For process of modeling are developed suitable CASE tools. In the course of
building this process a standard is used for functional modeling of IDEF0 realized through
BPWin tool. Family of integrated IDEF methods presents basic tool of some modern
strategies and methodologies of business process improvement, like for example: BPR, CPI,
IPD, TQM etc. In paper is given functional and informational model of ″Process of expert
specialization of employees in education″ using graphical language IDEF0 that is, CASE
Bpwin tool.
A SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT ENGINEERING TECHNIQUE USING OOADA-RE AND CSC FOR IOT B...ijseajournal
This Internet of things is one of the most trending technology with wide range of applications. Here we are going to focus on Medical and Healthcare applications of IOT. Generally such IOT applications are very complex comprising of many different modules. Thus a lot of care has to be taken during the requirement engineering of IOT applications. Requirement Engineering is a process of structuring all the requirements of the users. This is the base phase of software development which greatly affects the rest of the phases. Thus our best should be given in the engineering of requirements because if the effort goes down here, it will greatly affect the quality of the end product. In this study we have presented an approach to improve the requirements engineering phase of IOT applications development by using Object Oriented Analysis and Design Approach(OOADA) along with Constraints Story Card(CSC) templates.
Adopted topic modeling for business process and software component conformity...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Business processes and software components, especially class diagrams, have a firm connection. Considering software components support the business process in providing an excellent product and service. Besides, business process changes affect on software component design. One of them usually appears on the label or name of the software component or business process. Sometimes, a related business process and software component appears in the different label but the same meaning rather than using the same label. This situation is problematic when there are many changes to be made, in which the software component's modifying process becomes quite long. Therefore, the software maintainers should obtain an efficient procedure to shorten the modifying process. One solution is by using conformity checking, which helps the software maintainers know which software component is related to a specific business process. This paper compared two leading topic modeling techniques, namely probabilistic latent semantic analysis (PLSA) and latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA), to determine which one has a better performancefor process traceability.
Process driven software development methodology for enterprise information sy...csandit
In today’s process-centered business organization, it is imperative that enterprise information
system must be converted from task-centered to process-centered system. Traditional software
development methodology is function-oriented, in which each function manages its own data
and it results in redundancy because data that belongs to one object are stored by several
functions. Proposed in this paper is a process-driven software development methodology, in
which business process is a major concern and workflow functionalities are identified and
specified throughout the entire development life cycle. In the proposed methodology, the
development process, modeling tools and deliverables are clarified explicitly. Proposed
methodology can be a guideline to practitioners involved in enterprise software development, of
which workflow is an essential part.
Analysis and Design of Information Systems Financial Reports with Object Orie...ijceronline
Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are a group effort proved resistant to a wide range of economic crisis shocks. But in the operation of their business financial management is still not transparent and are also still mixed between business finance and personal finance. So that needs to be done with good financial management. In this research, analysis and information system design financial reports as a basis for the development of the system. Software development life cycle (SDLC) using the model of the object oriented approach. With object-oriented approach, the tools used by the notation Unified Modelling Language (UML). In object-oriented approach all systems applications are Viewed as a collection of objects that allow organisasi interloking and end users to Easily understand logical entities. Object-oriented approach Provides the benefits of the reuse of codes and saves the time for developing quality product.
An Empirical Study of the Improved SPLD Framework using Expert Opinion TechniqueIJEACS
Due to the growing need for high-performance and low-cost software applications and the increasing competitiveness, the industry is under pressure to deliver products with low development cost, reduced delivery time and improved quality. To address these demands, researchers have proposed several development methodologies and frameworks. One of the latest methodologies is software product line (SPL) which utilizes the concepts like reusability and variability to deliver successful products with shorter time-to-market, least development and minimum maintenance cost with a high-quality product. This research paper is a validation of our proposed framework, Improved Software Product Line (ISPL), using Expert Opinion Technique. An extensive survey based on a set of questionnaires on various aspects and sub-processes of the ISPLD Framework was carried. Analysis of the empirical data concludes that ISPL shows significant improvements on several aspects of the contemporary SPL frameworks.
A SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT ENGINEERING TECHNIQUE USING OOADA-RE AND CSC FOR IOT B...ijseajournal
This Internet of things is one of the most trending technology with wide range of applications. Here we are going to focus on Medical and Healthcare applications of IOT. Generally such IOT applications are very complex comprising of many different modules. Thus a lot of care has to be taken during the requirement engineering of IOT applications. Requirement Engineering is a process of structuring all the requirements of the users. This is the base phase of software development which greatly affects the rest of the phases. Thus our best should be given in the engineering of requirements because if the effort goes down here, it will greatly affect the quality of the end product. In this study we have presented an approach to improve the requirements engineering phase of IOT applications development by using Object Oriented Analysis and Design Approach(OOADA) along with Constraints Story Card(CSC) templates.
Adopted topic modeling for business process and software component conformity...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Business processes and software components, especially class diagrams, have a firm connection. Considering software components support the business process in providing an excellent product and service. Besides, business process changes affect on software component design. One of them usually appears on the label or name of the software component or business process. Sometimes, a related business process and software component appears in the different label but the same meaning rather than using the same label. This situation is problematic when there are many changes to be made, in which the software component's modifying process becomes quite long. Therefore, the software maintainers should obtain an efficient procedure to shorten the modifying process. One solution is by using conformity checking, which helps the software maintainers know which software component is related to a specific business process. This paper compared two leading topic modeling techniques, namely probabilistic latent semantic analysis (PLSA) and latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA), to determine which one has a better performancefor process traceability.
