using the methodology of system dynamics is a dynamic problem
that is changed with time and has the phenomenon structure which at least has a feedback
structure. The system dynamics sees the problem in overall and to understand how the whole
unsure in a system interplaying one another. The aim of this research is to investigate the
relation between cause and effect which influence the water availability and water need, and
then to build a formulation as an effort of intervention with high leverage
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Batam-Rempang-Galang (Barelang) where is located in the river area of Batam-Bintan Islands
have been determined by Indonesian Government Decision as the free trade and harbour zone.
To support this xone, there is needed some supporting facilities especially enough fresh water
for fulfilling the society and industrial demands. The supply capacity of fresh water from the
reservoirs in Batam is 5.564 liters per-second (by noted that North Sei Galang is built in 2018).
Thus, there is fresh water deficit in amount of 4.35 litres per-second. Map of the study location
is presented as in the Figure 1.
3. Model of Water Balance Based on the System Dynamics
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 269 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 1. Research location in the river area of Riau islands
2.1. System Dynamics
The method of system dynamics has been developed since Joy Forrester introduced at the first
time on 1950 and it is centered in Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), USA
(Mohammad Tasrif, 2015). Regarding to the name, this method is closed knit with the question
about the dynamics tendency of complex systems that are the behavior that is generated by the
system and by the time. The usage of this method is more emphasized on the aims for increasing
the understanding about how the system behavior will be appear from the structure. This
understanding is very important in designing the effective policy.
The system dynamics consists of stock, flow, converter, and connector which is presented
as in the Figure 2. Stock presents how the condition and the accumulation with the resource
such as to present the population growing, irrigation area, etc. Flow presents the action about
how something will be happened that is measured as the rate. Converter is functioned for
accommodating the input and making the output. However, connector presents the relation
between stock and flow as presented in the Figure 2.
4. Agus Rudyanto, Lily Montarch Limantara, Ussy Andawayanti and Ery Suhartanto
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 270 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 2. Stock, flow, converter, and connector
2.2. The Steps of System Dynamics Modeling
According to Sterman (1992), the steps that have to be carried out for setting the model of
system dynamics are as follow: 1) To articulating the problem for identifying and analyzing
the problem. This step is carried out by collecting the data; 2) to formulate the dynamic
hypothesis; 3) to formulate the simulation model; 4) to test the model; and 5) to design and
evaluate the policy
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. The simulation of reservoir operation
On the reservoir simulation or behavior analyses, the reservoir capacity that is needed, can be
analyzed by using the formula of continuity concept as follow (Mcmahon et.al., 2007): St+1 =
St + Qt – Dt ─ ∆Et ─ Lt with the boundary: 0 ≤ St+1 ≤ C and Dt ≤ Kap, where t = time interval
(usually 1 month); St+1 = storage at the end of time interval-t; St = reservoir storage at the
beginning time interval-t; Qt = inflow during the time interval-t; Dt = demand during the time
interval-t; ∆Et = evaporation during the time interval-t; Lt = seepage during the time interval-
t; C = active benefit capacity of reservoir; and Kap = capacity of intake.
In this research, inflow to the 5 reservoirs use the monthly series data of water availability
from 2003 until 2015 that is used recurring in the simulation from 2009 until 2048 with the
assumption that the hydrology condition is continuously recurring in the future. The calibration
of reservoir water level is carried out due to the reservoir water level recording from 2009 until
2015. The calibration is only carried out in 2 reservoirs that are Muka Kuning reservoir and
Duriangkang reservoir due to the data limitation.
3.2. Calibration of reservoir water level
The calibration of Muka Kuning reservoir indicates that the model is good enough in modeling
from 2011 until 2013, however, the model is lower that the data recording out of the year from
2011 until 2013. The calibration result in Duriangkang reservoir indicates that the model is
good enough from 2009 until 2014, however, on 2015 and 2016 the model is higher than the
data recording. The condition of water level in the Muka Kuning and Duriangkang reservoir
are presented as in the Figure 3 and 4,
5. Model of Water Balance Based on the System Dynamics
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 271 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 3. Water level of model and data recording in Muka Kuning reservoir
Figure 4. Water level of model and data recording in Duriangkang reservoir
The model structure of 5 reservoirs by using system dynamics is presented in the Figure 5.