Process driven software development methodology for enterprise information sy...csandit
In today’s process-centered business organization, it is imperative that enterprise information
system must be converted from task-centered to process-centered system. Traditional software
development methodology is function-oriented, in which each function manages its own data
and it results in redundancy because data that belongs to one object are stored by several
functions. Proposed in this paper is a process-driven software development methodology, in
which business process is a major concern and workflow functionalities are identified and
specified throughout the entire development life cycle. In the proposed methodology, the
development process, modeling tools and deliverables are clarified explicitly. Proposed
methodology can be a guideline to practitioners involved in enterprise software development, of
which workflow is an essential part.
Analysis and Design of Information Systems Financial Reports with Object Orie...ijceronline
Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are a group effort proved resistant to a wide range of economic crisis shocks. But in the operation of their business financial management is still not transparent and are also still mixed between business finance and personal finance. So that needs to be done with good financial management. In this research, analysis and information system design financial reports as a basis for the development of the system. Software development life cycle (SDLC) using the model of the object oriented approach. With object-oriented approach, the tools used by the notation Unified Modelling Language (UML). In object-oriented approach all systems applications are Viewed as a collection of objects that allow organisasi interloking and end users to Easily understand logical entities. Object-oriented approach Provides the benefits of the reuse of codes and saves the time for developing quality product.
An Empirical Study of the Improved SPLD Framework using Expert Opinion TechniqueIJEACS
Due to the growing need for high-performance and low-cost software applications and the increasing competitiveness, the industry is under pressure to deliver products with low development cost, reduced delivery time and improved quality. To address these demands, researchers have proposed several development methodologies and frameworks. One of the latest methodologies is software product line (SPL) which utilizes the concepts like reusability and variability to deliver successful products with shorter time-to-market, least development and minimum maintenance cost with a high-quality product. This research paper is a validation of our proposed framework, Improved Software Product Line (ISPL), using Expert Opinion Technique. An extensive survey based on a set of questionnaires on various aspects and sub-processes of the ISPLD Framework was carried. Analysis of the empirical data concludes that ISPL shows significant improvements on several aspects of the contemporary SPL frameworks.
Testing and verification of software model through formal semantics a systema...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Presenting an Excusable Model of Enterprise Architecture for Evaluation of R...Editor IJCATR
Upon increasing application of unified modeling language diagrams for description of enterprise architecture and
importance of evaluating the non-functional requirements in the enterprise architecture, establishing an executable model of these
diagrams is necessary. On the other side, unified modeling language diagrams have not the capability of evaluating the non-functional
requirements of system directly. The simplicity and characteristics of these diagrams must be reserved and the capability of evaluating
these requirements to be incorporated thereto. To achieve this goal, an executable model of these diagrams to be Created.
In this paper, it is assumed that architecture of a system has been described by two use case and collaboration diagrams of unified
modeling language. The role of these diagrams in evaluation of reliability and annotations related thereto has been examined and
extended by a algorithm to an executable model means colored Petri net. In this study, the procedure of establishing an executable
model that can analyze the reliability of artifacts in C4ISR framework. According to the results obtained from simulation of this model
and their analysis, we could identify the problems in planning phase and improve out artifacts in order to avoid the extreme time and
economic costs of implementation.
ITERATIVE AND INCREMENTAL DEVELOPMENT ANALYSIS STUDY OF VOCATIONAL CAREER INF...ijseajournal
Software development process presents various types of models with their corresponding phases required to be accordingly followed in delivery of quality products and projects. Despite the various expertise and skills of systems analysts, designers, and programmers, systems failure is inevitable when a suitable development process model is not followed. This paper focuses on the Iterative and Incremental Development (IID)model and justified its role in the analysis and design software systems. The paper adopted the qualitative research approach that justified and harnessed the relevance of IID in the context of systems analysis and design using the Vocational
Career Information System (VCIS) as a case study. The paper viewed the IID as a change-driven software development process model. The results showed some system specification, functional specification of system and design specifications that can be used in implementing the VCIS using the IID model. Thus, the paper concluded that in systems analysis and design, it is imperative to consider a suitable development process that reflects the engineering mind-set, with heavy emphasis on good analysis and design for quality assurance.
Functional and Information Modeling of Production Using IDEF MethodsMandar Trivedi
Suitable CASE tools are developed for modeling processes. When building this process a
standard is used for the functional modeling of IDEF0, through the use of the BPWin tool. The family of
integrated IDEF methods presents the basic tools of some modern strategies and methodologies of
business process improvement. This paper details the functional and informational model of sInvestment
building of production facilitys using graphical language IDEF0; i.e., CASE BPWin tool. We also suggest
a context diagram, an information model and a decomposition diagram of production - investment
building.
Comparative Study of Object Oriented Design and Component Based Software Engi...ijsrd.com
Object Oriented Approach and Component Based Software Engineering are two of the popular software paradigms. In this paper we have shown how these two paradigms differ from each other by conceptual comparison. This paper will cover the property comparisons of these two concepts and will also conclude a better concept in a particular situation. It will also cover the future work possible in this field.
A Framework for Designing of Optimization Software Tools by Commercial API Im...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The customized software development aims to release a software product tailored to the specific user needs. The goal of such software is to best fit the business requirements in an efficient system. This is especially true when business should perform optimization of the used resources. The existence of application programming interfaces in many commercial mathematical programming systems makes it possible to develop custom tailored tools using proven over the years effective methods and algorithms for optimization. In the current paper, a framework for designing of customized software based on the implementation of LINDO API is described. A developed prototype is used for numerical testing of real life optimization problem. The testing results show the applicability of the proposed framework for designing of effective customized optimization tools.