The recording data and correlation analyses show the result as follow: the correlation between
recording data (observed data) and model is 0.75 for Muka Kuning reservoir and 0.92 for
Duriangkang reservoir. The difference of water level head between recording data (observed
data) and model is assumed to be happened due to the several things as follow: a) model is pure
due to the analyses result; b) the field recording (observed data) is as the reservoir operation
result in the field that has been affected by human intervention; and c) the model of 5 reservoirs
are integrated among one to another so the operation on one of the reservoirs will affect the
other reservoir water level.
Muka Kuning
Duriangkang
reservoir
6. Agus Rudyanto, Lily Montarch Limantara, Ussy Andawayanti and Ery Suhartanto
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 272 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 5. The model structure of 5 reservoirs
7. Model of Water Balance Based on the System Dynamics
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 273 editor@iaeme.com
3.3. Water balance analyses
Based on the simulation result, it is known that the fresh water fulfillment in Batam island is
only able to fulfil until the first 10 years, however for the next years has already started the
water deficit. The water supply from 5 reservoirs and the demand for 9 districts is presented as
in the Table 1 and Figure 6, 7, 8.
Tabel 1. Supply from 5 reservoirs and demand for 9 districts in Batam island
Time
Supply
(m3
/s)
Demand
(m3
/s)
Balance
(m3
/s)
Fresh water supply
fulfillment in Batam
island (%)
Jan 1, 2018 2.58 2.58 0.00 100.00
Jan 1, 2019 2.68 2.68 0.00 100.00
Jan 1, 2020 2.79 2.79 0.00 100.00
Jan 1, 2021 2.90 2.90 0.00 100.00
Jan 1, 2022 3.02 3.02 0.00 100.00
Jan 1, 2023 3.13 3.13 0.00 100.00
Jan 1, 2024 3.25 3.25 0.00 100.00
Jan 1, 2025 3.37 3.37 0.00 100.00
Jan 1, 2026 3.49 3.49 0.00 100.00
Jan 1, 2027 3.60 3.60 0.00 100.00
Jan 1, 2028 3.55 3.72 -0.17 95.37
Jan 1, 2029 3.40 3.84 -0.43 88.67
Jan 1, 2030 3.50 4.17 -0.67 83.84
Jan 1, 2031 3.49 4.29 -0.80 81.46
Jan 1, 2032 3.71 4.41 -0.70 84.14
Jan 1, 2033 3.72 4.52 -0.80 82.31
Jan 1, 2034 3.73 4.85 -1.12 76.85
Jan 1, 2035 3.70 4.96 -1.26 74.63
Jan 1, 2036 3.37 5.07 -1.70 66.51
Jan 1, 2037 3.42 5.17 -1.75 66.09
Jan 1, 2038 3.56 5.27 -1.71 67.53
Jan 1, 2039 3.73 5.36 -1.63 69.54
Jan 1, 2040 3.73 5.45 -1.72 68.41
Jan 1, 2041 3.55 5.58 -2.03 63.64
Jan 1, 2042 3.40 5.66 -2.26 60.10
Jan 1, 2043 3.50 5.73 -2.24 60.99
Jan 1, 2044 3.49 5.80 -2.31 60.22
Jan 1, 2045 3.71 5.87 -2.16 63.17
Jan 1, 2046 3.72 5.93 -2.21 62.71
Jan 1, 2047 3.72 5.99 -2.26 62.25
8. Agus Rudyanto, Lily Montarch Limantara, Ussy Andawayanti and Ery Suhartanto
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 274 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 6. Supply for 5 reservoirs and demand for 9 districts in Batam island
Figure 7. Service water deficit from 5 reservoir in Batam Island
Figure 8. The percentage of fresh water fulfillment in Batam Island
Based on the simulation result, in further there is formulated and simulated the strategy of
water demand fulfillment increasing in the future by making some efforts.
Jan 1, 2018 Jan 1, 2023 Jan 1, 2028 Jan 1, 2033 Jan 1, 2038 Jan 1, 2043 Jan 1, 2048
3
4
5
6
m³/s
demand
Suplai
Jan 1, 2018 Jan 1, 2023 Jan 1, 2028 Jan 1, 2033 Jan 1, 2038 Jan 1, 2043 Jan 1, 2048
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
m³/s
Balance
Jan 1, 2018 Jan 1, 2023 Jan 1, 2028 Jan 1, 2033 Jan 1, 2038 Jan 1, 2043 Jan 1, 2048
20
40
60
80
100
%
PemenuhanAirBakuPulauBatam
9. Model of Water Balance Based on the System Dynamics
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 275 editor@iaeme.com
4. CONCLUSION
Based on the analysis as above, it can be concluded as follow:
1. By using the system dynamics approach, it can give the overall illustration that is
transparent, flexible, and easy to be developed. In addition, it also can show the
counter intuitive case towards a behavior through the model structure analysis and
there is the trade off and leverage point. The many benefits make the system
dynamics approach is fitted to be used in the participate design.
2. The simulation result indicates that the fresh water demand in every district of
Batam island is increasingly increasing in line with the number of population
growth such as the number of district in Batam island have 257,674 population in
2017 with the water demand is 1.12 m3
/s, it is increasing into 658,625 population
in 2017 with the water demand is 3.31 m3
/s.
3. The limitation of water volume and the permanent intake capacity of reservoir such
as the Duriangkang reservoir is in amount of 3.00 m3
/s and Muka Kuning reservoir
is in amount of 0.31 m3
/s, give the result of water availability fulfillment is only
enough until upcoming 10 years that is 2028, however there is deficit water for the
next upcoming years.
REFERENCES
[1] Ahmad S. and Prashar D. Evaluating Municipal Water Conservation Policies Using a
Dynamic Simulation Model, Water Resource Manage, 24,11, 2010, pp. 3371-3395
[2] Falkemark M. and Molden D. Wake Up to Reality of River Basin Closure. International
Journal of Water Resources Development, Vol. 24, 2008, pp. 201-215.
[3] Juwono P.T., Limantara L.M., and Rosiadi F. Optimization of Irrigation Cropping Pattern
by Using Linear Programming, Journal of Water and Land Development, No. 39 (X-XII),
2018, pp. 51-60
[4] Krystyna A. Stave, A System Dynamics Model to Facilitate Public Understanding of Water
Management Options in Las Vegas, Nevada, Journal of Environmental Management,
Vol.67, 2003, pp. 303~313.
[5] Limantara L.M. Optimization of Water Needs at Kepanjen Dam and Sengguruh Dam, East
Java, Indonesia, International Journal of Academic Research, Vol 2(5), 2010, pp, 216-220
[6] Ludang, Y., Mangkoedihardjo, S. Leaf area based transpiration factor for phytopumping of
high organic matter concentration. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 5(10), 2009,
pp.1416-1420.
[7] Mcmahon T.A., Vogel R.M., Pegram G.G.S., Peel M.C., and Etkin D. Global Streamflows-
Part 2: Reservoir Storage-Yield Performance, Journal of Hydrology, 347, 2007, pp 260-
271.
[8] Nandalal, K.D.W. and Simonovic, S.P. Resolving Conflicts in Water Sharing: A system
approach, Water Resources Research, Vol. 39, 2003, N0. 12, Page of Wes 1-1~Page of
Wes 1-11.
[9] Ohlsson, L. and Turton, A.R. The Turning of Screw: Social Resource Scarcity the Bottle-
Neck in Adaptation to Water Scarcity. London: University of London, 1999. 8p. SOAS
Occasional Paper, 19.
[10] Samudro, H., M. Faqih, E. Sudarma. Green architecture criteria for high-rise building that
serves as a rental office in the city of Surabaya. Journal of Applied Sciences Research 7(5),
2011, pp. 566-571.
10. Agus Rudyanto, Lily Montarch Limantara, Ussy Andawayanti and Ery Suhartanto
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 276 editor@iaeme.com
[11] Samudro, G., Syafrudin, Wardana, IW., Samudro, H. and Mangkoedihardjo, S.
Determination of the Specific Energy of Mixed Waste Decomposition in Compost Solid
Phase Microbial Fuel Cells (CSMFCS), International Journal of Civil Engineering and
Technology, 9(11), 2018, pp. 1316–1324.
[12] Santos, M. O Espaço e Os Seus Elementos: Questões de Método. Revista Geografia e
Ensino, v.1, 1982, pp. 19-30
[13] Sharawat, I., Dahiya, R.P., Dahiya, R., and Kumari, S. System Dynamics Approach: A
Novel Water Resource Management Tool, International Journal of Environmental
Research and Development, Vol. 4, 2014, No. 4, pp. 297-302
[14] Sterman J.D. Business Dynamics: Systems Thinking and Modeling for a Complex World.
McGraw Hill Higher Education, 2000..
[15] Tasrif M. Metodologi System Dynamics (Dinamika Sistem) untuk Pemodelan Kebijakan
(Methodology of System Dynamics for Policy Modelling), 2015.