Using Model-Driven Engineering for Decision Support Systems Modelling, Implem...CSCJournals
Following the principle of everything is object, software development engineering has moved towards the principle of everything is model, through Model Driven Engineering (MDE). Its implementation is based on models and their successive transformations, which allow starting from the requirements specification to the code’s implementation. This engineering is used in the development of information systems, including Decision-Support Systems (DSS). Here we use MDE to propose an DSS development approach, using the Multidimensional Canonical Partitioning (MCP) design approach and a design pattern. We also use model’s transformation in order to obtain not only implementation codes, but also data warehouse feeds.
Evaluation of interoperability between automation systems using multi-criteri...MaiconSaturno1
The diagnosis of automation systems in an existing production system through the analysis of the interoperability level between its components represents the first step in its evaluation for improving it towards alignment with Industry 4.0. The analysis of the level of interoperability finds in the multi-criteria decision making methods an auxiliary tool to evaluate and classify the solution. This work uses the AHP method for this evaluation, drawing criteria from the literature and expert experience. The application of the method is illustrated, showing that it can direct investment decisions.
Can “Feature” be used to Model the Changing Access Control Policies? IJORCS
Access control policies [ACPs] regulate the access to data and resources in information systems. These ACPs are framed from the functional requirements and the Organizational security & privacy policies. It was found to be beneficial, when the ACPs are included in the early phases of the software development leading to secure development of information systems. Many approaches are available for including the ACPs in requirements and design phase. They relied on UML artifacts, Aspects and also Feature for this purpose. But the earlier modeling approaches are limited in expressing the evolving ACPs due to organizational policy changes and business process modifications. In this paper, we analyze, whether “Feature”- defined as an increment in program functionality can be used as a modeling entity to represent the Evolving Access control requirements. We discuss the two prominent approaches that use Feature in modeling ACPs. Also we have a comparative analysis to find the suitability of Features in the context of changing ACPs. We conclude with our findings and provide directions for further research.
Testing and verification of software model through formal semantics a systema...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Presenting an Excusable Model of Enterprise Architecture for Evaluation of R...Editor IJCATR
Upon increasing application of unified modeling language diagrams for description of enterprise architecture and
importance of evaluating the non-functional requirements in the enterprise architecture, establishing an executable model of these
diagrams is necessary. On the other side, unified modeling language diagrams have not the capability of evaluating the non-functional
requirements of system directly. The simplicity and characteristics of these diagrams must be reserved and the capability of evaluating
these requirements to be incorporated thereto. To achieve this goal, an executable model of these diagrams to be Created.
In this paper, it is assumed that architecture of a system has been described by two use case and collaboration diagrams of unified
modeling language. The role of these diagrams in evaluation of reliability and annotations related thereto has been examined and
extended by a algorithm to an executable model means colored Petri net. In this study, the procedure of establishing an executable
model that can analyze the reliability of artifacts in C4ISR framework. According to the results obtained from simulation of this model
and their analysis, we could identify the problems in planning phase and improve out artifacts in order to avoid the extreme time and
economic costs of implementation.
ITERATIVE AND INCREMENTAL DEVELOPMENT ANALYSIS STUDY OF VOCATIONAL CAREER INF...ijseajournal
Software development process presents various types of models with their corresponding phases required to be accordingly followed in delivery of quality products and projects. Despite the various expertise and skills of systems analysts, designers, and programmers, systems failure is inevitable when a suitable development process model is not followed. This paper focuses on the Iterative and Incremental Development (IID)model and justified its role in the analysis and design software systems. The paper adopted the qualitative research approach that justified and harnessed the relevance of IID in the context of systems analysis and design using the Vocational
Career Information System (VCIS) as a case study. The paper viewed the IID as a change-driven software development process model. The results showed some system specification, functional specification of system and design specifications that can be used in implementing the VCIS using the IID model. Thus, the paper concluded that in systems analysis and design, it is imperative to consider a suitable development process that reflects the engineering mind-set, with heavy emphasis on good analysis and design for quality assurance.
Functional and Information Modeling of Production Using IDEF MethodsMandar Trivedi
Suitable CASE tools are developed for modeling processes. When building this process a
standard is used for the functional modeling of IDEF0, through the use of the BPWin tool. The family of
integrated IDEF methods presents the basic tools of some modern strategies and methodologies of
business process improvement. This paper details the functional and informational model of sInvestment
building of production facilitys using graphical language IDEF0; i.e., CASE BPWin tool. We also suggest
a context diagram, an information model and a decomposition diagram of production - investment
building.
Comparative Study of Object Oriented Design and Component Based Software Engi...ijsrd.com
Object Oriented Approach and Component Based Software Engineering are two of the popular software paradigms. In this paper we have shown how these two paradigms differ from each other by conceptual comparison. This paper will cover the property comparisons of these two concepts and will also conclude a better concept in a particular situation. It will also cover the future work possible in this field.
A Framework for Designing of Optimization Software Tools by Commercial API Im...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The customized software development aims to release a software product tailored to the specific user needs. The goal of such software is to best fit the business requirements in an efficient system. This is especially true when business should perform optimization of the used resources. The existence of application programming interfaces in many commercial mathematical programming systems makes it possible to develop custom tailored tools using proven over the years effective methods and algorithms for optimization. In the current paper, a framework for designing of customized software based on the implementation of LINDO API is described. A developed prototype is used for numerical testing of real life optimization problem. The testing results show the applicability of the proposed framework for designing of effective customized optimization tools.
Using Model-Driven Engineering for Decision Support Systems Modelling, Implem...CSCJournals
Following the principle of everything is object, software development engineering has moved towards the principle of everything is model, through Model Driven Engineering (MDE). Its implementation is based on models and their successive transformations, which allow starting from the requirements specification to the code’s implementation. This engineering is used in the development of information systems, including Decision-Support Systems (DSS). Here we use MDE to propose an DSS development approach, using the Multidimensional Canonical Partitioning (MCP) design approach and a design pattern. We also use model’s transformation in order to obtain not only implementation codes, but also data warehouse feeds.
Evaluation of interoperability between automation systems using multi-criteri...MaiconSaturno1
The diagnosis of automation systems in an existing production system through the analysis of the interoperability level between its components represents the first step in its evaluation for improving it towards alignment with Industry 4.0. The analysis of the level of interoperability finds in the multi-criteria decision making methods an auxiliary tool to evaluate and classify the solution. This work uses the AHP method for this evaluation, drawing criteria from the literature and expert experience. The application of the method is illustrated, showing that it can direct investment decisions.
Can “Feature” be used to Model the Changing Access Control Policies? IJORCS
Access control policies [ACPs] regulate the access to data and resources in information systems. These ACPs are framed from the functional requirements and the Organizational security & privacy policies. It was found to be beneficial, when the ACPs are included in the early phases of the software development leading to secure development of information systems. Many approaches are available for including the ACPs in requirements and design phase. They relied on UML artifacts, Aspects and also Feature for this purpose. But the earlier modeling approaches are limited in expressing the evolving ACPs due to organizational policy changes and business process modifications. In this paper, we analyze, whether “Feature”- defined as an increment in program functionality can be used as a modeling entity to represent the Evolving Access control requirements. We discuss the two prominent approaches that use Feature in modeling ACPs. Also we have a comparative analysis to find the suitability of Features in the context of changing ACPs. We conclude with our findings and provide directions for further research.
Analysis and Design of Information Systems Financial Reports with Object Orie...ijceronline
Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are a group effort proved resistant to a wide range of economic crisis shocks. But in the operation of their business financial management is still not transparent and are also still mixed between business finance and personal finance. So that needs to be done with good financial management. In this research, analysis and information system design financial reports as a basis for the development of the system. Software development life cycle (SDLC) using the model of the object oriented approach. With object-oriented approach, the tools used by the notation Unified Modelling Language (UML). In object-oriented approach all systems applications are Viewed as a collection of objects that allow organisasi interloking and end users to Easily understand logical entities. Object-oriented approach Provides the benefits of the reuse of codes and saves the time for developing quality product.
Developing Sales Information System Application using Prototyping ModelEditor IJCATR
This research aimed to develop the system that be able to manage the sales transaction, so the transaction services will be
more quickly and efficiently. The system has developed using prototyping model, which have steps including: 1) communication and
initial data collection, 2) quick design, 3) formation of prototyping, 4) evaluation of prototyping, 5) repairing prototyping, and 6) the
final step is producing devices properly so it can used by user. The prototyping model intended to adjust the system in accordance with
its use later, made in stages so that the problems that arise will be immediately addressed. The results of this research is a software
which have consumer transaction services including the purchasing services, sale, inventory management, and report for management
needed purpose. Based on questionnaires given to 18 respondents obtained information on the evaluation system built, among others:
1) 88% strongly agree and 11% agree, the application can increase effectiveness and efficiently the organizations/enterprises; 2) 33%
strongly agree, 62 agree, and 5% not agree, the application can meet the needs of organization/enterprise
Developing Sales Information System Application using Prototyping ModelEditor IJCATR
This research aimed to develop the system that be able to manage the sales transaction, so the transaction services will be more quickly and efficiently. The system has developed using prototyping model, which have steps including: 1) communication and initial data collection, 2) quick design, 3) formation of prototyping, 4) evaluation of prototyping, 5) repairing prototyping, and 6) the final step is producing devices properly so it can used by user. The prototyping model intended to adjust the system in accordance with its use later, made in stages so that the problems that arise will be immediately addressed. The results of this research is a software which have consumer transaction services including the purchasing services, sale, inventory management, and report for management needed purpose. Based on questionnaires given to 18 respondents obtained information on the evaluation system built, among others: 1) 88% strongly agree and 11% agree, the application can increase effectiveness and efficiently the organizations/enterprises; 2) 33% strongly agree, 62 agree, and 5% not agree, the application can meet the needs of organization/enterprise.
Integrated Analysis of Traditional Requirements Engineering Process with Agil...zillesubhan
In the past few years, agile software development approach has emerged as a most attractive software development approach. A typical CASE environment consists of a number of CASE tools operating on a common hardware and software platform and note that there are a number of different classes of users of a CASE environment. In fact, some users such as software developers and managers wish to make use of CASE tools to support them in developing application systems and monitoring the progress of a project. This development approach has quickly caught the attention of a large number of software development firms. However, this approach particularly pays attention to development side of software development project while neglects critical aspects of requirements engineering process. In fact, there is no standard requirement engineering process in this approach and requirements engineering activities vary from situation to situation. As a result, there emerge a large number of problems which can lead the software development projects to failure. One of major drawbacks of agile approach is that it is suitable for small size projects with limited team size. Hence, it cannot be adopted for large size projects. We claim that this approach can be used for large size projects if traditional requirements engineering approach is combined with agile manifesto. In fact, the combination of traditional requirements engineering process and agile manifesto can also help resolve a large number of problems exist in agile development methodologies. As in software development the most important thing is to know the clear customer’s requirements and also through modeling (data modeling, functional modeling, behavior modeling). Using UML we are able to build efficient system starting from scratch towards the desired goal. Through UML we start from abstract model and develop the required system through going in details with different UML diagrams. Each UML diagram serves different goal towards implementing a whole project.
Help through demonstration and automation for interactive computing systems: ...IJECEIAES
Usability is very important however, it is still difficult to develop interactive computing systems that meet all user’s specificities. Help systems should be a way of bridging this gap. This paper presents a general survey on recent works (building upon previous surveys) related to improving applications’ help through demonstration and automation and, identifies which technologies are acting as enablers. The main contributions are, identifying: i) which are the recent existing solutions; ii) which aspects must be investigated further; and iii) which are the main difficulties that are preventing a faster progress.
Investigating the use of an Artificial Intelligence Model in an ERP Cloud-Bas...AI Publications
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems are necessary to improve an enterprise's management performance. However, the perception of information technology (IT) professionals about the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning with ERP cloud service platforms is unknown. Few studies have examined how leaders can implement AI for strategic management, but no study has qualitatively explored AIs integration in the cloud ERP system. This qualitative phenomenological study explored IT professionals’ perceptions regarding the integration of AI and Supervised-machine (S-machine) learning into cloud service platforms in the enhancement of the cloud ERP system. Two research questions were developed for this study: 1) What are the perceptions of IT professionals regarding the use of an AI model to integrate SaaS and ERP? and 2) What are the perceptions of IT professionals regarding how AI can be integrated in order to enhance the security of using an ERP cloud-based system? Through a hermeneutical lens and a focus on integrating the Application Programming Interface (API), purposive sampling was used to interview five AI experts, three Machine Learning (ML) experts, five Cybersecurity experts, and two Cloud Service Providers provided their lived experiences with AI and S-machine learning. Five main themes emerged, including 1) use of an AI model to integrate SaaS and ERP helped perform work efficiently, 2) challenges for integrating AI into cloud service ERP and SaaS, 3) resources needed to fully implement an AI into cloud-service ERP or SaaS, 4) the best practices for developing and implementing an AI model for ERP and SaaS, and 5) how security of an ERP clouds-based system is optimized by integrating AI. The culmination of these findings has positive implications for individuals and organizations to improve management performance. While this study does not proposal a new theory, this study extends current literature on the application of theories related to technology integration.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Gen AI Study Jams _ For the GDSC Leads in India.pdf
FUNCTIONAL AND INFORMATIONAL MODEL OF EXPERT SPECIALIZATION USING IDEF STANDARD
1. MOCM 14 – Volume 2 – ROMANIAN TECHNICAL SCIENCES ACADEMY – 2008 268
FUNCTIONAL AND INFORMATIONAL MODEL OF EXPERT
SPECIALIZATION USING IDEF STANDARD
ŠERIFI VEIS 1
, DAŠIĆ PREDRAG 2
, DAŠIĆ JOVAN 3
1
Technical Faculty, Čačak, SERBIA, E-mail: veisserifi@yahoo.com
2
High Technical Mechanical School, Trstenik, SERBIA, E-mail: dasicp@yahoo.com and
dasicp@ptt.yu
3
Technical Faculty, Čačak, SERBIA, E-mail: jovan_dasic@yahoo.com
Abstract: For process of modeling are developed suitable CASE tools. In the course of
building this process a standard is used for functional modeling of IDEF0 realized through
BPWin tool. Family of integrated IDEF methods presents basic tool of some modern
strategies and methodologies of business process improvement, like for example: BPR, CPI,
IPD, TQM etc. In paper is given functional and informational model of ″Process of expert
specialization of employees in education″ using graphical language IDEF0 that is, CASE
Bpwin tool.
Keywords: CASE (Computer Aided Software Engineering), IDEF (Integration Definition),
BPWin (Bussines Process Windows)
1. INTRODUCTION
IDEF (Integration Definition) is represented as assembly of standardized methods for informational modeling of
business processes and objects, and improvement of business process. In frame of project ICAM (Integrated
Computer Aided Manufacturing), that is, USAF (United States Air Force), whose goal was to improve
manufacturing production productivity, developed by end of 1970, form of SADT (Structured Analysis and
Design Technique) technique called IDEF technique. Goal of newly developed IDEF technique was to enable
experts to comprehend problems from different views and levels of abstraction. Because of that, family of
integrated IDEF methods presents basic tool of some modern strategies and methodologies of business process
improvement, like for example: BPR (Business Process Reengineering), CPI (Continuous Process
Improvement), IPD (Integrated Product Development), TQM (Total Quality Management) etc. Applying of
family integrated IDEF methods, which can solve narrow class of problem and general methods, attempts to
eliminate deficiencies of narrow class of problem and general methods, exists strong software support which
integrates IDEF methods, and enables connection of IDEF methods with other tools, above all software for
simulation of business processes, software for management of costs based on activity etc. Some families of
integrated IDEF methods are: IDEF0 for modeling functions, IDEF1 for modeling information’s, IDEF1X for
modeling data, IDEF2 for modeling simulations, IDEF3 for modeling processes, IDEF4 for object-oriented
projecting, IDEF14 for modeling networks etc. All of them are used in different purposes as technique for
informational, that is, semantic, modeling of data and formal graphical language, for needs of relation modeling
of data and forming relation database. And one of families of these methods (IDEF1X method, first published in
1993) with NIAM (Natural Language Information Analysis Method or previously Nijssen′s or An Information
Analysis Method) method presents precursor of EXPRESS software tools for development of STEP (Standard
for the Exchange of Product Model Data) applications [2, 3, 4, 5, 7-16, 18-26].
For procedure of modeling are developed suitable CASE (Computer Aided Software Engineering) tools. During
manufacturing of this process is used standard for functional modeling IDEF0 (Integrations Definition) realized
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through BPWin (Business Process Windows) CASE tool. On Figure 1 is shown a general model of system
development [18].
IDEF standard is available at Web site: http://www.idef.com/ and http://hissa.nist.gov/!ftp/idef/.
In early 1990, IDEF Users Group, in cooperation with NITS (National Institutes for Standards and Technology),
has begun creation of making standards for IDEF0, published in 1992 (U.S. Government standards documents),
known as FIPS (Federal Information Processing Standards). These standards are under coverage of IEEE
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) and accepted by ISO (International Standards Organization
or International Organization of Standards). IDEF0 and IDEF1X are techniques of modeling based on
combination of text graphic which are presented on organized and systematic manner to increase reasonability
and to supply logic for potential exchange, specified requests, or in other manner, to support system analysis by
levels [1, 3, 5, 6, 11, 13, 17, 22-24, 26].
Fig. 1: Develop system (IDEF0 Model)
IDEF0 and IE (Information Engineering) standards enable [3, 11, 22-24, 26]:
1) Execution of system analysis and design on all levels, for system constructed of man, machines, materials,
computers and information’s;
2) Making documentation as a base for integration of ISO 9000 standard;
3) Better communication between analysts, designers, users, better communication between analysts, designer,
users and managers;
4) Enables discussion in teamwork to accomplish mutual understanding,
5) Enables management of large and complex projects.
Set concept of modeling has been accepted by USA government, Pentagon and NATO and neither document can
not be defined until it is described using this methodology. Task which achieves this methodology is that it must
involve problems connected for client/server architecture, that is, to connect multiple different computers. This
approach enables connecting of future IS and demands system of quality defined by standard ISO 9000. This
concept is in usage in state office of Republic of Serbia and Serbian Military.
2. FUNCTIONAL MODELING – IDEF0 (BPwin)
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Reasons which have motivated creation of activity modeling are [11, 22-24, 26, 27]:
To serve as documentation and manual for description of complex activity and procedures and manuals
demanded by standard ISO 9000. One of the basic rule is if documentation is larger – less the reading.
Document of one or two pages with diagram, is going to be cursory previewed and only when there is time
for that. Documentation consisting from many pages has a great chance not to be read for months.
To enable fast organizational changes, because model of activity documents important activities and enables
insight into critical activities which need to be performed with suitable resources.
Most important benefit in application of activity modeling is prototype access where in a fast and simple ways
are checked alternative ideas. It is much cheaper to draw model of process and data model then to develop new
information system. This is a very important attribute, because faster development of information technology
and application of internet service conditions a need for reengineering, which demands radical redesign of
activity, which is needed to describe before conducting prototype checking.
Semantic of graphical language IDEF0 implicates on meaning of syntax language component and lightens
interpretation correction. Interpretation describes parts like notations for activity and arrows and interlines of
functional relationships.
By functional analysis of IS, is defined dynamics and is needed to define:
Diagram of context, that is system boundaries,
Activity stem, that is, to establish vertical connection between activities,
Decomposition diagram, that is, to establish horizontal links between activities.
Relationship between activities and information’s is determined by rectangle (activity) and arrows (information
carrier). Relationship is shown on figure 2:
Arrows from the left side of rectangle are defined as Input. Arrows which enter rectangle from above are defined
as Output. Exits are data or objects produced by activity.
Elements shown on figure 2 can be described with sentence: ″Under Control, ACTIVITY, from Input makes
Outputs, using Mechanisms″. Arrows on bottom page of rectangle present mechanisms. Arrows pointed up
identify meaning which support executed activity.
Fig. 2: Basic concept IDEF0 methodology
Arrows of mechanism pointed down are defined as Call arrows. Arrows on diagrams are called ICOM, because
they are abbreviations of:
I - Input, something what is used in activity,
C - Control, controls or conditions on activities,
O - Output, activity result and
M – Mechanism, for example, employees who perform that activity.
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A question is asked: which resources carry certain arrow types?
Input arrow presents material or information which is used or transformed with goal to define Output. A
possibility is allowed that certain activities need not to have Input arrows. It is allowed possibility that certain
activities don’t need to have input arrows.
Controls arrows regulate, that is, are responsible for that how, when and if the activity will be performed, will
outputs be. Every activity must have at least one control arrow.
Controls are commonly in form of rule, regulation, politics or standards. They influence on activity without
possibility to be transformed or performed. There will be cases when a goal of activity is to change a rule,
regulation, politics, procedure or standard. In that case, it is expected that arrows that contain that information
are actually input.
Output arrows are materials or information’s created by activity. Every activity must have at least one output
arrow. Activity which does not create output is not to be modeled.
Mechanism arrows are those sources which perform activity, and do not wear themselves. Mechanisms can be
humans, machines and/or equipment, that is, objects which supple energy needed for performing activity. By
free will of project performer, mechanism arrows can be let out of activity.
Call arrow is a specific case of mechanism arrow and it marks that the calling rectangle does not have its own
detail diagram but a more detailed preview is performed on another rectangle in the same or some other model.
Multiple calling rectangles can call same rectangle on another or same model. They are named with the number
of decomposition diagram which contains called rectangle together with number of called rectangle.
3. FUNCTIONAL AND INFORMATIONAL MODEL OF EXPERT IMPROVEMENT OF
EMPLOYEES IN EDUCATION
Based on above defined sets firstly we approach functional modeling, where it will be identified by functional
decomposition. Process of expert specialization of employees in frame of functional process model. Process of
expert specialization of employees in education. For performing this activity it is necessary to use graphical
language IDEF0 that is, CASE Bpwin tool. IDEF0 technique is a unique graphical language which enables
description of processes by demands of ISO 9000:2000 standard [1, 3, 5, 6, 11, 13, 17, 22-24, 26, 27].
Functional decomposition is needed to perform through next suborder activities:
defining model boundaries,
defining activity stem,
defining user demands,
defining decomposition activity diagram
By gained decomposition activity on last level of primitive processes it is needed to describe.
3.1. Defining model boundaries
Defining model boundaries is connected to sets given for process development: ″Process of expert specialization
of employees in education″.
In frame of model boundary determination it is needed to clearly define goals which must contain following
elements:
why is model being modeled,
what will activity show,
what will user of model make of it and
what is model used for.
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Answers to these questions should help in focusing of set problem.
Following questions on which an answer is needed are:
what are assignments on given task or,
what is the schedule of performing steps,
how is control performed and
which resources are used.
Context diagram is defined by one rectangle which represents boundary of model which is examined. In that
model and out of it flow information’s through arrows.
Context diagram is the highest level of abstraction which is transformed by decomposition diagrams into lower
level of abstraction. Model boundaries are defined so we know where to stop with modeling.
This problem can be seen from aspect:
width (defining of observed elements) and
depth (defining levels of detail).
Model width is connected with defining context diagram (which are in IDEF0 notation marked as A0) and first
level of decomposition wears a mark A1. In frame of context diagram it must be taken into care that it should
define input sets, controls and mechanisms, which produce output sets, that is, on this level to simplify observed
problems with fewer details.
Model depths is defined by levels of decomposition, where are defined levels of detail. Decomposition goes by
possibility of defining primitive processes. It is recommended that it should begin to define output arrows, so by
moving towards inputs, resources and controls. It is started with fact that every activity owns suitable inputs
which can be identified. By defining outputs it should be taken in consideration negative outputs, which provoke
so called feedback arrows.
Following elements which need to be defined are input arrows, which in specific way transforms due to creating
suitable outputs, supported by suitable mechanisms and control. Having in mind standard IDEF0 also demands
ISO 9000:2000 standards, is defined as first step of suitable diagram context, and are set as boundaries of
observed model.
3.2. Functional model context diagram for process participating in programs development of expert
specialization for employees in education
On figure 3 is shown a functional model context diagram for process participating in programs development of
expert specialization for employees in education that is definition of model boundaries.
Context diagram has following elements:
1) Input information’s are:
Information’s about expert specialization of employees,
Appointments of participants,
Compliance for participants,
Time frame of specialization maintenance process.
2) Output information’s are:
Meaning of expert specialization,
Report about process of expert specialization,
Permit for undisturbed application of expert specialization,
Report for local autonomy,
Report for expert activity.
3) Mechanisms are:
Expert activity of teacher,
Teachers, course performers,
Organization of expert specialization,
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Administration of expert assembly.
4) Controls are:
Law of elementary education,
Statute of school and work plan,
Standards in education.
Fig. 3: Context diagram by which is defined model boundaries
3.3. Stem of activity process of expert specialization for employees in education
On figure 4 is given an overview of activity process of expert specialization for employees in education.
First step in work is establishing decomposition diagram that is, defining horizontal line between jobs/activity
defined in first level.
Fig. 4: Stem of activity process of expert specialization for employees in education
3.4. Decomposition diagram of process model of expert specialization for employees in education
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Decomposition diagram of process model of expert specialization for employees in education is decomposed
into three global activities, figure 5:
Preparation and teacher choice,
Performing courses for expert specialization and
Reports generation about expert specialization.
Respecting IDEF0 standard, suitable arrows present sets of documents which we define as information’s. Every
information is shared on next level, all to level of activity, where as arrows is defined a concrete document. In
the following text comes detailed discussion of suitable ancillary jobs/activities.
3.4.1.Jobs/activity and internal communications – preparation and teacher choice
Internal communication presents line of activities, whose basic task is good information availability for
employees in educational sector, and in aim to follow the trend of modern education and new teaching methods
and teaching resources in educational process, to increase productivity of knowledge and increase efficiency in
comprehending and education of employees. This process is certainly great motivation, especially for teachers in
goal of more qualitative knowledge presenting and coordinating work in a classroom, and transferring
impressions of expert specialization to those who haven’t participated in that process (figure 6).
Activity 1.1.: making a list (election) of teachers, which is choice of subject (compulsory and mandatory) is a job
of school director, teacher council, expert actives and as support Ministry of education, Local self-government.
Fig. 5: Decomposition diagram of process of expert specialization for employees in education
Activity 1.2.: Defining justification of expert specialization is one of key facts so specialization and trend
monitoring and innovation in education, could exist in all parts of country, all levels of education regardless of
years of experience in process of education and other relevant jobs tight to education in cause of reduction of
stereotype in education process and adopting innovation and trends of education from World and countries of
European Union.
Activity 1.3.: Construction plan of exit itself is certainly one of relevant segments of process itself. That of
course starts from obtaining Catalog from Ministry of education and list of items for which is secured expert
teaching of compulsory and mandatory subjects that is specialization. Then, director of organization (after
Teacher Council) gives green light to Expert actives of school for listed (determined from catalog) subjects,
which will make a list of students on expert specialization, as for participants make a work plan. Work plan
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starts from choice itself of employee in frame of his Expert active for certain subject and whole way from literal
approval of school director and passing of those to secretary and cashier for issuing orders etc. Employees in
cooperation with Expert active make concrete Subject from Catalog and analyze conditions of participation with
front set benefits for organization. After that is established time of departure and time of length of expert
specialization, as well as costs.
Activity 1.4.: Permit for departure (final) is gained by organization director, and after report of Expert active or
subject group, where employees will be lastly sent for verification of permit for departure. Same will serve well
with Organization of expert specialization, which will after finishing in form of certificate confirm participation
by gaining conformation about successful finishing of specialization.
Activity 1.5.: Issuing orders for departure is a definitive conformation and verification of all listed activities,
which is permits for departure itself, which sign secretary and cashier, and also school director. Its known exact
time of departure and reservations are confirmed.
Fig. 6: Decomposition jobs diagram of first internal communication
3.4.2. Jobs/Activities 2 – Teaching performance of expert specialization
Job/Activity 2 – performing teaching of expert specialization is performed in many phases, on exact activity
schedule. Depending on how managers or coordinators have imagined realization of all activities, participants
will behave and be informed on time, in which manner will activities flow. Agenda will be delivered to
participant’s right after registration of participants or during registration, they will have information for
accommodation, food, work material and resources and etc. (Figure 7).
Job/Activity 2.1.: Acceptance of participants for specialization is conducted exactly at precise time which is
delivered by call or defined in Catalog. By calling to administration of organization is becoming a participant,
who must respect activity agenda in exact determined time and about type of activity. Participant gives order for
participation and gets conformation for participation.
Job/Activity 2.2.: Acquiring material for teaching is immediately by signing in and classification in subject
group. Specific material and teaching materials will be delivered during performance, teaching monitoring, and
based on previous requirement of teaching material and teaching resources and equipment needed for successful
process realization.
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Job/Activity 2.3.: Teaching performance is a job of manager, leader or coordinator (depending which terms will
organization use), and schedule will be planed in detail and with teacher index or etc. Ofcourse, as a control of
all activities will serve Law on elementary and middle education, school statute, standards for education and
Work plan of organization, based on which they have approval from Ministry of education, with elaborated aim
in detail, justification and functionality of project and other (figure 8).
Activity 2.3.1.: Inclusion of participants in same teaching process during lecturing, and especially in group work
and individual activity, when teacher demands or self-initiated, active participation in lectures and debates.
Activity 2.3.2.: Expert specialization agenda is the key document in tracing all activities during expert
specialization, it is given in beginning and there is a possibility of its rewriting depending on course and activity
success. There is a possibility of change or consideration and adopting agenda or certain parts with organization
agreement.
Activity 2.3.3.: Lectures are teacher preparations, and based on Plan which is approved by Expert team in front
of Ministry of education. Lectures must bring to achieving visible knowledge and support of al participants, and
especially inovativity in teaching process.
Fig. 7: Activity diagram of teaching performance of expert specialization
Activity 2.3.4.: Cocktails and meals are part of agenda in coordination of participants with clearly set terms,
type of cocktails and place of happening.
Activity 2.3.5.: Work in groups is a part of activity tight to expert specialization, especially when a participant
needs to show level of success and active participation with feedback. In groups are chosen leaders, managers,
clerks, various substitutes etc., as planed by organization.
Activity 2.3.6.: Participants debates are planed for after work in groups or when is needed from participant
active participation or feedback. Usually it can be verbal or on some board, poster with commentary.
Activity 2.3.7.: Participants check can be in flow of all activity (teacher takes notes during lessons) or in the end
of all activities by written or oral way or combination. With that check is given conformation that the student has
successfully passed all planed activities and if not, by repetitive extra activities is gained satisfactory results.
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Fig. 8: Decomposition diagram of teaching performance
Job/Activity 2.4.: Certificate issuing comes after successful plan realization of all activities by organization and
after checking participants and issuing conformations from all teachers about passing. A certificate is issued
about expert specialization of employee involving realization and accurate name of activity by subjects.
Certificate will serve as a proof to jurisdiction entities, and to school director, Teaching council, Expert active,
cashier, local self-government and etc.
Fig. 9: forming decomposition diagram of all reports
3.4.3. Jobs/Activities 3 – report forming about expert specialization
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This decomposition diagram will help in forming all kinds of reports connected with expert specialization of
participants on planed assembly. Every side must be informed about all activities from process, especially about
alone assembly by organization for Ministry of education and for expert team, that is reports of all participants to
their organizations, school director, Teaching council, Expert active, cashier, local self-government and etc. and
especially when they transfer impressions and innovation on other participants and etc. (Figure 9).
Job/Activity 3.1.: Certificate about expert specialization which is accessed from organization for expert
specialization, was end goal of every participant and conformation that participant was active and finished
assignment form school director, Teaching council, Expert active, cashier, local self-government and etc. He can
serve as evidence for further progress and engagement in science, which is support for continuing of
specialization into higher level.
Job/Activity 3.2.: Report forming about costs of specialization comes to total material costs and that:
participation fee, hotel costs, meals, travel costs, per Diem, expert literature etc.
Job/Activity 3.3.: Report about staying in expert specialization comes to successfulness and evaluation of
science assembly, impressions are carried to all important entities of organization, parliament, media and etc.
Report will be a part of organization administration, that is, coverage of expenses and justifiable of expert
specialization and in the end support to other employees and society in general.
4. CONCLUSION
We need to apply all we know, recognize that which we don’t know and to act with methodical observation in
aim of expanding our area of comprehension.
Being concurrent today is not a matter of success, but question of survival. Creating, application and knowledge
keeping are twisted together and supplemented. In longer periods, only knowledge preparation is not kept. In
order for old knowledge to have meaning, people must connect it to its current problems and activities, translate
it to a modern language and frame it with current problems. As the time goes by, so are changed social and
technological conditions, more is increased a need for “translation” and knowledge application is more like
creating knowledge. In order for new knowledge to have sense, people should fit in their current believes and
points of view, and extra closeness with existing knowledge creates expertise.
Company/Organization or similar is a long term successful if links its success in internal potentials and
strengths.
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